为了明确春玉米田杂草防治关键期,2013年和2014年通过不同时间除草对春玉米产量影响的田间小区试验,对黑龙江省哈尔滨市春玉米田杂草防治关键期进行了研究.结果表明:田间杂草以稗草、藜、苘麻为主,发生密度在100株·m-2.出苗后21 d之前除草玉米产量与无草对照没有显著差异,出苗后28 d除草玉米产量和无草对照差异显著,可造成较大的产量损失.根据试验结果,春玉米杂草防治关键期为玉米出苗后21~28 d.为了将产量损失率控制在5%以内,最好在玉米出苗后21 d之前对杂草进行防治.

Ab srt act [Objective] The aim was to explore effects of different tillage patterns on soil weed seed bank in soybean field.[Method] The composition and species diversity of soil weed seedbank in soybean field 0-30 cm soil layer under two different tillage patterns from soybean-maize rotation area by using the method of weed seed germination .[ Result] The results of comprehensive survey in 2013-2015 showed that, a total of 28 weed species belonged to16 families in the tillage soybean field, a total of 26 weed species belonged to 15families in the no till -age soybean field. There were 22 kinds of weeds in tillage and no tillage soybean field.The main advantage weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli ( L.) , Acalypha australis L., Solanum nigrum L.,Chenopodium album Linn., Potentilla chinensis Ser.in the tillage soybean field and Sola-num nigrum L., Acalypha australis L., Echinochloa crus-galli ( L.) , Chenopodium album Linn., Digitaria sanguinalis ( Linn.) Scop.in the no tillage soybean field.Broad leaved weeds are the main weeds, less gramineous weeds in the type of weeds.The density of weed seed bank was 3 248.2 grains/m2 , more weeds located in the soil layer of 0-5, 15-20, 20-25cm , and the density and the relative advantages of Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) was the highest under tillage soybean field.The density of weed seed bank was 3 181.5 grains/m2, and more weeds located in the soil layer of 0-5, 20-25, 25-30 cm, the density and the relative advantages of Solanum nigrum L.was the highest under no-tillage soybean field.There were quite different in the soil distribution of dominant weed species.Echinochloa crus-galli ( L.) was mainly distributed in 0-5, 10-15, 20-25 cm soil layer under the tillage soybean field, and it was in the 20-25 cm soil layer under no-till-age soybean field was mainly distributed.Solanum nigrum L.was mainly distributed in 5-10, 20-25 cm soil layer under the tillage soybean field, and it was in the 20-25 cm soil layer under no-tillage soybean field was mainly distributed.[Conclusion] There were a little effect on density of weed seed bank under no-tillage and tillage of soybean field.Different tillage patterns had certain effect on the relative dominance of weeds and the vertical distribution in soil.

Objective] Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of two different tillage patterns, plowing and no-tillage, on the char-acteristics and the composition of soil weed seedbank.[Method] By using the method of weed seed germination,the 0-5,5-10,10-15,15-20,20-25,25-30 cm of 6 different soil samples were put into pots, the species and quantity of weeds were investigated after growing 60d under natural conditions, and then calculate the density and relative dominance of seed bank.[Result] The results showed that, a total of 24 weed spe-cies belonging 15 families in the plowing maize field,and 23 weed species belonging 15 families in the no tillage maize field.There were 19 kinds of weeds in plowing and no-tillage maize field.The main advantage weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli (L.), Chenopodium album Linn., Aca-lypha australis L., Solanum nigrum L.and Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) Scop.Broad leaved weeds are the main weeds, less gramineous weeds in the type of weeds.The density of weed seed bank is 4 292.4 grains/m2, more weeds located in 0-5, 20-25, 25-30 cm and the density and the relative advantages of E.c.is the highest in plowing maize field.The density of weed seed bank is 3 337.0 grains/m2 , more weeds located in the soil layer of 15-20, 20-25 cm and the density and the relative advantages of Ch.a.is the highest in no-tillage maize field.There are quite different in the soil distribution of dominant weed species.E.c.mainly distributed in 25-30 cm under the plowing maize field, and it is in the 0-5 cm soil layer under no-tillage field.Ch.a.mainly distributed in 20-25 cm under the no-tillage plowing maize field, and it showed a uniform distribution in the plowing field.[Conclusion] The composition and characteristics of soil weed seed bank in different tillage patterns were de-fined, which provided theoretical basis for integrated management of weeds in farmland .

