目的 了解广西壮族自治区(简称"广西")公共场所健康危害因素,为相关部门采取针对性措施防范健康风险提供参考依据.方法 2022 年在广西南宁市、柳州市、桂林市、百色市、贵港市和玉林市共 6 个城市,随机抽取宾馆(酒店)、商场(超市)、理发店、美容店、候车室、健身房6 类共270 家公共场所,对其室内空气(环境)和公共用品用具(设施)的健康危害因素监测数据进行统计分析和评价.结果 共收集到监测样品27 600 份,其中合格样品 25 615 份,合格率为 92.8%;候车室的总体卫生状况合格率最高(为 95.4%),商场(超市)的合格率最低(为 89.5%).各类场所室内空气(环境)中,噪声的合格率偏低,以商场(超市)最低(为 5.8%);PM2.5的合格率也相对较低,以理发店最低(为62.6%).宾馆(酒店)公共用品用具(设施)的细菌总数合格率最高(为95.0%),健身房的合格率最低(为78.0%);商场(超市)收银台、理发店毛巾和健身房健身器械的细菌总数合格率均较低,均低于80.0%.结论 广西各类公共场所均存在不同的健康危害因素,建议相关部门采取针对性措施,加强卫生监管.

目的 了解广西壮族自治区理发店的卫生基本状况,掌握其主要健康危害因素,评估健康风险,为进一步加强公共场所卫生管理和提升传染病防控能力提供依据.方法 于2021年在广西壮族自治区选择6个监测城市共63家理发店开展室内环境质量和公共用品用具健康危害因素监测.结果 2021年共监测广西壮族自治区6个城市63家理发店,采集各类样本共计4130份.本次监测理发店室内空气质量各项监测指标的合格率在50.00％ ～100.00％之间,其中噪声、相对湿度和PM2.5的合格率较低,分别为50.00％、75.00％和86.82％;公共用品用具细菌总数合格率在66.17％～94.78％之间,其中毛巾细菌总数合格率最低,为66.17％;毛巾pH值合格率也相对较低,为70.00％;公共用品用具大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌监测中除毛巾的大肠菌群合格率为99.67％外,其余合格率均为100.00％.结论 广西壮族自治区理发店卫生状况总体良好,但噪声、相对湿度、PM2.5、毛巾pH值及公共用品用具细菌总数监测结果合格率较低,存在一定健康隐患,建议进一步加强理发店卫生监管力度.

目的 了解2016-2022年广西农村集中式供水水质卫生状况及其变化趋势,为提升农村居民饮用水质量以及为政府和有关部门制定政策措施提供科学依据.方法 从"全国饮用水水质监测信息系统"导出2016-2022年广西农村集中式供水水质监测数据.供水信息通过查阅资料、现场查看等方式收集;水样的采集、保存、运输和检测按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行;水质检测结果按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行评价.结果 2016-2022年全区累计监测13 263个农村集中式供水工程,水质达标率从2016年的52.57％上升至2022年的79.53％,呈逐年上升趋势(P＜0.05).有卫生许可证的供水工程水质达标率(75.11％)高于无卫生许可证的供水工程(64.56％);出厂水水质达标率(67.84％)高于末梢水(65.06％);消毒设备按要求使用的供水工程水质达标率最高(76.82％),其次为偶尔使用或不使用消毒设备的供水工程,无消毒设备的供水工程水质达标率最低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2016-2022年各类水质指标中,毒理学指标的达标率最高(99.90％),其次为感官和一般化学指标(99.14％),微生物指标的达标率最低(85.06％).结论 广西农村集中式供水工程水质达标率近年来呈上升趋势,但微生物污染仍是影响水质达标率的主要因素,今后应加强供水运行管理和水质净化消毒,以有效提高水质达标水平.

目的 了解新时期广西壮族自治区农村居民户厕及粪便处理现状,为政府进一步改善农村人居环境提供科学依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法,于2016-2020年选择本区29个县580个行政村的部分农村居民进行户厕及粪便处理情况调查,同时采集农田土壤开展蛔虫卵检测.结果 2016-2020年本区农村卫生厕所普及率从83.54％提高到94.34％,差异有统计学意义(x2=34183.773,P=0.00);非卫生厕所从14.10％降低到5.10％;无厕户从2.36％降低到0.56％.各种类型的无害化卫生厕所中,主要以三格式化粪池厕所为主,所占比例从2016年的82.09％提高到89.05％;沼气池式卫生厕所比例则从2016年的16.62％下降到2020年的4.57％.农村户厕粪便排放方式主要是排入沟塘河道,占42.46％;其次是进入排水系统,占26.23％;粪便利用率为31.31％.农田土壤蛔虫卵活卵检出率整体上呈现逐年下降的趋势,从2016年的26.03％降到2020年的9.66％,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.900,P＜0.001).结论 本区农村卫生厕所普及率有了很大提高,但粪便资源化利用率低,要进一步推进农村厕所粪污无害化处理与资源化利用.

