To address the limitations of traditional waterborne two-component polyurethane (2k-WPU) in terms of water resistance, mechanical strength, and adhesion, this study developed an all-biobased composite material (WPU-VF) using a dual covalent cross-linking strategy. A lignin-derived benzoxazine monomer (VF) was synthesized from vanillic acid and furfurylamine and introduced into 2k -WPU to form a rigid aromatic network through ring-opening polymerization. This improved the material's mechanical properties (tensile strength: 28 MPa), hydrophobicity (contact angle: 101 degrees), and wet adhesion (only a 13% loss of shear strength after soaking). The material also exhibited rapid self-healing ability (10 min at 140 degrees C), triple shape memory performance, and recyclability (92.8% strength retention after two cycles). Notably, WPU-VF-0.3 completely degraded within 2 h under mild alkaline conditions, complying with the principles of the circular economy. The waterborne process minimized the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This sustainable design provides a high-performance, recyclable, and degradable polymer solution, which is expected to be applied in the fields of environmentally friendly coatings, food packaging materials, and smart adhesives, reducing dependence on petrochemical products and waste accumulation.

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a key biomass-derived compounds due to its socio-economic benefits for the synthesis of commodity chemicals. Herein, we proposed an efficient one-step bamboo conversion to EL in ethanol, and a novel stepwise fractionation to purify EL and lignocellulose degradation products. A proton acid, due to its high catalytic efficiency, yielded 26.65% EL in 120 min at 200 °C. The productions of ethyl glucoside and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural were analyzed in terms of by-products formation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no single report on catalyst for one step synthesis of EL directly from bamboo, as well as a stepwise fractionation to purify EL. Due to similar physiochemical properties in each fraction, the platform molecules could broaden a new paradigm of bamboo biomass utilization for renewable energy and value-added biochemicals. In addition, glucose, ethyl glucoside, corn starch, and microcrystalline cellulose were also investigated as substrates, so that the reaction intermediates of this one-pot procedure were identified and a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.

Solvent liquefaction was an effective process which could utilize biomass raw materials efficiently and comprehensively. Compared with water as a single solvent, the mixed solvent system could reduce the reaction temperature and pressure, improve the conversion of biomass, reduce the oxygen content in bio-oil, and increase the yield of the target product. This paper reviewed the common water mixed solvent systems in recent years, including the role of alcohol-water cosolvent, polar aprotic solvent-water system and ionic liquid-water system in the degradation process of lignocellulosic biomass, especially the application characteristics of ethanol-water cosolvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF)-water cosolvent and γ-valerolactone (GVL)-water cosolvent in biomass liquefaction. This paper also gave the shortage and suggestions of these solvents in biomass liquefaction field. Finally, based on the consideration of the economic value, recovery and safety performance of the solvent itself, it is pointed out that the development of low-cost, environment-friendly and sustainable liquefying solvents would be the key development direction in the future.

The determination methods of bio-based content in bio-based solid material,including the selective dissolution method (SDM) and 14C method,were reviewed.The precision of SDM was relatively lower,and its sample preparation was more complex and time consuming.14C method contained liquid scintillation counting(LSC) method,which included CO2 absorption method, direct LSC method and benzene synthesis,and accelerator mass spectrometry(AMS) method.CO2 absorption method was simple, fast and low cost,but it was also low precision. This method was suitable for the sample requirement for not high precision. The sample preparation of direct LSC method was the simplest in all methods, but it had a high requirement on the samples. This method had a lot of interference factors which were difficult to be eliminated.Benzene synthesis method had high precision,but the sample pretreatment took time,and the measuring period was long. Accelerator mass spectrometry was a rapid detection method and also had high precision,but the equipment was extremely expensive.These all limited its application.Finally,the prospects for their future development were also presented.