为了筛选对恶性杂草苣荬菜防除效果好的除草剂,采用田间小区试验的方法对14种茎叶处理除草剂对苣荬菜的防效进行了比较.结果表明,施药后30d,辛酰溴苯腈25％乳油株数防效最高为90.0％;其次为2,4-滴丁酯72％乳油和二氯吡啶酸30％水剂,株数防效分别为86.7％和84.4％,鲜重防效分别为94.1％的93.4％;氯酯磺草胺84％水分散粒剂和苯唑草酮30％悬浮剂的鲜重防效也良好,分别为92.4％和91.7％.结论显示,辛酰溴苯腈25％乳油、二氯吡啶酸30％水剂、2,4-滴丁酯72％乳油、氯酯磺草胺84％水分散粒剂、苯唑草酮30％悬浮剂对苣荬菜有良好的防控效果.

The interaction between biomass of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.and the yield of spring maize were investigated at 14 densities under field conditions .Both biomass of E.crus-galli and the yield loss rate of spring maize in-creased as the density of the weed increased under a low density regime .Intraspecific competition intensified and biomass of E.crus-galli decreased when the plant density was above 800 plants/m2 .However,the yield loss rate of spring maize increased more slowly when the weed density was above 400 plants/m2 .

为了明确不同杂草群落危害对黑龙江春大豆产量损失的影响,在2010～2011年间采用田间小区人工控制杂草的方法,研究了春大豆田发生的混合杂草群落、禾本科杂草群落、阔叶杂草群落与春大豆产量损失的关系.结果表明,不同杂草群落危害对春大豆产量损失的影响有较大差异.春大豆产量损失率以混合杂草群落最高(75.07％～91.51％),其次为禾本科杂草群落(61.62％～78.20％)与阔叶杂草群落(67.54％～70.42％),两者对大豆产量影响差异不大.春大豆产量损失率与杂草的密度和生物量呈正相关.

采用模拟咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的试验方法,以向日葵为生测试材进行盆栽试验,研究萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵土壤残留药害的解毒效果和机理.结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸用量为有效成份25g(a.i.)/hm2对向日葵有一定的药害.萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸药害有一定的缓解作用,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的向日葵株高明显高于咪唑乙烟酸25g (a.i.)/hm2处理,而株鲜重却明显降低.萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸都能导致向日葵苗的氨基酸含量发生变化,与咪唑乙烟酸25g (a.i.)/hm2处理相比,萘二甲酐加入咪唑乙烟酸后,使3种氨基酸含量比咪唑乙烟酸处理增加,2种氨基酸含量降低,12种氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量没有变化,可以认为氨基酸含量的变化是萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸的解毒因素之一.萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵苗中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力均有不同程度的影响,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的共同作用可使向日葵苗体内GSH含量显著增加,而GSTs活力却有较大幅度降低.

Simulated experiment was carried out to investigate the alexipharmic effect and mechanism of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride( NA) on the imazethapyr residues in soil using potted rape as bioassay material. The rape seedling height,fresh weight,activity of glutathione-S-transferase( GST),amount of amino acids,and content of glutathione( GSH) were reduced with 25g ai /hm2imazethapyr. The damage was alleviated under seed dressing with 0. 5%( seed weight) NA. Compared tothe treatment of imazethapyr,rape seedling height and fresh weight were increased under NA + imazethapyr. The amount of amino acids,content of GSH,and activity of GSTs were induced by both NA and imazethapyr. Under NA + imazethapyr,16 amino acids( except proline) were increased,GSH was slightly accumulated,while GST activity was significantly stimulated. Results indicated that imazethapyr detoxification was resulted from high amount of amino acid and more active GSTs.

To select effective herbicides to control Eriochloa villosa ( Thunb.) Kunth in soybean and maize fields ,a pot culture experiment was conducted using 15 herbicides .The pre-emergence herbicides ,acetochlor 90%EC,pendimethal-in 33%EC and clomazone 48%EC at doses of 1 620,1 125,and 1 100 g/hm2,respectively,provided 100%control at 40 days after spraying in greenhouse .The post-emergence herbicides ,fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 69g/L EW containing 3%~5%safener,quizalofop-p-ethyl 50 g/L EC,haloxyfop-r-methyl 108 g/L EC and sethoxydim 12.5%EC,at doses of 57,49,61,and 450 g/hm2,respectively,controlled 100%E.villosa at 30 days after spraying.