目的了解广西城市供水水质总硬度状况,为下一步研究饮用水硬度与健康关系提供科学依据.方法从全国饮用水水质监测信息系统导出广西2017-2019年城市饮用水水质监测数据.其中的供水信息通过查阅资料、现场调查等方式收集,水样采集、保存、运输和检测按《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行,水质检测结果按《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行评价.结果2017-2019年广西城市供水末梢水总硬度检测结果范围在0.0～266.8 mg/L,合格率100.0％.不同年度水质总硬度差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);不同区域水质总硬度也存在显著差异(P<0.001),最高的是河池市(210.4 mg/L),最低的是防城港市(9.8 mg/L).不同水源类型水质硬度、同类型水源不同城市水质硬度均存在显著差异(P<0.001);地下水源末梢水硬度最高(165.3 mg/L),其次是江河水源(125.0 mg/L),最低是水库水源(93.9 mg/L).末梢水pH值与总硬度呈正相关(rs = 0.622,P<0.001),末梢水溶解性总固体与总硬度呈密切正相关(rs = 0.907,P<0.001).结论广西城市饮用水总硬度均符合国家标准要求,但不同区域、不同水源类型水质总硬度不同,应据此情况开展相关人群健康影响研究,并根据各地饮水特征指导人群合理膳食和健康饮水.

目的 了解广西壮族自治区14个地级市城市饮用水总硬度及其级别的分布状况.方法 收集2014-2018年广西壮族自治区城市饮用水总硬度监测结果进行描述分析和评价.监测点覆盖全区所有111个县(市、区)内全部市政供水和部分自建设施供水.每个监测点于枯水期和丰水期各检测水样一次,水样类型包括出厂水、末梢水和传统水箱式二次供水等.水样的检测和评价按照我国现行的相关标准进行,并分析水总硬度及其不同级别的地区和水源的分布情况.结果 期间共监测水样19894份,总硬度中位数为107 mg/L,检出范围是1～450 mg/L,未超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准.其中,极软水占38.23％,软水占36.49％,中硬水占25.11％,硬水占0.17％,没有高硬水、超高硬水和特硬水.江河水以软水为主、水库水以极软水为主、溪水以极软水为主、湖泊水以中硬水为主、深井以中硬水为主、泉水以中硬水为主、浅井以中硬水为主;沿海地区(北海市、钦州市、防城港市)和桂林市、玉林市以极软水为主,南宁市、柳州市、梧州市、百色市、贵港市、贺州市和崇左市以软水为主,河池市和来宾市以中硬水为主.长寿县城市饮用水总硬度中位数为84 mg/L,极软水占46.59％;非长寿县城市饮用水总硬度中位数为113 mg/L,极软水占36.54％.结论 广西城市饮用水地下水(井水、泉水)以中硬水为主.城市饮用水总硬度以极软水和软水为主,不同地区的总硬度等级分布有差异.长寿县和非长寿县城市饮用水总硬度含量有显著性差异,总硬度对健康长寿的影响需进一步开展统计学上的相关性分析.

目的 了解和掌握广西城市公共场所健康危害因素状况,为政府进一步制定相关卫生政策措施提供科学依据.方法 于2020年10～12月对南宁市、桂林市、柳州市和百色市等4个城市的160家重点公共场所,按照《公共场所卫生检验方法》(GB/T 18204-2013/2014)进行健康危害因素监测,按照《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488-2019)进行评价.采用SPSS 22.0软件进行分析.结果 4类场所的卫生管理情况以三星级以上宾馆(酒店)卫生档案内容最为完整,卫生管理制度、疫情应急预案、人员管理及复工或营业前进行预防性消毒有不同比例的缺失;健康危害因素监测合格率商场(超市)最低(1.5％,2/132);监测指标合格率最高是甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯(均为100.00％,319/319、101/101),合格率最低为噪声(29.8％,133/447);公共用品用具(设施)合格率62.5％(1664/2631),自动扶梯合格率最高(100.0％,8/8),理发店毛巾合格率最低(36.1％,114/316).160家不同类别公共场所健康危害因素存在一定的差异性.结论 公共场所卫生质量总体情况仍不容乐观,其中不同公共场所的危害因素存在明显的差异,提示相关部门不仅需要加强定期监测,还需要做好积极有效的干预.

