为了明确不同区域麦田重金属含量,2017年—2018年在山西省临汾市、乡宁县采用大区对比方法,开展了不同区域、农家肥及其使用量对麦田重金属含量的影响研究.

为了明确不同农药品种防治蚜虫对小麦籽粒的残留量,2017年-2019年在山西临汾采用大区对比法,开展了不同农药品种小麦灌浆期防治蚜虫对籽粒残留的影响研究,结果表明:灌浆期防治蚜虫,10％吡虫啉、6％联苯菊脂·啶虫脒、40％联苯菊酯、22％噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒中均有残留;而2.5％高效氯氟氰菊酯具有较好的降低残留效果,其在2个试验年度均未检出.该项研究可为绿色防控选择农药品种提供技术支撑.

探讨有机肥与化肥配施对旱地小麦产量、品质和水分利用率的影响，为黄土丘陵区旱地麦田有机肥替代化肥比例和减小年际间产量波动提供理论依据。于2017—2019年，定位研究了常量化肥（B）、猪粪替代常量化肥（A1B1，替代20%；A1B2，替代30%；A1B3，替代40%）和羊粪替代常量化肥（A2B1，替代20%；A2B2，替代30%；A2B3，替代40%）对旱地小麦产量及其构成、籽粒营养品质和面粉加工品质、水分利用率的影响。结果表明，与仅施常量化肥相比，化肥减量配施有机肥可提高旱地小麦产量、籽粒容重、硬度指数、蛋白质含量和面粉沉降值，有机肥替代适量化肥可提高水分利用率。猪粪和羊粪在不同年型下对产量和水分利用率效应有差异，其中猪粪在丰水年但生育期阶段性干旱且春季遭遇冻害年型下，可提高旱地小麦成穗数和穗粒数，较羊粪配施化肥增产，且提高了水分利用率；羊粪在干旱年份但关键生育期均有降水且休闲期贮水量较高的年型下，可提高成穗数，较猪粪配施化肥增产，水分利用率也提高。有机肥替代常量化肥比例因有机肥种类而有差异，其中猪粪替代20%常量化肥最好，2年度分别较仅施常量化肥增产39.76%和2.46%，2018年度水分利用率提高4.91 kg/（hm2·mm）；羊粪替代40%常量化肥最好，2年度分别较仅施常量化肥增产18.88%和2.28%，水分利用率分别提高2.57，12.68 kg/（hm2·mm）。本试验的2个年型下，化肥减量配施猪粪或羊粪可提高旱地小麦产量和水分利用率，改善小麦品质，同时耕层土壤有机质含量提高。山西南部丘陵区雨养旱地麦田，猪粪替代20%常量化肥或羊粪替代40%常量化肥，是实现小麦高产稳产及提质增效的化肥减施和有机替代模式。

为探讨提高旱地麦田休闲期土壤蓄水保水能力、保证旱地小麦稳产高产的有效途径,本研究采用双因素裂区试验,主区为耕作方式(深松、深翻和旋耕),副区为保水剂施用量(0、45、90 kg·hm-2),研究了耕作方式和施用保水剂对土壤含水量、土壤养分、旱地小麦产量和水分利用率的影响,并分析了土壤含水量、生育期耗水量与旱地小麦产量及其构成因素和水分利用率之间的相关关系.结果表明,与休闲期旋耕相比,休闲期深松提高了播前20～160 cm 土层的土壤含水量,休闲期深翻提高了播前0～20 cm和60～140 cm 土层的土壤含水量,加速了收获期20～200 cm 土层的水分利用;并通过增加穗数和穗粒数使旱地小麦产量分别提高了 12.63％和6.88％,显著提高了水分利用率和降水利用率,20～40 cm 土层有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量总体提高.休闲期耕作,配施保水剂45 kg·hm-2显著提高了旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保水能力、水分利用率和产量.休闲期深松增产效果和提高水分利用率效果优于休闲期深翻.旱地小麦产量和降水利用率与播前60～120 cm 土层含水量呈正相关.本研究结果为晋南旱地小麦优化耕作方式和保水剂施用量提高产量和水分利用率提供了理论依据,对旱地小麦稳产高产、减小年际间产量波动具有重要意义.

