总结了甘薯的营养与保健功能,甘薯产业的生产现状;分析了甘薯产业发展前景;介绍了目前已开发生产的甘薯系列产品和亟待开发生产的甘薯新产品,包括以下几点:第一,甘薯淀粉品质改良与深加工;第二,甘薯淀粉糖技术的开发;第三,甘薯膳食纤维的制备;第四,甘薯活性成分、多糖和蛋白提取技术.提出了甘薯产业可持续发展的措施:首先,要提高甘薯育种的科研水平;其次,要加强甘薯的种植技术研究与推广;第三,应加大科技投入,拓宽生产领域;第四,要实施甘薯循环经济,提升产业化水平.

The current study was to explore the mitigatory effects of silicon on chromium toxicity at hydroponic condition.The ultrastructure,chromium absorption and accumulation of wheat seedlings were investigated with two concentration levels of chromium(0.4and 0.8mmol·L-1)and three concentration levels of silicon(0.5,1.0and 1.5mmol·L-1).The results indicated that 0.5mmol·L-1silicon-treatment could effectively suppress chromium accumulation and significantly reduce the concentration of chromium and bioconcentration factor in wheat roots when wheat seedlings were treated with 0.4mmol·L-1 chromium solution.Similarly,1.0mmol·L-1 silicon-treatment could effectively suppress chromium accumulation and reduce the concentration of chromiumin wheat roots when wheat seedlings were handled with 0.8mmol·L-1 chromium solution.Silicon-treatment tended to increase the concentration of chromium,bioconcentration factor and transfer coefficient in both leaf sheaths and leaves.The structure of cell,membrane system,chloroplast,thylakoid,mitochondria and mitochondrial crista were recovered with the addition of silicon under chromium stress.The integrity of cell nucleus was also recovered.The damage of chromium stress on ultrastructure of wheat seed-lings were mitigated with the addition of silicon,and the mitigation was enhanced as the increase of silicon concentration.

[Objective] The research aimed to provide theoretical basis for the high-yield cultivation of sweet potato. [Method] Taking edible sweet potato variety Jiqinshu 1 as test materials,three row spaces(60,70 and 80 cm) and three plant spaces(20,25 and 30 cm) were designed to study the effects of different row space and plant space on the yield and agronomic traits of sweet potato. [Result]The fresh potato yield,fresh potato weight per plant and other agronomic traits of sweet potato were increased by increasing the row space or plant space. The fresh potato yield of sweet potato with the row spaces and plant spaces of 60 cm × 20 cm,60 cm × 25 cm and 70 cm × 25 cm were significantly higher than other six treatments. When the row spaces and plant spaces were 70 cm × 25 cm,the fresh potato weight per plant was the highest,which was significantly higher than other 8 treatments. The fresh stem weight per plant of sweet potato in the row spaces and plant spaces treatments of 70 cm × 30 cm and 80 cm × 30 cm were significantly higher than other 7 treatments. [Conclusion] The interaction between row spaces and plant spaces had no significant effect on potato number per plant,but it had significant difference or extremely significant difference on other 8 agronomic traits.

The water bath extraction process for radical scavenging substance from sweet potato was optimized with single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimum water bath extraction process for active substances removing hydroxyl radical was as follows: taking water as extrication solvent,extraction agent is 45 mL /g,temperature is 45 ℃ within 2. 5 h. The optimum water bath extraction process for active substances of removing superoxide anion radical was as follows: taking absolute ethyl alcohol as extrication solvent,extraction agent is 35 mL /g,temperature is 45 ℃ within 3. 0 h. The order of test factors which influenced the clearance of hydroxyl radical was: temperature,extraction time,and extraction agent. The influence of every factor on the clearance of hydroxyl radical is very significant( p 0. 01). The order of test factors which influenced the clearance of superoxide anion radical hydroxyl radical was: temperature,extraction agent,and extraction time. The influence of every factor on the clearance of superoxide anion radical hydroxyl radical is very significant( p 0. 01).

为了研究硫酸铜对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性,用常规染色体压片技术,观察硫酸铜胁迫下小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的变化.结果表明,处理时间相同时,随硫酸铜浓度的增大,小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数和微核率均呈先升后降的趋势,而染色体畸变率呈逐渐升高的趋势;硫酸铜浓度相同时,随处理时间延长,小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均逐渐升高.说明硫酸铜对小麦具有明显的遗传毒性,且表现为明显的剂量效应和时间效应.

In this study,using wheat variety(Jingdong 8) as material,effects of exogenous silicon on physiologi-cal and biochemical indexes of wheat seedlings under K 2 Cr2 O7 (0.6 mmol/L) and CuSO4 (0.8 mmol/L) stresses were studied in hydroponic conditions .The results showed that the soluble sugar content ,MDA content ,the activity of SOD and POD in wheat seedlings were significantly increased under K 2 Cr2 O7 and CuSO4 stresses.The chlorophyll content in wheat seedlings were reduced significantly under K 2 Cr2 O7 and CuSO4 stresses.Exogenous silicon with the concentration of 1 .5 mmol/L played a noticeable role in reducing the soluble sugar content ,MDA content ,the activ-ity of SOD and POD in wheat seedlings under K 2 Cr2 O7 and CuSO4 stresses.Exogenous silicon with the concentration of 1.0 mmol/L played a noticeable role in creasing the chlorophyll content in wheat seedlings under K 2 Cr2 O7 and CuSO4 stresses.Exogenous silicon with appropriate concentration could alleviate the damage caused by K 2 Cr2 O7 and CuSO4 stresses to the wheat seedlings .

