This study aimed to elucidate the effects of combined nitrogen and phosphorus and reduced fertilizer applications on the growth,nutrient utilization,and yield traits of wheat.The research was conducted through a hydroponic experiment and a field positioning experiment from 2019 to 2021,involving eight main wheat varieties cultivated in southern Shanxi.In the hydroponic experiment,four nitrogen and phosphorus treatments(N 0.2 mmol·L-1+P 0.1 mmol·L-1、N 0.2 mmol·L-1+P 2.5 mmol·L-1、N 4 mmol·L-1+P 0.1 mmol·L-1、N 4 mmol·L-1+P 2.5 mmol·L-1)were applied to preliminarily investigate and screen seedling traits of the different wheat varieties.In the field experiment,the effects of reduced fertilizer application on wheat growth and development,nutrient utilization,and yield were examined throughout different years using three treatments,i.e.,conventional fertilization(CF),reduced fertilizer application(FR),and no fertilizer application(CK).Results showed that under hydroponic conditions,the sample Pinyu 8161 had the lowest plant height,root length,plant dry weight,root dry weight,and root-to-shoot ratio among all wheat varieties in terms of the nitrogen and phosphorus levels.Under low phosphorus conditions,the dry weight increase of Liangxing 67 with normal nitrogen was only 17.07%,while the root dry weight decreased.Moreover,the root cap was relatively low under normal nitrogen and phosphorus conditions.In addition,under normal nitrogen and phosphorus conditions,the root cap was relatively low.Under field production conditions,the yields of Pinyu 8012 and Jimai 22 remained high when the fertilizer application reduced from 2019 to 2020(wet year),showing no significant difference in their yields.In contrast,under the same conditions,the yield of Hannong 1412 was the lowest(only 7 520.18 kg·hm-2)among all varieties.Compared to conventional fertilization,the yields were significantly lower in cultivars of Shannong 20,Zhongmai 4072,and Hannong 1412 with reduced fertilizer application.During the period from 2020 to 2021(dry year)when fertilizer was reduced,the yield of Jimai 22(6 191.53 kg·hm-2)was significantly higher than that of Pinyu 8012 and Shinong 086.Jimai 22 also had a high grain nitrogen accumulation(130.35 kg·hm-2)and phosphorus absorption efficiency(0.79 kg·kg-1).Reducing the application of chemical fertilizers in dry years led to early leaf senescence in the later stages of wheat growth,which significantly reduced the dry matter accumulation during maturation but impacted little on stem morphological characteristics.In summary,when 180.0 kg·hm-2 N,105.0 kg·hm-2 P2O5,and 34.5 kg·hm-2 K2O were applied during wheat growth in the wheat-corn rotation region of Jinnan,and N 60.0 kg·hm-2 N was applied during the jointing period,the yields of cultivars Pinyu 8012 and Jimai 22 were higher in the wet year.Jimai 22 also had the highest yield in the dry year,and reducing the chemical fertilizer improved the storage and re-transportation of dry matter in the nutrient organs of wheat before flowering,as well as the grain yield contribution rate and the thickness of the third internode.However,merely reducing continuous fertilizer application in dry years could lead to varying degrees of instability and unsustainability in wheat yield.Overall,the findings of this study provide more strategies for a stable and efficient cultivation in the wheat region of southern Shanxi.