为探究微喷灌水肥一体化条件下小麦氮磷钾肥的合理用量及施用方式,以小麦品种良星99为试验材料,在磷钾肥减量30％和常规施肥量条件下各设置3种施肥方式,以传统大水漫灌撒施肥料的方式及用量为对照(CK),研究磷钾肥减施及施用方式对产量及养分利用的影响.结果 表明,常规施肥(CK)相比,微喷灌水肥一体化磷钾肥减施30％(氮肥70％底施+30％拔节期追施、钾肥全部底施、磷肥50％底施+50％拔节期追施)条件下产量提高1 1.33％,成熟期植株氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高21.86％、10.02％和10.23％.与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3·hm-2,磷钾肥减施30％条件下,磷肥50％底施+50％拔节期追施能够提高小麦产量、成熟期植株氮磷钾积累量、偏生产力及产投比.本研究结果为山西省南部小麦节水节肥稳产高效栽培技术提供了理论依据.

Under the same irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate and after the corn stalks being returned to the field in the wheat-corn crop rotation area, we examined the effects of the integrated water and nitrogen mode of micro-sprinkler irrigation on the growth and development and water and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat. In 2016-2018, we conducted a two-year field experiment with six types of micro-sprinkler irrigation water and nitrogen integration modes and seven treatments during the growth period, and investigated the population dynamics, dry matter accumulation transfer during the filling period, and nutrient accumulation during the mature period. There were three modes of irrigation, W1(overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water, 600 m3·hm-2 for each), W2(overwintering water + regreening water + jointing water + grouting water, each for 450 m3·hm-2), and W3(600 m3·hm-2 each for overwintering water and jointing water, and 300 m3·hm-2 each for regreening water and grouting water); two modes of nitrogen application, N1(basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 40%) and N2 (basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 30% + grouting water nitrogen topdressing 10%); with no fertilization under W1 as control (CK). The results showed that: 1) The amount of overwintering water irrigation increased from 450 m3·hm-2to 600 m3·hm-2, which was beneficial to the total number of both stems and panicles in the overwintering period and consequently to yield. Irrigation in the regreening stage increased the total number of stems at the jointing stage, but with limited effect on the number of panicles. Applying more nitrogen at the jointing stage increased the number of stems per plant, but decreased that of panicles. 2) Four times of irrigation (W2 and W3) during the growth period, combined with nitrogen (N2) in the jointing and filling phases, were conducive to the accumulation of dry matter during the filling period, increasing the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, thereby increasing yield. 3) Compared with the three times of irrigation treatment during the growth period, water consumption and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under the four times of irrigation treatment were increased, and water and fertilizer use efficiency was improved. In W2 and W3 under the treatment of four times irrigation, water consumption of N2 during the growth period was lower than N1, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were higher than N1, and the irrigation and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly improved, of which W3N2 had the best effect. Therefore, W3N2 treatment (sowing winter wheat after returning corn stalks to the field, irrigating four times during the growth period of micro-sprinkler irrigation, increasing the amount of overwintering water and jointing water irrigation to 600 m3·hm-2, combined with jointing water and filling water topdressing nitrogen fertilizer) increased spike number and 1000-grain weight of wheat andincreased yield, with the highest water and fertilizer use efficiency. It was the best water and nitrogen management mode for the integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and water and fertilizer for winter wheat in southern Shanxi.