The 14C content in the bio-based foam was determined by liquid scintillation based on ASTM D6866 method. Identification of the bio-based and petroleum based foam was based on the different biobased content. In this experiment, the sample quality is determined by the elemental analysis. The temperature of the ignition experiment is dependent on TG. After combustion,the sample was converted to carbon dioxide. Through a series of chemical reactions,it was synthesised to be liquid benzene. Through the determination of radioactive carbon isotope,content of 14C in benzene was used to identify biomass based foams and petroleum based foam. The background coal and standard substance sugar carbon were detected simultaneously. The results showed that the 14 C radioactivity values of sugar carbon were the standard value,and the results of biobased content result is in agreement with that of the American Beta laboratory by using accelerator mass spectrometry ( AMS) method. The bio-based content of four kinds of foam samples are 18. 77%,23. 51%,5. 39% and 11. 13%,respectively . They all are bio-based foam. It indicates that the bio-based foam and the petroleum based foam can be identified by this method.

This paper deals with the effect of digestion conditions on pre-treatment of woody activated carbon by microwave digestion method.The results showed that the critical factors on digestion reaction are digestion temperature,digestion time and digestion acid system.Different size of granulate activated carbon can be digested completely under microwave energy with acid system of 8 mL(6 mL HNO3+1 mL H2 O2+1 mL HF) at 220 ℃ for 30 min.It was found that different kinds of woody activated carbons could be digested by higher temperature,expanding digestion time and increasing dosage of acid.

Acrylpimaric acid was synthesized under microwave irradiation by using rosin and acrylic acid as raw materials.The effects of reaction time,microwave power,temperature,and mole ratio of acrylic acid to resin acids on the Diels-Alder addition were investigated.The optimum synthesis conditions were obtained as follows:reaction time 60 min,reaction temperature 180 ℃,microwave power 110 W,acrylic acid /resin acids ratio 1.2∶1(mole ratio).The results showed that microwave could accelerate the reaction rate significantly.

Maleopimaric acid (MPA) can be used for polymer materials as a rosin derivative. In this study, rosin-based waterborne polyurethane (RWPU) was prepared with different content of maleopimaric acid polyester polyol (MAPP), which was synthesized from MPA. The properties of RWPU were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Other properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and water absorption were also determined. The onset decomposition temperature of RWPU with 30 wt% MAPP is improved from 170°C to 237°C, compared to the pure WPU. The tensile strength of the derivative was increased from 7.24 MPa to 23.24 MPa as well relative to the default polyurethane. The water absorption decreased significantly from 78.6% to 14.7%.

The title compound, C(24)H(34)O(6)·2C(3)H(7)NO, which was isolated from fumaric-modified rosin, has four asymmetrically fused six-membered rings and three carboxylic acid substituents. It contains two fused and unbridged cyclo-hexane rings, which form a trans ring junction with a chair conformation. The asymmetric unit includes one fumaropimaric acid and two dimethyl-formamide mol-ecules. The crystal structure is stabilized through inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between dimethyl-formamide and fumaropimaric acid.

Using methyl ricinoleate prepared by renewable resources castor oil,adipic acid and ethylene glycol respectively as raw materials,tetra-n-butyl titanate as catalyst,ricinoleate-based polyester polyols were prepared via polyesterification reaction.The influence of reaction time,catalyst,content of methyl ricinoleate on performance of ricinoleate-based polyester polyol was investigated.The gel permeation chromatograph(GPC),infrared spectrum(IR)and diferential scanning calorimeter(DSC)were used to measure the molecular weight,structure and thermal stability of the products systematically.The results showed that the different ricinoleate content polyester polyols with molecular weight 2600~3800,the distribution index(PDI)1.89~2.44 were given when the molar ratio of adipic acid and ethylene polyol was 1.15∶1,the catalyst content was 0.04%~0.05%,the reaction temperature was 180℃ and the vacuum polyesterification time was 2 h.The melt point of ricinoleate based polyester polyol was reduced with ricinoleate acid content increasing.