In order to investigate the effects of fertilizer application reduction on wheat yield and quality under drip irrigation conditions,4 wheat varieties mainly promoted in the southern Shanxi wheat region were used as test materials in 2020—2021.A split plot design was adopted,with wheat varieties as the main plot and fertilization modes as the sub plot,to investigate their yield and quality indexes.The results showed that there were differences in the potential for reducing fertilizer application among wheat varieties.The potential for reducing fertilizer application among the 4 wheat varieties was in the order of ’Yannong 1212’＞ ’Jimai 22’＞’Shinong 086’＞ ’Pinyu 8012’,and the wheat yield was mainly limited by population number and 1 000-grain weight.The effects of fertilization rate on the protein components of wheat varied by variety.Proper reduction of fertilizer application was conducive to improving the dough rheology properties of ’Jimai 22’,’Shinong 086’ and ’Yannong 1212’,and thus improving the processing quality of wheat.The experiment showed that reducing fertilizer application during the growth period of winter wheat in the southern region of Shanxi,with a total nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm~2,including pure N 180.0 kg/hm~2,P 2 O 5 105.0 kg/hm~2,K20 34.5 kg/hm~2 of base fertilizer,and top dressing pure N 60.0 kg/hm2 during the jointing stage,’Yannong 1212’ and’Jimai 22’ could achieve stable yield and quality improvement,as well as reduced fertilizer application and increased efficiency.

为研究不同苗情小麦生长发育、产量及品质对春季追肥方式的响应,于2021-2022年以10月13日(一类苗)、10月19日(二类苗)、10月28日(三类苗)和11月10日(一根针)播种的小麦为研究对象,在基施复合肥(N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为25％、14％、5％)750 kg/hm2条件下设置不同追肥方式,一、二、三类苗仅追施尿素,其中一类苗拔节期追施135 kg/hm2(N拔135);二类苗设返青期45 kg/hm2+拔节期90 kg/hm2(N返45+N拔90)、拔节期135 kg/hm2(N返0+N拔135)2 个处理;三类苗返青期和拔节期追施,设 45 kg/hm2+75 kg/hm2(N返45+N拔75)、75 kg/hm2+75 kg/hm2(N返75+N拔75)、105 kg/hm2+75 kg/hm2(N返105+N拔75)和不追肥(CK)4个处理;一根针返青期追施尿素和磷酸二铵,尿素设45 kg/hm2(N返45)、75kg/hm2(N返75)、105 kg/hm2(N返105)3个水平,磷酸二铵均施30 kg/hm2和不追肥(CK)4个处理,分析追肥方式对不同苗情小麦生育进程、茎蘖动态、植株干质量、产量及其构成和品质等指标的影响.结果表明,二类苗尿素返青期和拔节期分施有助于提高拔节期和扬花期分蘖数,三类苗追肥处理则对扬花期分蘖数无显著影响,一根针主茎成穗是其主要特征;在基施复合肥750 kg/hm2条件下,二类苗分次与一次性追施产量差异不显著,因此拔节期一次性追施尿素135 kg/hm2较宜;三类苗产量随返青期追肥量增加而增加,尿素以返青期105 kg/hm2+拔节期75 kg/hm2追施产量最高,为8 067.3 kg/hm2,一根针返青期追施75 kg/hm2尿素+30 kg/hm2磷酸二铵产量和品质可以实现同步提高;返青期追肥有利于缩小因晚播导致的产量和产值损失.