[目的]探讨化肥减施和氮肥有机替代对小麦产量、养分积累、运转和吸收利用的影响,为国家化肥零增长战略提供理论依据.[方法]于2017—2019年,定位研究了常规施肥(CF)、等氮量有机替代(有机替代30％N,CF+M)、化肥减施(N、P2O5、K2O分别减施25％、30％ 和16.7％,CFR)、减施替代(有机替代30％N,CFR+M)和单施有机肥(M)对小麦产量及其构成、生物量、不同生育期植株氮磷钾积累量、花前植株养分运转及花后养分积累、养分吸收利用的影响.[结果]与CF相比,CFR和CF+M处理小麦产量、成穗数和穗粒数均没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势;CFR提高了小麦拔节—开花阶段氮、磷、钾吸收量及其比例,CF+M与CF处理间各生育阶段尤其是拔节期后吸氮、钾量差异均不显著,而CFR处理开花—成熟期的氮磷吸收量显著降低,CF+M处理降低了花前茎叶氮运转量及花后氮磷积累量,CF+M、CFR和CF 3个处理间氮积累量差异不显著;CF+M提高了花前茎叶氮磷运转量对籽粒氮磷贡献率及花后氮积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率.籽粒氮素积累与各生育阶段氮素积累量、花前期茎叶氮素运转量及花后氮素积累量间呈显著或极显著正相关,籽粒磷素积累量仅与花后磷素积累量显著正相关,籽粒钾素积累量与返青—拔节阶段钾素积累量显著正相关,与花前颖壳+穗轴钾素运转量显著负相关.CFR和CF+M较CF提高了氮吸收、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,CF+M较CF提高了钾素利用效率,降低了钾素吸收和钾素偏生产力.[结论]本试验的两年间,不同程度地减少氮磷钾化肥投入量,或不减少总氮量投入(以30％ 有机氮替代化肥氮)有利于花前期营养器官积累的养分向籽粒运转及籽粒对氮养分的吸收利用,都可以维持小麦产量.在减施氮肥量25％ 的前提下,用30％ 或者100％ 的鸡粪替代化肥则降低小麦各生育期干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累和运转,最终降低小麦的产量.因此,进行有机替代需要进一步研究适宜的氮肥减施比例.

为探明滴灌、微喷灌和磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,通过田间试验,以漫灌常量施肥为对照（CK）,设滴灌（W 1 ）和微喷灌（W 2 ） 2种节水灌溉方式,生育期均灌水4次,即越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水（越冬水、拔节水灌水量600 m~3/hm~2、返青水和灌浆水灌水量300 m~3/hm~2）;W 1 和W 2 下设磷钾肥常量(R PK )和磷钾肥减施20%(R PK-20 ),30%(R PK-30 )和40%(R PK-40 ),施用方式均底肥撒施50%,返青期和拔节期水肥一体化各施25%;以磷钾肥常量全部底施为相对对照（CK 相 ）,11个处理,调查分析产量及其构成、品质特性和水肥利用效率等。结果表明,W 1 和W 2 减施处理的产量均随磷钾肥减施量增加而减少,其中滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时显著增产,较CK增产15.49%,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;相同减施处理W 2 产量低于W 1 ;W 1 、W 2 处理的蛋白质含量、沉降值及稳定时间均较CK显著提高,R PK 和减施处理的沉降值W 1 ＞W 2 。相同减施处理生育期耗水量W 1 ＜W 2 ,水分利用效率则相反,其中W 1 较CK提高42.35%～105.24%,W 2 较CK提高36.06%～56.18%。磷钾肥底施+水肥一体化追施的水分利用效率高于CK 相 ;W 1 、W 2 较CK氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高,相同减施处理氮磷钾肥偏生产力W 1 ＞W 2 ,滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时氮肥偏生产力显著提高;滴灌磷钾肥减施对0—40 cm土壤养分含量影响较小,但使有效磷含量有所提高。综合分析,山西省南部麦区,冬小麦采用滴灌浇水,生育期灌4水（1 800 m~3/hm~2）,磷钾肥减施且采用50%底施+返青期和拔节期水肥一体化追施25%时,减施20%产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,是高产高效水肥管理模式,减施30%虽产量次高,但品质性状最好,是稳产提质水肥管理模式。