目的 了解南宁地铁一号线车站运营前公共卫生状况,为地铁运营提供卫生管理依据和建议,并为卫生行政审批提供技术依据.方法 根据《公共交通等候室卫生标准》(GB 9672—1996)、《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2002)、《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》(WS/T 394—2012)等国家法规和标准,通过工程分析、现场勘察、卫生监测等方法 进行综合评价,范围包括站点室内环境、集中空调通风系统、辅助设施及卫生管理与应急等方面.结果 南宁地铁一号线站点的甲醛、空气细菌总数、TVOC、二甲苯初检合格率分别为98.67％、97.80％、91.60％、98.20％.集中空调通风系统送风微生物指标超标严重,送风中细菌总数、真菌总数初检合格率为22.00％～32.00％,送风中的PM10浓度均与细菌总数(r=0.280,P=0.030)、真菌总数(r=0.647,P<0.001)呈正相关.以上项目经整改后复检仍有5个采样点不合格;其他指标首次监测均合格.结论 南宁地铁一号线公共区域卫生条件基本符合运营要求,但应建立健全集中空调通风系统的消毒以及单程车票、公共设施物体表面的清洗/消毒等方面制度的改进措施.

目的:了解广西县城供水水质总硬度状况,为下一步研究饮用水硬度与健康关系提供理论依据.方法:从全国饮用水水质监测信息系统导出广西2017-2019年县城饮用水水质监测数据,供水信息通过查阅资料、现场调查等方式收集,水样采集、保存、运输和检测依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行操作,水质检测结果依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行评价.结果:2017-2019年广西县城供水末梢水总硬度检测结果范围在0.5～422.0 mg/L,合格率100.0％.不同年度水质总硬度比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但不同区域水质总硬度比较,存在显著差异(P＜0.001).以市为单位统计所辖县城末梢水总硬度,最高的是河池市(191.0mg/L),最低的是防城港市(8.9 mg/L);按区域统计,最高的是桂西北(191.0 mg/L),最低的是桂东南(42.0mg/L).不同水源类型水质硬度、同类型水源不同城市水质硬度比较,均存在显著差异(P＜0.001);地下水源末梢水硬度最高(192.6 mg/L),其次是水库水源(124.1mg/L),最低是江河水源(76.1mg/L);末梢水pH值与总硬度呈正相关关系(rs=0.456,P＜0.001),末梢水溶解性总固体与总硬度呈密切正相关关系(rs=0.915,P＜0.001).结论:广西县城饮用水总硬度均符合国家标准要求,但不同区域、不同水源类型水质总硬度不同,应据此情况开展相关人群健康影响研究,并根据各地饮水特征指导人群合理膳食和健康饮水.

目的 了解广西镉污染区饮用水食用农产品和空气镉污染状况,对居民通过饮用水、食物和空气镉暴露水平进行评估. 方法 2014-2015年在广西污染区和对照区分别采集饮用水食物和空气样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定法(ICP-MS)检测重金属镉指标,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险. 结果 污染区和对照区饮用水镉含量中位数分别为0.000 25和0.000 05 mg/L,合格率均为100.0％,污染区饮用水镉含量高于对照区,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).污染区空气镉含量中位数为12.4 ng/m3,高于对照区的2.69 ng/m3,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);污染区食物中的大米、干豆类和蔬菜类镉含量中位数分别为0.389、0.216、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区(分别为0.119、0.161、0.025 mg/kg).污染区和对照区调查对象每人每日从环境介质(饮水、食物和空气)摄人镉的暴露量分别为117.46、39.55μg,其中食物镉摄入分别为116.77和39.41 μg,占比99％以上;每月膳食镉摄入量分别为61.78、20.85 μg/(kg·BW),每月通过膳食摄入镉的量分别是PTMI的2.47、0.83倍. 结论 广西污染区食物镉暴露对人群健康存在潜在影响.