In order to identify the response of starch components and physicochemical properties of waxy wheat grains to irrigation, a split plot design was adopted under field conditions.The main plot consisted of two waxy wheat varieties（Linnuo 88,soft; Jinmai 99,hard）,and the sub-region was treated with three types of irrigation（S 1 ,irrigation overwintering water; S 2 ,overwintering water + jointing water; S 3 ,overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water; CK,no irrigation）,the effects of irrigation on grain yield, starch content, starch composition, particle size distribution, flour gelatinization characteristics and flour quality of two types of waxy wheat were analyzed. The results showed that the yield and constituent factors of two waxy wheat varieties increased with irrigation.Compared with S 1 and S 2 , the average two-year Linnuo 88 S 3 treatment increased yield by 63.59% and 9.02%,and Jinmai 99 increased yield by 64.15% and 6.95%,respectively.The starch content of the two waxy wheat varieties under S 2 was the highest, which was 1.75 and 5.54 percentage points higher than CK, respectively. The amylopectin content of Linnuo 88 increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of irrigation, and S 2 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. The amylopectin content of Jinmai 99 decreased with the increase of irrigation, and that of S 1 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. The amylose/amylopectinratio of starch was the opposite. The particle size distribution of the tested grain starch granules ranged from 1.0 to 45.7 μm, and the number proportion distribution showed a single peak curve.Both volume proportion distribution and surface area proportion distribution of starch granules showed a double peak curve.With the increase of irrigation times, the number of B-type starch granules increased first and then decreased, flour gelatinization temperature first decreased and then increased, and the peak time moved forward, but S 2 irrigation treatment was the most significant; protein content, wet gluten content and sedimentation value all decreased with the increase of irrigation. Under this trial conditions, at the same time as stable output of overwintering water + jointing water, it could increase the starch content and B-type starch volume proportion of Linnuo 88,and reduce amylose/amylopectin ratio; while overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water could increase the yield and decrease amylose/amylopectin ratio of Jinmai 99,and improve the gelatinization characteristics of hard waxy wheat.Irrigation can effectively regulate the starch composition and particle size distribution of waxy wheat grains, thereby changing the physicochemical properties of starch.

The overall quality differences among different waxy wheat varieties was studied. Totally 17 waxy wheat varieties approved in China in the past decade and common wheat (hard, mixed and soft) were analyzed for hardness index, dough rheological properties and pasting properties. Comprehensive quality evaluation and classification were carried out by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The results showed that grain hardness index significantly differed among waxy wheat varieties and ranged from 25.2 to 73.82. The proportion of the hard type was 41.18%, the average hardness index was 63.07, with a coefficient of variation of 11.20%. The proportions of the mixed and soft types were both 29.41%. Compared with ordinary wheat flour, waxy wheat flour had a higher protein content (14.78%) and a lower amylose content (1.01%), indicating better processing characteristics. In addition, waxy wheat flour had a high water-absorbing rate (71.1%), good extensibility (157.7 mm), and short gelatinization time (3.59 min), and low setback (290 cP). The results of PCA showed that average particle size of starch granules, volume proportion of type A (≥10 μm) starch granules, final viscosity, setback, and trough viscosity were the major factors affecting the quality difference between soft and hard-type waxy wheat, while gelatinization characteristics, protein content, maximum tensile resistance and starch content were the major factors affecting the quality difference of mixed waxy wheat. The 17 waxy wheat varieties were clustered into three categories by cluster analysis (CA), cluster-I including three varieties of soft and mixed-type wheat with the highest comprehensive score, cluster-II including six hard-type waxy wheat varieties, and cluster-III including eight waxy wheat varieties with low protein content and gelatinization characteristics. This study provides a basis for the quality evaluation, classification and core quality indicator determination of different waxy wheat varieties.