[目的]研究不同有机肥与不同量氮、磷化肥配施对旱地小麦产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,以确定适用于山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦不同降水年型的有机肥和化肥配施方案.[方法]2013—2016年在山西临汾开展田间试验,共设5个处理:羊粪22.5 t/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O5105 kg/hm2(MsN150P105)、猪粪22.5 t/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O5105 kg/hm2(MPN150P105)、羊粪22.5 t/hm2+N 105 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2(MsN105P75)、猪粪22.5 t/hm2+N105 kg/hm2+P 2 O 575 kg/hm2(M P N 105 P 75),以不施肥为对照(CK),采用随机区组设计.其中,2013—2014年、2014—2015年为丰水年份,2015—2016年为干旱年份.以强筋小麦'晋麦92号'为供试品种.在收获后,测定各处理小麦产量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间.并根据播种前和收获后土壤200 cm土层蓄水量和年降水量,计算水分利用效率(WUE).[结果]降水年型、有机肥与氮磷配施及二者交互作用均对小麦产量及水分利用效率具有极显著的影响.丰水年羊粪、猪粪与氮磷配施增产显著,增产幅度为6.14％～18.45％,其中MsN150P105、MpN105P75处理增产幅度较大;干旱年猪粪与氮磷配施增产效果显著,增产幅度达14.18％～19.15％,羊粪与氮磷配施增产效果不明显;猪粪与氮磷配施增产效应表现为干旱年大于丰水年.干旱年水分利用效率低于丰水年,猪粪与氮磷配施在丰水年、干旱年的水分利用效率较对照提高7.68％～15.76％.与对照相比,两种降水年型下猪粪、羊粪与氮磷配施处理小麦的湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间均提高或延长.[结论]山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦,丰水年施用羊粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 150 kg/hm2和P2O5105 kg/hm2增产提质效应最好;丰水年或干旱年施用猪粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 105 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2均表现出显著的增产提质效果,且干旱年效果更好.因此,从增产提质与化肥减施综合分析,山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦施用猪粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 105 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2是高产稳产提质增效的最佳有机无机肥配施模式.

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI), combined with nitrogen application (N1:157.5 kg·hm-2 as basal, 67.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage; N2:157.5 kg·hm-2 as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm-2 and 22.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate (NO3--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage (SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO3--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO3--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO3--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO3--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO3--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N1 than that in the N2, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.

采用微喷灌水肥一体化灌溉方式研究磷钾肥减施及追施时间对小麦生长发育、水分利用效率及品质的影响.结果表明: 磷钾肥减施对小麦拔节期总茎数和分蘖数影响显著,生育期灌3水 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水)和灌4水 (越冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水) 的P底+拔K (磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施) 最高,且可以提高花后干物质的积累能力,增加籽粒中来自开花后干物质的比例,成熟期籽粒分配量最高.与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,生育期灌水3次 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,磷钾肥减施30%且磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施与常量施肥高产处理差异不显著,产量构成因子中穗数和穗粒数没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势,品质指标较当地传统栽培模式有所提高.因此,在山西省干旱缺水条件下,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施、钾肥减30%全部底施、磷肥减30%且50%底施+50%拔节期追施可以实现节水节肥稳产提质.

