烟叶经过复烤之后,通常还具有一些不能满足市场口味的品质,企业通常需将复烤后的烟叶进行一段时间的醇化处理,以协调烟叶内在化学成分,改善烟叶的品质.低氧贮存片烟是常用技术.笔者探究新烟入库即采用密封降氧贮存的复烤片烟使用时,解封后3个月内的碘值、pH、色差值、多酚氧化酶活性的变化,以及外观质量和感官质量的变化,分析解封后烟叶的性质变化趋势,旨在为合理安排密封降氧贮存的烟叶使用计划、精细化片烟仓储管理、保障烟叶使用品质提供参考.研究结果表明,烟叶解封后3个月内,烟叶碘值逐渐上升,pH在解封1个月内急速下降,2～3个月时逐渐维持稳定;色差值有所波动,多酚氧化酶活性逐渐增加.此外,持续低氧密封3个月的样品多酚氧化酶活性明显低于解封后自然放置3个月的样品,pH和碘值的变化幅度也明显小于解封后样品,其变化幅度接近于解封后自然放置1个月的样品.外观颜色评价表明,解封后自然放置3个月对湖南湘西B2F烟叶的色值影响最大,其次是香气和色度,对其均匀度、油分均基本无影响,对云南文山C3F颜色、均匀度、色度影响较大,对香气、油分均基本无影响,解封后自然放置3个月和持续低氧密封储存3个月的烟叶外观颜色评价得分几乎没有差别.本研究可较好评估低氧贮存的烟叶在解封后的性质变化,为低氧贮存的烟叶解封后的护理和应用提供借鉴.

PurposeTo study the quality changes of upper tobacco leaves, which treated by adding organic acids combined with fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MethodThe upper tobacco leaves were used as raw materials. On the basis of inoculation with S. cerevisiae, different concentrations of citric acid or malic acid were added for fermentation. The chemical indexes and aroma components of the upper tobacco leaves with different treatments were compared and analyzed. Results1) After fermented by S. cerevisiae, the content of water-soluble total sugar and sugar-alkali ratio of the upper tobacco leaves increased, the content of nicotine reduced, and the content of volatile substance, such as alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes increased. 2) Through adding organic acids combined with fermentation by S. cerevisiae, the content of neophytadiene increased. When the addition of critic acid or malic acid was 0.50%-0.70%, the content of nicotine further reduced and the total amount of non-volatile organic acids further increased. 3) Compared with adding critic acid, the value of pH after fermentation decreased less and the ratio of sugar-alkali was higher with the addition of malic acid. ConclusionFermentation by S. cerevisiae can obviously improve the quality of upper tobacco leaves, and appropriate addition of organic acids can enhance the quality of fermented tobacco leaves.

针对南雄晒黄烟种植现状与开发利用情况,该文介绍了南雄晒黄烟的种植情况、内在质量、工业利用以及栽培调制技术,阐述了南雄晒黄烟发展过程中存在的生产流通无序、栽培调制技术粗放、抗自然风险能力弱、科研投入与工业利用研究不足等问题,并从制定分级与收购标准、提高晒黄烟生产的规模化与标准化、加大科研经费投入、深化晒黄烟工业应用研究等方面提出了南雄晒黄烟的发展建议.

[目的]筛选出适宜广东种植的晒黄烟品种.[方法]对大叶青梗、81-26、小叶青梗3个晒黄烟新品种进行大田试验,调查研究其农艺性状、经济性状、物理性状、化学成分、感官质量等各指标的差异.[结果]3个参试的晒黄烟品种中,81-26农艺性状较好,株高、茎围、最大叶面积优于其他品种;大叶青梗经济性状表现最佳,产量、产值分别为1612.56 kg/hm2、78483.30元/hm2,显著优于81-26与小叶青梗,并且外观质量表现最好.小叶青梗总糖与还原糖含量最高,81-26总植物碱与全钾含量较高,不同晒黄烟品种化学成分均较为协调.工业评价方面,81-26的含梗率低,工业利用性好;大叶青梗评吸质量最佳,具体表现为浓度适中、香气饱满、杂气少.[结论]3个晒黄烟品种中,大叶青梗最适宜在广东南雄种植.

对植物乳杆菌发酵烟叶的最佳工艺条件进行优化,研究了发酵烟叶的化学成分、香气物质和感官评价.结果表明,植物乳杆菌发酵烟叶的最佳工艺为植物乳杆菌添加量0.80‰、葡萄糖浆添加量 5.0‰、大豆蛋白肽添加量0.05‰、发酵时间 8 d,此工艺条件下,烟叶淀粉含量下降幅度最大,新增挥发性香气物质 9 种,烟碱含量下降5.58％.对比不同产地发酵烟叶后发现:外加植物乳杆菌及碳氮源可有效提高各产地烟叶的吸食品质,淀粉含量显著下降(P<0.05),水溶性总糖和还原糖含量明显提升,其中重庆产区烟叶变化幅度最大;总植物碱、总氮含量略微降低;感官评价显著提升(P<0.05),其中贵州产区烟叶提升效果最佳,总体提升 1.875 分.