A field experiment was conducted at the Hancun Experimental Base of the Wheat Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, from 2016 to 2021 to explore the effects of different irrigation methods (continuous micro-sprinkler irrigation, SI; continuous drip irrigation, DI; continuous flooding irrigation, FI; and annual rotation of flooding irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation, RI) on the distribution characteristics, stability, and nutrients contents of calcareous brown soil aggregates. After five years of positioning, >0.25 mm aggregates weight percentage of machine-stable aggregates (DR0.25) and water-stable aggregates (WR0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), destruction rate (PAD), fractal dimension (D), and nutrients (organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium) contents of soil water-stable aggregates were determined. In addition, the correlations among the distribution characteristics, stability, and nutrients contents of soil water-stable aggregates were analyzed. The main results were as follows: 1) In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the dominant particle sizes of mechine-stable soil aggregates of treatments SI, DI, and RI were 0.5–1 mm, that of treatment FI was <0.25 mm. In the 10–20 cm soil layer, the dominant particle sizes of mechine-stable soil aggregates of treatments DI, FI, and RI were > 5 mm, while that of treatment SI was 0.5–1 mm; that for all treatments were > 5 mm in the 20–50 cm soil layer. The dominant particle size of the water-stable aggregate of the four treatments was <0.25 mm in the 0–50 cm soil layer, but the highest percentage of weight was observed in FI. 2) SI and DI effectively increased WR0.25, reduced D, and resulted in higher MWD and GMD overall in the 0–50 cm soil layer, as well as decreased PAD in the 30–50 cm soil layer compared to FI and RI. However, the aggregates stability indices of treatments FI and RI were largely affected by the soil depth. 3) Compared to FI and RI, SI and DI resulted in higher contents of organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium in soil water-stable macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm), and had obvious advantages in increasing available phosphorus content in the 0–30 cm soil layer and available potassium content in the 30–50 cm soil layer. 4) The results of the correlation analysis showed that the relationships between soil depth, WR0.25, MWD, GMD, PAD, D, and nutrients (organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium) contents of soil water-stable macro-aggregates were significant (P<0.05) or extremely significant (P<0.01). Overall, SI and DI were more advantageous in improving the structure and properties of soil, promoting the formation of soil macro-aggregates, and increasing the level of stability and nutrients contents of water-stable aggregates, and should be popularized and applied.

为了明确不同区域麦田重金属含量,2017年—2018年在山西省临汾市、乡宁县采用大区对比方法,开展了不同区域、农家肥及其使用量对麦田重金属含量的影响研究.

为了明确不同农药品种防治蚜虫对小麦籽粒的残留量,2017年-2019年在山西临汾采用大区对比法,开展了不同农药品种小麦灌浆期防治蚜虫对籽粒残留的影响研究,结果表明:灌浆期防治蚜虫,10％吡虫啉、6％联苯菊脂·啶虫脒、40％联苯菊酯、22％噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒中均有残留;而2.5％高效氯氟氰菊酯具有较好的降低残留效果,其在2个试验年度均未检出.该项研究可为绿色防控选择农药品种提供技术支撑.

高产优质高效生态栽培是现代农业的发展目标,水肥一体化技术是实现这一目标的有效手段,其为国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展做出了重要贡献.微喷(滴)灌水肥一体化技术在小麦栽培上可实现节水30％～40％、节肥20％～30％以及增产15％～30％,水分和肥料利用率分别提高40％～60％和30％～50％;同时可改善小麦籽粒品质,减少100cm以下土层NO3-N积累,降低氮肥淋失风险,以及缓解土壤中N2O气体向大气排放.本文概述了水肥一体化技术及国内外发展现状,并对微喷(滴)灌水肥一体化技术对小麦产量、品质、水肥利用率及水肥运移规律、N2O气体排放等方面的影响进行综述,为水肥一体化技术从"高端农业"走向普遍、从设施农业走向大田提供参考.

探讨有机肥与化肥配施对旱地小麦产量、品质和水分利用率的影响，为黄土丘陵区旱地麦田有机肥替代化肥比例和减小年际间产量波动提供理论依据。于2017—2019年，定位研究了常量化肥（B）、猪粪替代常量化肥（A1B1，替代20%；A1B2，替代30%；A1B3，替代40%）和羊粪替代常量化肥（A2B1，替代20%；A2B2，替代30%；A2B3，替代40%）对旱地小麦产量及其构成、籽粒营养品质和面粉加工品质、水分利用率的影响。结果表明，与仅施常量化肥相比，化肥减量配施有机肥可提高旱地小麦产量、籽粒容重、硬度指数、蛋白质含量和面粉沉降值，有机肥替代适量化肥可提高水分利用率。猪粪和羊粪在不同年型下对产量和水分利用率效应有差异，其中猪粪在丰水年但生育期阶段性干旱且春季遭遇冻害年型下，可提高旱地小麦成穗数和穗粒数，较羊粪配施化肥增产，且提高了水分利用率；羊粪在干旱年份但关键生育期均有降水且休闲期贮水量较高的年型下，可提高成穗数，较猪粪配施化肥增产，水分利用率也提高。有机肥替代常量化肥比例因有机肥种类而有差异，其中猪粪替代20%常量化肥最好，2年度分别较仅施常量化肥增产39.76%和2.46%，2018年度水分利用率提高4.91 kg/（hm2·mm）；羊粪替代40%常量化肥最好，2年度分别较仅施常量化肥增产18.88%和2.28%，水分利用率分别提高2.57，12.68 kg/（hm2·mm）。本试验的2个年型下，化肥减量配施猪粪或羊粪可提高旱地小麦产量和水分利用率，改善小麦品质，同时耕层土壤有机质含量提高。山西南部丘陵区雨养旱地麦田，猪粪替代20%常量化肥或羊粪替代40%常量化肥，是实现小麦高产稳产及提质增效的化肥减施和有机替代模式。