Through a three-year field trail in different rainfall,effects of deep plowing time during the fallow period and fertilization method on wheat plant population,yield,water use efficiency(WUE),and fertilizer use efficiency(FUE) in dryland soil were investigated.Results showed that,water storage of 0-200 cm soil before sowing,yield,WUE and FUE were influenced by precipitation and rainfall distribution,deep plowing time during fallow period,and fertilization method.In humid year of fallow period,yield was increased 75.29％ and 170.39 ％0,water storage of 0-200 cm soil before sowing was increased 42.77 mm and 116.91 mm,WUE was increased 2.94 kg · mm-1 · hm-2 and 8.77 kg · mm-1 · hm-2 than that in normal year and in dry year,respectively.Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and phosphorous use efficiency(PUE) were also higher.Deep plowing in early or mid-August could facilitate soil water storage,N and P absorption of wheat,and the number of stems before winter and the spike number.When deep plowing in mid-August,wheat yield was 5.43℃-18.15℃,water storage of 0-200 cm soil before sowing was 12.12-18.45 mm higher than that of deep plowing in mid-July,respectively.Meanwhile,WUE and PUE were also higher.Compared with N,P fertilizers applied before sowing,P applied with deep plowing during fallow period and N applied before sowing could increase the number of stems before winter and at jointing stage,the spike number and kernels per spike,facilitate N and P accumulation and transfer of wheat,and increase wheat yield.Water storage of 0-200 cm soil before mature time,WUE were also higher.Under current climate and farming conditions of south Shanxi,the increased grain yield of wheat and higher WUE and FUE could be achieved by applied P fertilizer when deep plowing between early and mid-August,applied N fertilizer before sowing for promoting soil water penetration characteristics to improve the number of stems before winter and at jointing stage,and spike number.

Effects of zinc humic acid fertilizers on community, yield and quality of wheat through water-saving irrigation with micro irrigation were studied. Experimental fertilizers included phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer species were zinc humic acid diammonium phosphate and ordinary diammonium phosphate, nitrogen fertilizer species were zinc humic acid urea and ordinary urea. The result showed that the total number of stem per hectare and stem number per plant of the treatment with ordinary urea and diammonium phosphate were relatively high. The yield was the highest with ordinary urea and diammonium phosphate used as basal fertilizers and zinc humic acid urea topdressed in jointing stage, which was 6730.5 kg/hm2. The yield with zinc humic acid urea applied in jointing stage was higher than that with ordinary urea, which was mainly associated with the increase of number of ears per hectare and grains per ear. Quality indicators were the highest with zinc humic acid diammonium phosphate as basal fertilizer and zinc humic acid urea as both basal and topdressing fertilizer, the effect of zinc humic acid urea applied in jointing stage was better than that of normal urea.

Sowing date affects individual development before winter, population quality and yield of wheat. Planting area of wheat in dryland of South Shanxi accounts for 60% total area of the province. The precipitation in the area plays an important role in ensuring agriculture production and food security in Shanxi Province. Under global warming conditions, research on proper sowing date of wheat in Shanxi Province is significant for sustainable development of agriculture. Seven years from 2008 to 2015 were divided into three kinds of precipitation year types— wet precipitation year (2012, 2014 and 2015, precipitation of 527.8﹣597.2 mm), normal precipitation year (2011, 2013, precipitation of 450.7﹣483.3 mm) and dry precipitation year (2009, 2010, precipitation of 293.4﹣385.4 mm), based on the average annual precipitation of Linfen in Shanxi Province in the past 54 years. Precipitation, accumulated temperature, sunshine duration during wheat growth season, as well as wheat growth duration, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under three sowing dates (Sep. 20, 30 and Oct. 5 in 2008﹣2009; Sep. 22, 28, and Oct. 4 in 2009﹣2015) were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis and technological support for high and stable yield production of dryland wheat. The relationship between yield, yield components, WUE and meteorological factors were also analyzed by correlation, multiple regression and path analysis. Results showed that sowing dates significantly affected seedling, tillering and jointing period duration, while no significant effect was observed at booting and maturing stages. There was a significantly positive relationship between wheat growth duration and accumulated temperature. Precipitation year and precipitation distribution in wheat growth season affected wheat yield and yield components significantly. Yield in wet precipitation years were 100.0% and 135.9% higher than those in normal and dry precipitation years, respectively. For different precipitation year types, WUE of grain were wet precipitation year > dry precipitation year > normal precipitation year. WUE of grain were increased with the delay of sowing date in wet and dry precipitation years, but was increased when sowed before Sep. 28 and then decreased in the normal precipitation year. From jointing to heading stage, wheat yield was negatively related with accumulated temperature and sunshine duration, positively related with precipitation. From heading to maturing stage, it positively correlated with accumulated temperature and sunshine duration. There was a positive relationship between yield, yield components and water consumption, but no significant relationship between WUE and meteorological factors and yield components. Annual precipitation and its distribution were the key factors determining high and stable wheat yield in dryland. In wet years, Oct. 4 was a suitable sowing date, which was beneficial for coordinative yield components, high yield and WUE, and low water consumption of wheat. In normal and dry years, Sep. 28 was more suitable for higher yield and WUE of wheat.