[目的]通过田间药效试验明确30％ 2,4-滴丁酯·辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆OD对玉米田杂草的防治效果、最佳使用剂量及对玉米的安全性.[结果]30％ 2,4-滴丁酯·辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆OD可有效地防除玉米田杂草.适宜的施药时间为玉米3～5叶期,一年生禾本科杂草2～4叶,阔叶杂草2～5 cm时进行茎叶喷雾处理,适宜的施药剂量为420～630 g a.i./hm2.[结论]30％2,4-滴丁酯·辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆OD对玉米田禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草有良好的防效,对玉米安全.

为了明确6种土壤处理除草剂对向日葵田杂草的防除效果和对向日葵的安全性,筛选适于向日葵田使用的除草剂,采用田间小区试验的方法,调查研究施药后的除草效果及对向日葵苗期和产量的影响.结果表明,960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、900 g/L乙草胺乳油对1年生禾本科杂草有良好防效,对向日葵安全.330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有较好防效,对向日葵安全.75％噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、50％丙炔氟草胺可湿性粉剂对阔叶杂草有良好防效,对向日葵安全.80％丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂对向日葵苗期鲜重和最终产量有影响.结论显示,960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油、900 g/L乙草胺乳油、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油、75％噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂和50％丙炔氟草胺可湿性粉剂可以用于向日葵田,80％丙炔噁草酮可湿性粉剂不适合在向日葵田使用.

The efficacy of eight soybean herbicides and their selectivity to Phaseolus angularis was studied under field con-ditions.Metolachlor 960g/L EC,acetochlor 900g/L EC and pendimethalin 330g/L EC applied individually better con-trolled broadleaf weeds than grasses .Flumioxazin 50%WP controlled Amaranthus retroflexus and Solanum nigrum better than thifensulfuron-methyl 75%DF but both had similar effects on Chenopodium album and A.theophrasti.Mixtures of 5 soil-applied herbicides with each other increased broadleaf weed control ,but there was not an obvious improvement in grass control,and in the case of Eriochloa villosa it was even reduced .Flumioxazin mixed with metolachlor ,and acetochlor with pendimethalin provided better control than thifensulfuron -methyl.Flumiclorac -pentyl 10% EC,fomesafen 25%AS and cloransulam -methyl 84%WDG gave total control of C.album,A.retroflexus,Xanthium sibiricum and S.nig-rum,the three foliar-applied herbicides provided total control of broadleaf weeds .All herbicides tested were selective to P.angularis even though the three foliar -applied herbicides were slightly but tem-porarily phytotoxic to this crop .Crop yield increased 33.3%~758.3% with the soil -ap-plied herbicides and 250.0% ~675.0% with foliar sprayed chemicals .

[Aims] This investigation is to determine the alexipharmic effect and mechanism of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride(NA) protecting sorghum from phytotoxicity of imazethapyr.[Methods] The alexipharmic effect and mechanism of 1,8naphthalic anhydride(NA) to the imazethapyr residue in soil was studied with simulated method,using potted sorghum as bioassay material.[Results] In this experiment the dosage of imazethapyr is 25 g a.i./ha.The results showed that imazethapyr could be an injury to sorghum seedlings.NA could reduce the injury effects of imazethapyr to sorghum.The height and fresh weight of sorghum seedling treated with NA + imazethapyr were obviously higher than those of imazethapyr treatments.NA and imazethapyr could induce the change of amino acid content in sorghum seedlings.This change can be considered as one of the factors of NA detoxification of imazethapyr.NA and imazethapyr affect the content of glutathione(GSH) and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase(GSTs) differently in sorghum seedlings.GSH content and GSTs activity obviously increased in sorghum seedlings.[Conclusions] It indicated that NA can reduce the injury of imazethapyr to sorghum and the alexipharmic mechanism of NA reducing the phytotoxicity of imazethapyr to sorghum was the change of some amino acid content and the increase of GSTs activity.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of nicosulfuron+atrazine+propisochlor 42%OD, and the safety to corn in corn field, the field trials were carried out. The results showed that nicosulfuron+atrazine+propisochlor 42%OD could effectively control annual weeds in corn field. The optimal use time was corn 3-5 leaves, and the suitable dosages were 2 625-3 000 mL/hm2. The corn was safe at the commended dosage.