针对旱地小麦高产稳产性差、品质不稳定等问题,2008—2019年在山西省临汾市尧都区旱地进行优质抗旱稳产型小麦品种筛选、适时耕作、分次施磷、有机肥配施、小麦适播期田间大区试验和示范应用.结果表明,在旱地小麦生产中,宜选用成穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量至少两因素较高且三因素协调的优质品种;8月上中旬深翻,有利于纳雨蓄墒,增加土壤蓄水量;深翻和播种时,各施50％磷肥处理的小麦产量和水分利用率最高;在山西省丘陵旱地区,小麦的适播期在9月28日至10月4日;施羊粪22.5 t/hm2、N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2时增产效果最好,施猪粪22.5 t/hm2、N 105 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2时增产效果较好,小麦的形成时间和稳定时间最长.经2017—2019年示范应用,该集成技术较采用传统技术的对照田增产最高达95.3％.

为探讨提高旱地麦田休闲期土壤蓄水保水能力、保证旱地小麦稳产高产的有效途径,本研究采用双因素裂区试验,主区为耕作方式(深松、深翻和旋耕),副区为保水剂施用量(0、45、90 kg·hm-2),研究了耕作方式和施用保水剂对土壤含水量、土壤养分、旱地小麦产量和水分利用率的影响,并分析了土壤含水量、生育期耗水量与旱地小麦产量及其构成因素和水分利用率之间的相关关系.结果表明,与休闲期旋耕相比,休闲期深松提高了播前20～160 cm 土层的土壤含水量,休闲期深翻提高了播前0～20 cm和60～140 cm 土层的土壤含水量,加速了收获期20～200 cm 土层的水分利用;并通过增加穗数和穗粒数使旱地小麦产量分别提高了 12.63％和6.88％,显著提高了水分利用率和降水利用率,20～40 cm 土层有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量总体提高.休闲期耕作,配施保水剂45 kg·hm-2显著提高了旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保水能力、水分利用率和产量.休闲期深松增产效果和提高水分利用率效果优于休闲期深翻.旱地小麦产量和降水利用率与播前60～120 cm 土层含水量呈正相关.本研究结果为晋南旱地小麦优化耕作方式和保水剂施用量提高产量和水分利用率提供了理论依据,对旱地小麦稳产高产、减小年际间产量波动具有重要意义.

为探究微喷灌水肥一体化条件下小麦氮磷钾肥的合理用量及施用方式,以小麦品种良星99为试验材料,在磷钾肥减量30％和常规施肥量条件下各设置3种施肥方式,以传统大水漫灌撒施肥料的方式及用量为对照(CK),研究磷钾肥减施及施用方式对产量及养分利用的影响.结果 表明,常规施肥(CK)相比,微喷灌水肥一体化磷钾肥减施30％(氮肥70％底施+30％拔节期追施、钾肥全部底施、磷肥50％底施+50％拔节期追施)条件下产量提高1 1.33％,成熟期植株氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高21.86％、10.02％和10.23％.与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3·hm-2,磷钾肥减施30％条件下,磷肥50％底施+50％拔节期追施能够提高小麦产量、成熟期植株氮磷钾积累量、偏生产力及产投比.本研究结果为山西省南部小麦节水节肥稳产高效栽培技术提供了理论依据.