[Objectives] Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer can provide enough nutrient to crops to increase production.In order to dig into yield potential in dryland wheat,effects of combined application of organic and N,P fertilizers on yield increasing and mechanism of hilly dryland wheat were studied in Linfen City,Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2014.[Methods] A randomized block design with a split plot experiment was laid out and three kinds of organic fertilizer,22.5 t/hm2 of pig manure (MP),22.5 t/hm2 of sheep manure (Ms) and 2.25 t/hm2 of refined organic fertilizer (MO),were used as the main plot factors.Four N,P fertilizers rates were set as sub plots:N0P0,N105P75,N150P105,and CK.The SPAD value of flag leaf,grain-filling characteristics,dry matter accumulation and yield of the Jinmai 92 were tested.[Results] The SPAD value of organic and N,P fertilizers decreased slowly in the late sage of seed filling.The SPAD value and average rate of the middle stage of filling was the highest in single pig manure.The SPAD value of the late stage of filling,grain filling duration,stem leaf transferring and amount of spike were the highest in single refined organic fertilizer.The SPAD value,grain filling duration,dry matter accumulation were improved in MsN150P105,MPN105P75 and MoN105P75.The number of ears,1000-grain weight and yield of organic and N,P fertilizers were higher than those single organic fertilizer.The yield of MsN150P105 was the highest and had no significant difference with MPN105P75.[Conclusion] Organic fertilizer with a suitable amount of chemical fertilizer,increase panicles,and could improve the photosynthetic characteristics,extend the filling duration,increase grain production in hilly dryland of Shanxi,yield increasing effect was the best in 22.5 t/hm2 of sheep manure combining N 150 kg/hm2 and P2O5 105 kg/hm2,22.5 t/hm2 of pig manure combining N 105 kg/hm2 and P2O5 75 kg/hm2 could reduce fertilizer application and increase production.

To explore suitable sowing pattern in wheat-maize double cropping system in south of Shanxi province,three different planting patterns (drilling with 15 cm row space,drilling with 20 cm row space and broadcasting) under the same seeding rate were designed to study the effect of sowing pattern on winter wheat tillering characteristic,grain yield and its components,grain quality and water use efficiency.The results showed that under the same seeding rate,drilling increased basic seedlings compared with broadcasting,and total stem number and ears in 15 cm row space were significantly higher than those in 20 cm row space and broadcasting.The yield in 15 cm row space was the highest,which increased production by 8.76％ compared to broadcasting and 10.26％ compared to 20 cm row space.While tillering number and ears per plant under broadcasting were higher than those in drilling treatments.It indicated that drilling with 15 cm row space was favorable to group growth and yield increasing,broadcasting was beneficial to individual effect.Grain quality comprehensive index in drilling with 15 cm row space was 6.25％ higher than broadcasting and 10.86％ higher than drilling with 20 cm row space.Water use efficiency in drilling with 15 cm row space was 11.15％ higher than drilling with 20 cm row space and 3.99％ higher than broadcasting.In wheat-maize double cropping system,the suitable sowing pattern was drilling with 15 cm row space for wheat high quality and yield.