田间小区试验表明,氯氟吡氧乙酸·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津30％可分散油悬浮剂对玉米田一年生杂草有良好的防除效果.在玉米3～5叶期,禾本科杂草2～4叶,阔叶杂草株高2～5cm时进行茎叶喷雾处理,喷液量300L/hm2.适宜用药量为氯氟吡氧乙酸·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津30％可分散油悬浮剂382.5～450g ai/hm2.在上述推荐剂量范围内,对玉米安全.

In order to ascertain the weed harm situation of the sunflower field in the northwest region of Heilongjiang province,the weed in the northwest region of Heilongjiang province in 2009and 2012was investigated.The result showed that there were 62weed species in sunflower fields,which belonged to 22families.Occurences frequency of 8 weeds were over 50%,they were Echinochloa crus-galli,Amaranthus retroflexus,Chenopodium album,Polygonum bungeanum,Xanthium sibiricum Patrin,Setaria viridis,Setaria glauca,Sonchus brachyotus.These species could be seen as main weeds in sunflower field in Heilongjiagn northwest region.

Using the method of field plot test,respectively designed the grass,broadleaf weeds,mixed weeds natural growth zone and no weed damage zone,forming different weed community,the effects of different weed community disserve on spring maize growth and yield loss were studied.The results showed that soil and other environmental conditions affected the weed growth,so that the same weed growth rate was great difference in different years.Different types of weeds existed survival competitions.Most of grass and broad-leaved weed growth status were all significantly inferior in the mixture of natural growth of weed community than single weed community.The fresh weight per plant was significantly lower in the mixed weed community than in the single community.There was great difference effect on spring maize yield loss caused by different weeds community disserved.The influence from strong to weak(crop yield loss rate from high to low)of the order was:mixed weeds natural growth communitygrass natural growth communitybroadleaf weeds natural growth community.The relationship of spring maize yield loss rate was positively related with weed population and growth quantity.The more the number of weed and the growth amount of weeds,the higher rate of spring maize yield loss.

The trial areas were set up in no-tillage,rotary tillage and turned over tillage corn field,designated time and spotted to investigate the number of emergence and weed species.While investigate the species,plants and fresh weight of weeds in corn growth of medium-term and the later.Survey results showed that there were significant differences on weed occurring law of different cultivate modes in corn field.The peak occurrence of grass weeds was the same which was in five weeks after sowing in no-tillage,rotary tillage and turn over tillage corn field.The peak of broad-leaved weed was different,no-tillage field for after planting 1 week,rotary and turned over tillage fields in the two weeks after sowing.Different species of weeds,survey in corn growth of medium-term and the late,there were eight kinds of weeds in no-tillage field,10 kinds of weeds in rotary field and 12 kinds of weeds in turned over tillage fields.The survey results of corn growth stage in the forepart,medium term and later showed that the total amount of weeds was different,the total amount of weeds was maximum in no-tillage field,there was centered in rotary tillage field and the least in turned over tillage field.The plant fresh weight of weed were different,it was the lowest in no-tillage field,the centered in rotary tillage field and the maximum in turned over tillage field.

以玉米做生测试材进行盆栽试验,研究萘二甲酐、对甲氧苯并呋喃、N-对氮苯磺酰基嗯唑烷酮和农药降解菌单菌剂、复菌剂及有机处理复合剂6种除草剂"安全剂"对咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的解毒效果.结果表明:咪唑乙烟酸有效成分用量为25、50、75 g a.i./hm2,分别加入6种"安全剂"后,玉米的株高、鲜重和叶片数均高于无安全剂对照,筛选出了解毒效果较好的化学"安全剂"萘二甲酐及农药降解菌单菌剂和复菌剂.

5%普施特62.5ml/hm2对油菜有轻微抑制作用,油菜苗鲜重降低35.4%。500、1000ml/hm2处理,油菜苗全部死亡。25%豆磺隆0.25g/hm2对油菜的株数、苗高、苗鲜重影响较小,但产量降低54.8%。2、4g/hm2处理油菜苗全部死亡。80%阔草清60g/hm2、120g/hm2、180g/hm2,药后12个月均有较重药害。药后24个月时,60g/hm2处理药害虽然较轻,但仍与不施药对照有较大差异,高剂量处理药害仍很严重。