Under the same irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate and after the corn stalks being returned to the field in the wheat-corn crop rotation area, we examined the effects of the integrated water and nitrogen mode of micro-sprinkler irrigation on the growth and development and water and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat. In 2016-2018, we conducted a two-year field experiment with six types of micro-sprinkler irrigation water and nitrogen integration modes and seven treatments during the growth period, and investigated the population dynamics, dry matter accumulation transfer during the filling period, and nutrient accumulation during the mature period. There were three modes of irrigation, W1(overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water, 600 m3·hm-2 for each), W2(overwintering water + regreening water + jointing water + grouting water, each for 450 m3·hm-2), and W3(600 m3·hm-2 each for overwintering water and jointing water, and 300 m3·hm-2 each for regreening water and grouting water); two modes of nitrogen application, N1(basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 40%) and N2 (basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 30% + grouting water nitrogen topdressing 10%); with no fertilization under W1 as control (CK). The results showed that: 1) The amount of overwintering water irrigation increased from 450 m3·hm-2to 600 m3·hm-2, which was beneficial to the total number of both stems and panicles in the overwintering period and consequently to yield. Irrigation in the regreening stage increased the total number of stems at the jointing stage, but with limited effect on the number of panicles. Applying more nitrogen at the jointing stage increased the number of stems per plant, but decreased that of panicles. 2) Four times of irrigation (W2 and W3) during the growth period, combined with nitrogen (N2) in the jointing and filling phases, were conducive to the accumulation of dry matter during the filling period, increasing the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, thereby increasing yield. 3) Compared with the three times of irrigation treatment during the growth period, water consumption and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under the four times of irrigation treatment were increased, and water and fertilizer use efficiency was improved. In W2 and W3 under the treatment of four times irrigation, water consumption of N2 during the growth period was lower than N1, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were higher than N1, and the irrigation and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly improved, of which W3N2 had the best effect. Therefore, W3N2 treatment (sowing winter wheat after returning corn stalks to the field, irrigating four times during the growth period of micro-sprinkler irrigation, increasing the amount of overwintering water and jointing water irrigation to 600 m3·hm-2, combined with jointing water and filling water topdressing nitrogen fertilizer) increased spike number and 1000-grain weight of wheat andincreased yield, with the highest water and fertilizer use efficiency. It was the best water and nitrogen management mode for the integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and water and fertilizer for winter wheat in southern Shanxi.

[目的]探讨化肥减施和氮肥有机替代对小麦产量、养分积累、运转和吸收利用的影响,为国家化肥零增长战略提供理论依据.[方法]于2017—2019年,定位研究了常规施肥(CF)、等氮量有机替代(有机替代30％N,CF+M)、化肥减施(N、P2O5、K2O分别减施25％、30％ 和16.7％,CFR)、减施替代(有机替代30％N,CFR+M)和单施有机肥(M)对小麦产量及其构成、生物量、不同生育期植株氮磷钾积累量、花前植株养分运转及花后养分积累、养分吸收利用的影响.[结果]与CF相比,CFR和CF+M处理小麦产量、成穗数和穗粒数均没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势;CFR提高了小麦拔节—开花阶段氮、磷、钾吸收量及其比例,CF+M与CF处理间各生育阶段尤其是拔节期后吸氮、钾量差异均不显著,而CFR处理开花—成熟期的氮磷吸收量显著降低,CF+M处理降低了花前茎叶氮运转量及花后氮磷积累量,CF+M、CFR和CF 3个处理间氮积累量差异不显著;CF+M提高了花前茎叶氮磷运转量对籽粒氮磷贡献率及花后氮积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率.籽粒氮素积累与各生育阶段氮素积累量、花前期茎叶氮素运转量及花后氮素积累量间呈显著或极显著正相关,籽粒磷素积累量仅与花后磷素积累量显著正相关,籽粒钾素积累量与返青—拔节阶段钾素积累量显著正相关,与花前颖壳+穗轴钾素运转量显著负相关.CFR和CF+M较CF提高了氮吸收、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,CF+M较CF提高了钾素利用效率,降低了钾素吸收和钾素偏生产力.[结论]本试验的两年间,不同程度地减少氮磷钾化肥投入量,或不减少总氮量投入(以30％ 有机氮替代化肥氮)有利于花前期营养器官积累的养分向籽粒运转及籽粒对氮养分的吸收利用,都可以维持小麦产量.在减施氮肥量25％ 的前提下,用30％ 或者100％ 的鸡粪替代化肥则降低小麦各生育期干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累和运转,最终降低小麦的产量.因此,进行有机替代需要进一步研究适宜的氮肥减施比例.