以富马海松酸为原料,制备富马海松酸聚酯多元醇(FAPP),分别考察了二元醇种类、催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、常压反应时间、减压反应时间、醇酸摩尔比等因素对FAPP性能的影响,并进行了红外光谱(IR)、高效凝胶色谱(GPC)表征.结果表明采用0.10％(质量分数)的氧化锌为催化剂、反应温度为220℃、常压反应时间为4h、减压反应时间为3h、醇酸比(二甘醇∶富马海松酸物质的量比)为1.20的反应条件下制得的FAPP制备水性聚氨酯(WPU),可提高其拉伸强度、硬度和耐水性.

Waterborne polyurethane has some drawbacks,such as poor water-resistance,low heat-resistance,low drying rate,low initial adhesion,and low solid content.Much researches to overcome these drawbacks have been carried out.Significant progress has been made in recent years.In this paper,the improvement on water resistance,heat resistance,initial adhesion,solid content and drying speed of waterborne polyurethane are summarized.

The title compound, C(10)H(16)O(3), with a bicyclo-[3.1.1]heptane unit, was obtained by oxidation of β-pinene. The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol-ecules with similar geometry: the six-membered rings in both mol-ecules adopt envelope conformations. In the crystal, the independent mol-ecules exist as O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonded dimers. The dimers are linked into helical chains along the b axis by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Maleopimaric acid was synthesized under microwave irradiation using gum rosin of pinus massoniana and maleic anhydride as the starting materials.Effects of the reaction time,microwave power,the amount of acetic acid,and molar ratio of abietic-type resin acids to maleic anhydride on the Diels-Alder addition were investigated.The optimum synthesis conditions were obtained based on the results of orthogonal experiments,namely:a reaction time of 28 min;a microwave power of 120 W;a dosage of acetic acid(used as the solvent) equating to 29% of the total mass of rosin and maleic anhydride;and a ratio of abietic-type resin acid/maleic anhydride=1.1∶1.The yield of maleopimaric acid was 70.3% with a m.p.of 226 ℃ and an acid value 415.4 mg/g.

The title compound, C26H37NO5, which was synthesized from monoethanolamine and maleopimaric acid, consists of two fused and unbridged cyclohexane rings. They form a trans ring junction with a chair conformation. The two methyl groups are in axial positions. In the crystal, intermolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules into a layer structure. Two C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions are also present.

Acrylpimaric acid-based waterborne polyurethane(AAWP) was prepared from acrylpimaric acid polyester polyols(AAPP),polyether glycol(N-210) and toluene diisocyanate.The properties of the products were characterized by FT-IR spectra,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),testings on specular glossiness,pendulum hardness,impact strength,adhesion,flexibility and water-resistance.The results indicated that when the dosage of acrylpimaric acid polyester polyols is 40 %(relative to total weight of acrylpimaric acid polyester polyols and polyether glycol),acrylpimaric acid-based waterborne polyurethane has good performances with specular glossiness of 131.6,pendulum hardness of 0.80,impact resistance of 80 kg·cm,5 % weight-loss temperatures of 260.3 ℃,adhesion of the first grade and flexibility of 0.5 mm.

A novel cellulose adsorbent was made from bagasse cellulose,acrylic acid(AA),acrylamide(AM),and [2-(methyl-acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride(MAETAC)through graft copolymerization.Factors affecting the adsorption capacity of the product,such as NaOH mass fraction,alkalification time,AA dosage,neutralization degree of AA and AM dosage,were discussed in detail.The optimal conditions were found to be as follows:NaOH mass fraction 30 %,alkalification time 90 min,cellulose dosage 20 %,neutralization degree of AA 60 %,AA dosage 47.3 %,AM dosage 26.3 %,MAETAC dosage 6.4 %,initiator dosage 2.6 %,reaction temperature 70 ℃,reaction time 3 h.Cu2+ adsorption of the adsorbent made under the optimized synthesis condition was 25.1 mg/g.

With more than 700 kt/a of output,rosin is the most important product of forest chemicals in our country,which takes the first place in the world.Due to fused polycyclic skeleton in molecular structure,rosin has good rigidity and heat resistance.Introduction of rosin to polyols could improve the rigidity,gloss and heat resistance of the polyols and the derived polyurethane.In this paper,the synthesis and application of rosin-based polyols are summarized.