为掌握打叶复烤过程真空回潮工序不同加工强度对郴州、衡阳、邵阳、湘西上部初烤烟叶香韵和杂气的影响,在同一打叶复烤生产线对上述4种代表性湖南上部初烤烟模块进行试验和感官质量分析.结果 表明:郴州上部烟焦香、甜香明显增加,花香、木香有所减弱;衡阳上部烟焦香、甜香较明显增加,木香、坚果香有所减弱;邵阳上部烟焦香、甜香较明显增加,木香、树脂香明显减弱;湘西上部烟甜香明显增加,焦香、清香略有增加,树脂香、木香有所减少.4种湖南上部烟模块经过真空回潮处理,焦香或甜香均有一定幅度的提高;氮杂气和青杂气都有不同程度的降低.研究结果为卷烟企业高效使用上部烟提供了技术参考.

为探讨秸秆有机肥在烤烟上的应用效果,采用田间试验研究不同用量的秸秆有机肥对烤烟生长、 经济性状、 化学成分、 评吸质量等方面的影响.结果表明,施用秸秆有机肥可以提高烤烟产质量,其中在667 m2氮肥用量为9 kg、 氮磷钾比例为1:1:3、 施秸秆有机肥400 kg时,所产烟叶化学成分协调性较好,经济效益较高.

为分析不同草木灰施用量对重庆市武隆县烟草产质量的影响,确定最佳草木灰施用量,本文运用随机区组试验设计,采用田间小区试验,分析不同草木灰施用量下烟草在各生育期的农艺性状、化学成分、内在品质及产量的变化趋势.结果表明,施用750 kg/hm2草木灰组在前期长势较好,化学成分表现较为协调,内在品质表现较好,产量较高.故在武隆县烟草栽培中增施草木灰有利于提高烟草品质,施用量为750 kg/hm2时效果较佳.

[目的]探究生物炭与菜籽饼不同配施量在植烟土壤肥力及烤烟生长方面的作用,以提高烤烟产质量.[方法]以主栽烤烟品种YN99为供试材料,通过田间小区试验研究了增施不同配比的生物炭与菜籽饼对植烟土壤养分、烤烟农艺和经济性状及烤后烟叶化学成分的影响.[结果]在常规施肥的基础上,增施生物炭与菜籽饼均有利于提高土壤速效养分含量,并以混合施用效果更为显著.生物炭与菜籽饼配施可以显著增加烤烟均价与产值,并随着菜籽饼用量的增加逐渐增高.生物炭和菜籽饼配施对烤烟化学品质的改善效果显著,能有效增加烤后烟叶的总氮、钾、还原糖含量,提高糖碱比和氮碱比,降低淀粉和烟碱含量.[结论]综合分析,在常规施肥的基础上,增施生物炭750 kg/hm2+菜籽饼1 500 kg/hm2处理效果最优,有利于提高烤烟经济效益,改善烟叶品质.

To further understand the physical modified atmosphere method,the effect of controlled atmosphere and varying pattern of alcoholization quality of the flue-cured tobacco lamina were studied.The results showed that:physical modified atmosphere method could keep stable oxygen concentration within a fitting zone for the alcoholization of the flue-cured tobacco lamina.Using the method of physical modified atmosphere,the sensitivity of stacking internal relative humidity to the outside humidity was low,preventing the flue-cured tobacco lamina from damp and mildew under high humidity condition.During the 12 months of alcoholization,compared with chemical modified atmosphere method,the aroma precursor material of the physical modified atmosphere method such as chlorogenic acid,rutin,lutein and β-carotene degraded and presented a decline trend,the alcoholization quality of the flue-cured tobacco lamina had certain degree of improvement.The sensory quality of the flue-cured tobacco lamina was best under the oxygen concentration call backed to 15％-21％.Physical modified atmosphere method was better than chemical modified atmosphere method in promoting the alcoholization quality of flue-cured tobacco lamina.

To screen and select the appropriate soil protective technology in Southern Shaanxi tobacco-growth area,the effects of the biochar and rapeseed cake fertilizer on soil nutrition,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were investigated.The results showed that both biochar and rapeseed cake enhanced soil numeral nutrition and the combination treatment showed better improvements.Biochar and rapeseed cake also increased tobacco agronomical characteristics.The high-quality leaves rate and high-middle-quality leaves increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of biochar,while the yield and output value increased with the increase of rapeseed cake.The application of biochar and rapeseed cake significantly promoted the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco.There were increases in the content of total nitrogen,nicotine,potassium,total sugar,reducing sugar and decreases in starch content.In conclusion,the best fertilizer application in Xunyang tobacco-planting area is the combination of biochar 750 kg/hm2 and rapeseed cake 750 kg/hm2.