为探明滴灌、微喷灌和磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,通过田间试验,以漫灌常量施肥为对照（CK）,设滴灌（W 1 ）和微喷灌（W 2 ） 2种节水灌溉方式,生育期均灌水4次,即越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水（越冬水、拔节水灌水量600 m~3/hm~2、返青水和灌浆水灌水量300 m~3/hm~2）;W 1 和W 2 下设磷钾肥常量(R PK )和磷钾肥减施20%(R PK-20 ),30%(R PK-30 )和40%(R PK-40 ),施用方式均底肥撒施50%,返青期和拔节期水肥一体化各施25%;以磷钾肥常量全部底施为相对对照（CK 相 ）,11个处理,调查分析产量及其构成、品质特性和水肥利用效率等。结果表明,W 1 和W 2 减施处理的产量均随磷钾肥减施量增加而减少,其中滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时显著增产,较CK增产15.49%,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;相同减施处理W 2 产量低于W 1 ;W 1 、W 2 处理的蛋白质含量、沉降值及稳定时间均较CK显著提高,R PK 和减施处理的沉降值W 1 ＞W 2 。相同减施处理生育期耗水量W 1 ＜W 2 ,水分利用效率则相反,其中W 1 较CK提高42.35%～105.24%,W 2 较CK提高36.06%～56.18%。磷钾肥底施+水肥一体化追施的水分利用效率高于CK 相 ;W 1 、W 2 较CK氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高,相同减施处理氮磷钾肥偏生产力W 1 ＞W 2 ,滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时氮肥偏生产力显著提高;滴灌磷钾肥减施对0—40 cm土壤养分含量影响较小,但使有效磷含量有所提高。综合分析,山西省南部麦区,冬小麦采用滴灌浇水,生育期灌4水（1 800 m~3/hm~2）,磷钾肥减施且采用50%底施+返青期和拔节期水肥一体化追施25%时,减施20%产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,是高产高效水肥管理模式,减施30%虽产量次高,但品质性状最好,是稳产提质水肥管理模式。