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) plays multiple roles in plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli. However, there is still little molecular information on PPO genes in sorghum. Here, eight distinct PPO gene members, designated as SbPPO1–SbPPO8, were identified in two grain sorghum genotypes, i.e., BTx623 and Henong 16 (HN16). The eight members were located on sorghum chromosomes 3 (SbPPO1 and SbPPO2), 6 (SbPPO3 and SbPPO4), 7 (SbPPO5–SbPPO7), or 10 (SbPPO8) and contained zero (SbPPO6–SbPPO8), one (SbPPO1, SbPPO2, and SbPPO5), or two (SbPPO3 and SbPPO4) introns. In BTx623, the deduced proteins of SbPPO1–SbPPO8 all contained an intact binuclear copper center required for enzyme activity, as well as the tyrosine motif and its interacting residues involved in structural maintenance. SbPPO2–SbPPO6 were found to possess thylakoid transfer domains, whereas SbPPO1 and SbPPO8 were predicted to contain N-terminal signal peptides for targeting to the secretory pathway. In HN16, the SbPPO3 allele was a pseudogene, whereas the remaining seven SbPPO alleles showed high identities with their counterparts in BTx623. Phylogenetically, sorghum PPO genes generally exhibited relationships closer to those of maize, and the maize orthologues of SbPPO2–SbPPO8 could be recognized by synteny analysis. Finally, SbPPO5 was found to be the major expressed member at the early stage of grain growth, and the dynamic change of SbPPO5 transcript level paralleled that of the total PPO activity during the grain development in both BTx623 and HN16. Our study generated new information on the PPO members in sorghum, which may facilitate more detailed functional analysis of these important genes in further research.

Cytogenetic toxicity of K2Cr2O7 on rye and mitigatory effect of silicon were studied.The mitosis index,micronucleus frequency and chromosome aberration rate of root tip cells of rye were investigated under treatments of different concentrations of K2Cr2O7.The results showed that the mitosis index,micronucleus rate and chromosome aberration rate increased gradually in the root tips of rye along with the increasing of K2Cr2O7 concentration in the range of 0~40 mg·L-1,while these index reduced gradually along with the increasing of K2Cr2O7 concentration in the range of 40~120 mg·L-1.There were significant differences between the treatments and the no-treatment.The mitosis index,micronucleus rate and chromosome aberration rate of root tips of rye under K2Cr2O7（40 mg·L-1） stress reduced significantly with increasing concentration of Na2SiO3（0~180 mg·L-1）.There were significant differences between Na2SiO3 treatments and the no-treatment.The conclusion of this study was that K2Cr2O7 had obvious teratogenic effect on root tip cells of rye,however K2Cr2O7 at low concentration could promote the mitosis in root tip cells of rye,but K2Cr2O7 at high concentration could restrain the mitosis.Silicon could relieve effectively the effect of K2Cr2O7 on the mitosis in root tip cells of rye.This could provide some reference for prevention of chrome pollution and application of silicon fertilizer.

Real-time PCR was affected directly by the amplification efficiency of primers. The aim of this study was to introduce the method of detecting the amplification efficiency of primers for Real-time PCR, which was important for further application. Meanwhile, the expression of polyphenol oxidase was carried out via real-time PCR. The relative expression of SbPPO2, SbPPO5 and SbPPO6 were higher in seedling of sorghum vaiiety BTx623, which might play an important role in the sorghum development.

The differences of physiological characteristics between Bt-cotton and non-Bt cotton were determined in this study.The seedlings of 4 varieties,Lumianyan 17,DGL 99102,Zhongmiansuo 12 and Xinmian 33B,were used to investigate the activities of POD and SOD,the contents of protein,amino acid,MDA and photosynthetic pigment.The results showed that the activities of POD,SOD,contents of protein and amino acid in Bt-cotton were significantly higher than those in non-Bt cotton,while it got the opposite effect in the content of MDA.Therefore,the capability of eliminating free radical of active oxygen of Bt-cotton was better than that of the non-Bt cotton.However,the diversity of photosynthetic pigment content had no regular pattern.The capability of osmoregulatory of the Bt-cotton was higher than that of non-Bt cotton.

Pistacia chinensis Bung seeds were irradiated to 100,200,400,600 and 800 Gy by 60Co γ-rays to study the biological effects.The results show that germination rate and survival rate of Pistacia chinensis seed decreased with increasing doses.The dose 200 Gy group has the highest variation rate and germination rate.The height of M1 seedling decreased with increasing doses.Compared with the control,dwarfing,plant type asymmetry,vein chlorosis,leaf curl,malformation and other phenotypic variation appeared with the irradiation groups of 100-400 kGy.Using RAPD,the M1 plants were investigated.Remarkable variations in the experimental plants were detected by RAPD PCR,but no variation was detected in the control plants.And the 200 kGy group has high frequencies of RAPD variation than the 100 kGy group.