Objective To understand the health effects of aluminum industry on surrounding residents,and provide scientific basis for the government and enterprises to formulate relevant prevention and control measures.Methods In 2015,three administrative villages around the comprehensive aluminum company in Southwest China (nearly 2 decades of production history and discontinued for 1 year) were selected as pollution area,and one administrative village as the control area.The urine of 8-12 years old children and 18-70 years old residents,home foods,drinking water and the village air samples were collected.The fluorine content in samples and urine creatinine were detected.The point assessment method was used to calculate the environmental fluorine exposure of the residents,and assess the exposure risk and health hazard level.Results Food in contaminated area (n =274) had the highest concentration of fluoride (0.721 9 mg/kg),followed by dricd beans (0.616 8 mg/kg) and noodles (0.501 3 mg/kg);The fluoride content in the control area (n =111) was the highest in the noodles (0.900 0 mg/kg),followed by maize (0.675 0 mg/kg) and peanuts (0.667 0 mg/kg).The fluoride content of water(n =21,mean 0.070 mg/L) and air (mean 0.18μg/m3) in the contaminated area were compared with those in the control area,the difference was not statistically significant.The intake amount of fluoride pollution through food,water and air of 8 to 12 years old group and 18 to 70 years ago group was 0.243 1 mg/d,0.321 1 mg/d in pollution area,respectively,and was 0.2746 mg/d,0.410 5 mg/d in control area,respectively.The total fluoride intake was below "The total Population of Fluoride Health Standards".However,the urine fluorine geometric average was 0.46 rmg/L,0.58 mg/L among children and adults in pollution area,respectively.It did not exceed the relevant national standard limits,but significantly higher than the control area of children (0.34 mg/L)and adults(0.32 mg/L),and the pollution area children's dental fluorosis prevalence (14.11％) was obviously higher than the control area (1.76％),the highest B village elementary school children's dental fluorosis detection rate was as high as 38.36％.Conclusion The water,food,air and other environment media around the enterprise was overall safe,however,continuous attention should be paid to urinary fluoride high load and high prevalence of dental fluorosis in children.In the technological transformation and upgrading process,effective measures should be taken to ensure the health of the surrounding residents.

Objective To know the levels of arsenic (As) in soil and food in key areas with the heavy metal pollution in Guangxi.Methods From 2014 to 2016,four villages in three areas with heavy metal pollution were selected as the polluted area,three comparable villages as the control area.A total of 279 soil samples and 1 374 local food samples were collected,the levels of As in soil,inorganic arsenic(iAs) in rice and the total arsenic(tAs) in food were detected.Results As in soil showed qualified rate of 19.7％ for polluted area with higher levels in farmland(M:29.2 mg/kg,range:2.2-847.0 mg/kg) and vegetable-plot(M:46.8 mg/kg,range:2.5-379.7 mg/kg),and 91.7％ for control area with lower levels in farmland (M:11.5 mg/kg,range:3.2-91.5 mg/kg) and vegetable-plot(M:13.8 mg/kg,range:2.5-160.0 mg/kg).Higher level and lower qualified rate for As were found in polluted area compared with the control area (P＜0.01).The qualified rate of tAs in food was 97.4％ in polluted area with the highest level in rice (qualified rate:94.6％),and 100.0％ in control area.Conclusion Arsenic pollution is serious in soil of polluted areas,which can affact food and have potential impact on human health.

Objective To know blood lead levels of residents living around a waste battery recycling and processing enterprise (WBRPE).Methods In 2016,one administrative village around a WBRPE was selected as exposure area,another 7 km far from WBRPE as control area.A total of 379 blood samples were collected from children aged 2-14 and adults aged＞15 for determination of lead.Results Higher blood lead levels were found in children(G:91.30 μg/L,range:28.62-485.01 μg/L) and adults (G:76.68 μg/L,range:6.00-1 066.57 μg/L) in polluted area,lower levels in control area (Gchildren:44.18 μg/L;rangechildren:19.32-89.32 μg/L;Gadults:51.16 μg/L;rangeadults:6.00-175.71 μg/L) respectively,regional differences was significant(P＜0.05).The abnormal rates of blood lead were 33.7％ and 2.4％ for children and adults in polluted area respectively,while there was no abnormal case in control area.Higher blood lead levels were found in male among children and adults in polluted area(P＜0.05),and only in adults in control area(P＜0.05).Conclusion The WBRPE-induced lead pollution causes higher blood lead level for residents living around,especially for children.

目的 建立环境镉污染人群健康影响评估技术,评价环境镉污染区居民健康风险及健康危害水平,为政府制定相关防治对策提供科学依据.方法 于2014—2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区.采集18~75岁常住居民尿液及其家中粮食、蔬菜等食物及饮用水和调查村空气样本,检测样本中镉的含量及尿β2-MG、NAG,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险和健康危害水平.结果 污染区食物(n=625)中的大米、干豆和蔬菜镉含量中位数分别为0.389 mg/kg、0.216 mg/kg、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区;污染区饮用水和空气中的镉含量的中位数分别为0.54μg/L、0.19μg/m3,也高于对照区.居民环境镉暴露主要来源于膳食摄入(约占99%),每月膳食镉摄入量污染区为61.8μg/kg bw、占PTMI的247.31%,对照区为20.9μg/kg bw、占PTMI的83.41%.污染区居民尿镉负荷(平均值4.58μg/g肌酐、中位数3.46μg/g肌酐)和NAG活性(中位数2.18 U/g肌酐)均高于对照区,但未发现尿镉、尿β2-MG含量和NAG活性这三项健康危害指标同时达到判定值的个体,即研究地区未出现镉污染所致慢性早期健康危害的个体.结论 广西环境镉污染区人群健康危害水平处于相对低的状态,但应持续关注居民尿镉高负荷和大米等食物镉富集对人群健康的影响.