[目的]研究不同有机肥与不同量氮、磷化肥配施对旱地小麦产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,以确定适用于山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦不同降水年型的有机肥和化肥配施方案.[方法]2013—2016年在山西临汾开展田间试验,共设5个处理:羊粪22.5 t/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O5105 kg/hm2(MsN150P105)、猪粪22.5 t/hm2+N 150 kg/hm2+P2O5105 kg/hm2(MPN150P105)、羊粪22.5 t/hm2+N 105 kg/hm2+P2O575 kg/hm2(MsN105P75)、猪粪22.5 t/hm2+N105 kg/hm2+P 2 O 575 kg/hm2(M P N 105 P 75),以不施肥为对照(CK),采用随机区组设计.其中,2013—2014年、2014—2015年为丰水年份,2015—2016年为干旱年份.以强筋小麦'晋麦92号'为供试品种.在收获后,测定各处理小麦产量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间.并根据播种前和收获后土壤200 cm土层蓄水量和年降水量,计算水分利用效率(WUE).[结果]降水年型、有机肥与氮磷配施及二者交互作用均对小麦产量及水分利用效率具有极显著的影响.丰水年羊粪、猪粪与氮磷配施增产显著,增产幅度为6.14％～18.45％,其中MsN150P105、MpN105P75处理增产幅度较大;干旱年猪粪与氮磷配施增产效果显著,增产幅度达14.18％～19.15％,羊粪与氮磷配施增产效果不明显;猪粪与氮磷配施增产效应表现为干旱年大于丰水年.干旱年水分利用效率低于丰水年,猪粪与氮磷配施在丰水年、干旱年的水分利用效率较对照提高7.68％～15.76％.与对照相比,两种降水年型下猪粪、羊粪与氮磷配施处理小麦的湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间均提高或延长.[结论]山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦,丰水年施用羊粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 150 kg/hm2和P2O5105 kg/hm2增产提质效应最好;丰水年或干旱年施用猪粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 105 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2均表现出显著的增产提质效果,且干旱年效果更好.因此,从增产提质与化肥减施综合分析,山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦施用猪粪22.5 t/hm2,配施N 105 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2是高产稳产提质增效的最佳有机无机肥配施模式.

为了探明晋南地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区适宜的节水减氮管理模式,采用田间试验,研究分析了5个水氮组合模式对夏玉米氮素积累特征、籽粒产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,与大水漫灌、传统撒施肥料(CK)相比,微喷水肥一体化处理的夏玉米籽粒产量提高12.05％～45.4％,其中以微喷灌4次(出苗水+小喇叭口水+大喇叭口水+抽雄水),施纯氮227.5 kg/hm2,氮肥后移、追氮2次处理(WN3)的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量最高,籽粒氮素积累量、总氮素积累量分别较施纯氮227.5 kg/hm2,追氮1次处理(WN2)提高6.8％、14.26％,且与微喷灌、施纯氮300 kg/hm2(WN1)和WN2相比,WN3处理的氮肥利用率分别提高41.81％、23.14％,氮肥农学利用效率分别提高47.45％、49.01％.综上所述,晋南冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟区,采用微喷水肥一体化可替代漫灌实现节水减氮高产栽培,推荐微喷灌溉4次、氮肥后移处理(基肥45.5 kg/hm2+小喇叭口期追肥136.5 kg/hm2+抽雄期追肥45.5 kg/hm2)作为晋南地区夏玉米灌水施氮适宜的运筹方式,该模式相比CK减少灌水量50％、减施氮肥24.16％,提高氮肥利用效率的效果最好,实现了节水减氮的效果.

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI), combined with nitrogen application (N1:157.5 kg·hm-2 as basal, 67.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage; N2:157.5 kg·hm-2 as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm-2 and 22.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate (NO3--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage (SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO3--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO3--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO3--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO3--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO3--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N1 than that in the N2, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.

采用微喷灌水肥一体化灌溉方式研究磷钾肥减施及追施时间对小麦生长发育、水分利用效率及品质的影响.结果表明: 磷钾肥减施对小麦拔节期总茎数和分蘖数影响显著,生育期灌3水 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水)和灌4水 (越冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水) 的P底+拔K (磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施) 最高,且可以提高花后干物质的积累能力,增加籽粒中来自开花后干物质的比例,成熟期籽粒分配量最高.与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,生育期灌水3次 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,磷钾肥减施30%且磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施与常量施肥高产处理差异不显著,产量构成因子中穗数和穗粒数没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势,品质指标较当地传统栽培模式有所提高.因此,在山西省干旱缺水条件下,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次 (越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施、钾肥减30%全部底施、磷肥减30%且50%底施+50%拔节期追施可以实现节水节肥稳产提质.