A new wheat male sterile strain 01-76 was used to study its morphological characteristics, meiosis of pollen mother cells and seed setting percentage.The results showed that the lepicena of 01-76 had the property of longer-opening when flowering with male sterility.The self-pollination rate got as low as zero while its cross pollination rate reached as high as 74.0%.The mitosis of root tip cells displayed normally while the meiosis of pollen mother cells appeared abnormally.There were chromosome translocation at metaphaseⅠ,chromosome lagging at anaphaseⅠ,chromosome lagging and multipolar distribution at both telophaseⅠand the telophaseⅡ,and some non-tetrad at telophaseⅡsuch as triad,pentad,heptad and octad.The male sterility of strain 01-76 mainly dues to chromosomal abnormality during the meiosis.

Nine lines with resistance to powdery mildew were selected from the progenies of Am3-Triticum durum-Haynaldia villosa amphidiploid.They had different morphological characteristics from their parents and had good agronomic traits.The chromosome number in their root tip cells was 42.Their chromosome configuration was 2n=2Ⅱat PMC MI,with occasional univalent and multivalent at PMC MI,but the frequency was rather low and the relative chaotic coefficient(RCC) was rather small,which means that the nine lines were stable in cytology.

The micro-morphology of seed coat of purslane(Portulaca oleracea Linn.) and bigflower purslane(Portulaca grandiflora Hook.) was studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),and the result showed that they had almost similar features with tiny differences.Both of them had the near kidney-shape seed form with different size.Both of them possessed the butterfly-shape protuberance while the area in purslane was larger than that in bigflower purslane.The seed surface of the two purslanes owned tuber with concentric array and their coat cells combined closely.On the other hand,there were some tiny tubers with tiny particle in purslane while there were plenty of dense tubers with larger tumor in bigflower purslane.

[Objective]The research aimed to study the pollen morphological characteristics of three species of medicinal plants of Oleaceae and provide data for the palynology study on the medicinal plants of Oleaceae.[Method]The pollen morphology of three species of medicinal plants of Oleaceae(J.nudiflorum,F.suspense and F.viridissima) were observed and compared by using scanning electron microscope.[Result]The pollens of three plants were elliptic and oval shape at the angle of equator,while they were round ball and sliver with three splits at the polar angle.The ektexine of pollens possessed distinct reticulation sculpture with different meshes.Differences were found in three species.[Conclusion]The research provided the reference basis for the species identification of three kinds of Oleaceae plants.

In order to study the differences and similarities of leaf epiderm microscopic features of triticeae bridge gemplasm resources SNTE0537 and its original parents,comparison of the leaf epiderm electronic micro-morphology between SNTE0537 and its original parents was carried out with scanning electronic microscope(SEM).SNTE0537 was bred from the progenies of Elytrigia intermedia and Yannong 15.The results indicated that the leaf epiderm micromorphological characteristics of SNTE0537 were between its two parents,but were apparently different from its original parents.The micro-morphological characteristics of leaf epiderm can be used as the evidence to identify the three spieces.

The objective of this study was to determine if there was heterosis between Bt and not-Bt cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) and to analyze their combining ability.24 hybrids F1 were studied between six Bt varieties and four non-Bt ones in an incomplete diallel crossing design(NCⅡ).The hybrid F1 showed an appreciable heterosis.All 13 characters measured had mid-parent heterosis,nine of which showed higher performing parent heterosis and 11 expressed check heterosis.Combining ability analysis indicated that boll number per plant,boll weight,fiber length,fiber elongation rate and micronaire value were mainly controlled by gene additive effect,while seed cotton yield and lint yield were affected by non-additive effect,respectively.SCRC 17 was an excellent Bt transgenic cotton with insect-resistance and Jimian 12 was an acceptable non-Bt variety with better general combining ability.Among the 24 combinations,SCRC 17×CCRI 12 showed apparent advantage in many agronomic traits.However,it was difficult to improve fiber quality through heterosis.

In order to breed new wheat germplasms with resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust,morphological,cytological,resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew analyses were conducted to identify 3 germplasm lines bred from the progenies of Elytrigia intermedium and Yannong 15.The results showed that line shannongTE0537 had favorable agronomic traits,with main morphological features between the male and female parents,and it was immune to powdery mildew and highly resistant to stripe rust.Its chromosome number of root tip cells was 2n=56,and the chromosome configuration at PMC MI was 2n=28II.The lines shannongTE0524 and shannongTE0543 were highly resistant to powdery mildew and stripe rust.Their chromosome numbers of root tip cells were both 2n=55,and chromosome configuration at PMC MI were 2n=2.32I+26.22II+0.06IV and 2n=1.20I+26.90II,respectively.These 3 lines have genes resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew and have important value in wheat breeding and genetic improvement.