Atmospheric benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) can lead to multiple health injuries. However, what remains uncertain is the effect of long-term exposure to low levels of BTEX. Thus, we determined the BTEX levels in the air from the refueling and office areas in gas stations. Then we collected workers’ (200 refueling vs. 52 office workers) peripheral blood samples to analyze the serum total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. DNA damage was analyzed by the comet assay and micronucleus test in buccal epithelial cells. We found that the levels of BTEX in refueling areas were significantly higher than those in office areas (p < 0.001). The serum T-SOD and GSH of refueling workers were significantly lower than those in office workers (p < 0.001). By contrast, the serum MDA and 8-OHdG of refueling workers were significantly higher than those of office workers (p < 0.001, MDA; p = 0.025, 8-OHdG). Furthermore, tail and Olive tail moments in refueling workers were longer (p = 0.004, tail moment; p = 0.001, Olive tail moment), and the micronucleus rate was higher (p < 0.001) than those in office workers. Taken together, long-term exposure to low levels of BTEX may reduce the antioxidant ability and increase the risk of DNA damage in refueling workers of gas stations.

目的 了解广西环境镉污染重点地区土壤及食物镉含量水平.方法 于2014-2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区,采集183件土壤样品和971件地产食物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定镉含量.结果 污染区和对照区土壤镉合格率分别为0.0％和16.7％.污染区农田、菜地土壤镉含量的中位数分别为2.31mg/kg(范围为0.84～13.50 mg/kg)和4.04 mg/kg(范围为0.34～82.80 mg/kg),对照区农田、菜地土壤镉含量的中位数分别为0.61 mg/kg(范围为0.20～0.92 mg/kg)和0.83 mg/kg(范围为0.18～1.38 mg/kg).污染区土壤镉含量高于对照区,合格率低于对照区,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).污染区食物镉合格率66.9％,对照区食物镉合格率83.2％.以大米的镉含量最高,污染区大米镉合格率仅为25.5％.结论 污染区土壤镉污染严重,由此造成的食物镉污染对人体健康存在潜在影响.

目的 了解广西环境镉污染重点地区人群尿镉水平.方法 于2014-2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区,采集18～75岁常住居民尿液,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定尿镉水平.结果 共检测1 709人,其中,污染区1 129人的尿镉水平为0.04～45.41 μg/gcr,平均值为4.58 μg/g cr,中位数为3.46μg/g cr,合格率为97.3％;对照区580人的尿镉水平为0.11～14.21 μg/g cr,平均值为3.19 μg/g cr,中位数为2.77 μg/g cr,合格率为100.0％,污染区人群尿镉负荷水平显著高于对照区(P＜0.01).不同性别比较,在相同研究区域,女性尿镉水平高于男性;在不同研究区域,污染区女性尿镉水平高于对照区(P＜0.01),男性则区域间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).呈现随着年龄增长,调查对象尿镉水平逐步增加的趋势.结论 广西环境镉污染区人群镉负荷处于相对低健康危害风险的状态,环境镉污染对人群健康依然存在潜在影响.

Levels of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in occupational air, ambient air, and drinking water in Nanning, South China, were investigated, and then their potential health risks to occupational workers and the general public were evaluated. Results show that the MTBE concentration in occupational air from 13 service stations was significantly higher than that in ambient air from residential areas (p<0.0001); both are far lower than the threshold limit value-time weighted average of MTBE regulated in the United States (US). The drinking water samples from household taps yielded detectable MTBE in the range of 0.04–0.33μg/L, which is below the US drinking water standard of 20–40μg/L. The non-carcinogenic risk of MTBE from air inhalation may be negligible because the calculated hazard quotient was less than 1. The mean MTBE lifetime cancer risk was within the acceptable limit of 1×10−6 to 1×10−4, but the lifetime cancer risk of refueling workers in the urban service station at the 95th percentile slightly exceeded the maximum acceptable carcinogen risk (1×10−4), indicating the potential carcinogenic health effects on the population highly exposed to MTBE in this region. The hazard index and carcinogenic risk of MTBE in drinking water were significantly lower than the safe limit of US Environmental Protection Agency, suggesting that drinking water unlikely poses significant health risks to the residents in Nanning.