Through a three-year field trail, effects of deep plowing time during the fallow period on water storage of 0-200 cm soil before sowing, water consumption of growth period, and growth and development of wheat were investigated. Results demonstrated that soil water storage (SWS) of the fallow period was influenced by deep plowing time, precipitation, and rainfall distribution. With postponing the time of deep plowing in the fallow period, SWS was increased firstly, and then decreased. SWS with deep plowing in early or middle of August was 23.9-45.8 mm more than that with deep plowing in mid-July. It would benefit SWS when more precipitation occurred in the fallow period or more rainfall was distributed in August and September. Deep plowing at a proper time could facilitate SWS, N and P absorption of wheat, and the number of stems before winter and the spike number. The yield of wheat with deep plowing in early or middle August was 3.67%-18.2% higher than that with deep plowing in mid-July, and it was positively correlated with water storage of 0-200 cm soil during the fallow period and SWS of each soil layer during the wheat growth period. However, this correlation coefficient would be weakened by adequate rainfall in spring, the critical growing period for wheat. The time of deep plowing mainly affected the water consumption at soil layer of 60-140 cm during wheat growth. Under current farming conditions of south Shanxi, the increased grain yield of wheat could be achieved by combining the measures of high wheat stubble and wheat straw covering for holding soil water and deep plowing between the Beginning of Autumn (August 6th) and the Limit of Heat (August 21st) for promoting soil water penetration characteristics to improve the number of stems before winter and spike.

To clarify the effect of heavy metals Cd, Ni, Pb on growth of wheat, by adding CdCl2, Pb(OAC)2·3H2O and NiCl2· 3H2O in the soil, the paper studied chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters of the filling early, middle, late with the wheat flag leaves. The results showed that under the three elements treatment, leaf photochemical activity was the strongest, the minimum degree of injury, the most efficient use of light energy by the early filling , but later filling with leaf senescence, photosynthetic capacity weakened, unable to better capture light to absorb more light energy for photosynthesis. Cd2(5 mg/kg), Ni1(50 mg/kg)and Pb2(200 mg/kg)in favor of increasing the proportion of PSⅡ reaction centers open part of the additional energy used to drive the photosynthetic electron transport, thereby improving photosynthetic electron transport capacity, while increase of non-photochemical energy dissipation could help dissipate excess excitation energy, protect the photosynthetic apparatus, mitigate the effects of environment on photosynthesis, maintain a strong plant leaves synthesis and the operating capacity of nutrients.

为了探明活力久久拌种对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响,以旱地小麦品种晋麦92号为材料,以活力久久粉剂、水剂与清水作对照处理进行研究.结果表明,活力久久粉剂和水剂拌种使旱地小麦总茎蘖数、单株分蘖数、成穗数、千粒质量、灌浆期干物质积累量和籽粒水分利用效率较对照增加,其中,以粉剂效果更好,增产率达6.10％,水分利用效率提高8.88％.因此,建议在旱地小麦生产中推广使用活力久久.

为明确Cu、Zn污染对小麦生长发育影响,从而为小麦优质高效、安全生产提供理论指导,以分别添加铜盐和锌盐模拟污染土壤的盆栽试验,研究了‘晋麦96’灌浆期旗叶的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数、保护酶活性和产量及产量构成.结果表明:开花后Cu、Zn各处理间SPAD值均呈先升后降的趋势,低浓度Cu、Zn处理有利于提高叶绿素含量,延缓叶片衰老进程.Cu、Zn以100 mg/kg处理在灌浆后期光化学活性较强,受伤程度较小,高于100 mg/kg不利于维持小麦叶片细胞膜稳定性,适宜的Cu、Zn含量可以延缓小麦旗叶细胞的脂膜过氧化作用和衰老进程.从拔节期到灌浆期各处理小麦旗叶CAT含量均呈先升后降的趋势,Cu、Zn均以100 mg/kg处理CAT活性最高;Cu、Zn处理对株高影响较小,且均以100 mg/kg处理产量最高分别达12.86 g、12.17 g.