[Objective] The paper aims to study the influence on growth,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco after spraying mineral elements.[Method] The field experiment,using Yunyan 99 cultivar as materials,was conducted to carriy out contrast study of spraying different mineral element.[Result]The results showed that compared with CK (spraying water),spraying zinc sulfate or sodium silicate increased leaf chlorophyll content after topping,spraying zinc sulfate helped nutrient accumulation of upper leaf in mature period,spraying zinc sulfate and borax could coordinate chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaf,and promote the economic traits of the indicators.[Conclusion]Comprehensive analysis,in ecological and climatic conditions of Luonan county,zinc sulfate (1.5 mg· L-1) were sprayed 3 times,and every 7 days sprayed 1 time after topping,could improve nitrogen and potassium nutrition on upper leaf of flue-cured tobacco in mature period,conducive to carbohydrate accumulation,coordinate chemical components,so as to improve the tobacco yield and quality.

A field experiment was conducted to select the optimal application rate of bio-organic fertilizers of vermicompost and vinasse in tobacco production area of Nanzhen County in Shaanxi Province.Six treatments with different rates of vermicompost and vinasse (0 + 0,2400 + 0,1800 + 600,1200 + 1200,600 + 1800,0 + 2400 kg hm-2,respectively) were designed to investigate the effects of the combination of vermicompost with vinasse on soil physical and chemical properties and quality of flue-cured tobacco.The results showed that the combination of vermicompost 1800 kg hm-2 and vinasse 600 kg hm-2 had the best effects.In topping stage and maturity stage,soil bulk density decreased by 13.5％ and 7.5％,while soil available N,P,K and organic matters contents increased by 30.7％ and 41.2％,40.3％ and 42.2％,37.1％ and 22.2％,16.2％ and 17.1％,as compared with control,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).The nicotine contents,total nitrogen contents,potassium contents and the ratio of potassium to chlorine in middle leaves of flue-cured tobacco increased by 8.6％,5％,3.4％ and 72.4％,while the contents of chlorine and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine decreased by 40.0％ and 6.3％,respectively.Compared with control,the contents of nicotine and chlorine in upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco decreased by 7.1％ and 37.5％,while the total nitrogen contents,potassium contents,the ratio total nitrogen to nicotine and the ratio of potassium to chlorine increased by 6.6％,9.9％,14.3％ and 65.7％,respectively.In conclusion,the application of vermicompost 1800 kg hm-2 and vinasse 600 kg hm-2 could significantly improve soil physical and chemical properties and enhance the quality of flue-cured tobacco,which could be recommended in tobacco planting in Nanzheng.

The new technology which modified oxygen concentration of an enclosed space by nitrogen was safe and effective for tobacco storage. Eggs, larva, and adults of Lasioderma serricorne were exposed in different low oxygen environment, and Probit analysis was used to determine the LT99 values. The results indicated that the time to reach LT99 of eggs, larvae and adults of L. serricorne in low oxygen environment produced by nitrogen generating equipment were much shorter than that in low oxygen environment produced by chemical method. Generally, low oxygen concentration between 1.5％ and 2％ was more effective to control eggs, larvae and adults of L. serricorne. The low oxygen environment produced by nitrogen could kill L. serricorne effectively during tobacco storage.

[Objective] The present study was conducted to probe the reasons for the differences of flue-cured tobacco leaf thickness at different stalk positions.[Method]The anatomical characters of leaves from different stalk positions with various maturity were comparatively studied by using paraffin section and microtechnic.[Result] As maturity increased,leaf thickness,thickness of palisade tissue,thickness of spongy tissue and the cell number of palisade tissue per unit length decreased continuously,and the upper leaves reduced the least.Accordingly the thickness of upper epidermis increased gradually,and the thickness of lower epidermis,thickness rate of palisade and spongy tissue as well as tightness of leaf palisade tissue structure had no definite trend.For leaves with the same maturity,the thickness of leaf,palisade tissue,spongy dssue and upper epidermis of leaves at different stalk positions were in order of upper leaves ＞ middle leaves ＞ lower leaves.[Conclusion]The correlation analysis resuhs indicated that the leaf thickness of upper leaves mainly depended on the thickness of palisade tissue and spongy tissue.The palisade tissue thickness and spongy tissue thickness of upper leaves were larger than that of middle leaves and lower leaves,and the thinning rate of upper leaves was slower than that of middle leaves and lower leaves,which were the anatomical reasons leading to thicker upper leaves.

A field experiment was conducted by spraying silicon fertilizer to elucidate the improving effect on growth and development of flue-cured tobacco using K326 as material in Xunyang county of southern Shaanxi province.The chlorophyll content,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs),nitrogen and potassium contents increased,while transpiration rate (Tr) decreased at topping stage regardless of the spraying time or concentration under silicon fertilizer treat condition.Spraying silicon fertilizer improved the average price,yields,output values and proportion of superior tobacco.Application of silicon fertilizer at rosette stage and two days after topping showed better effect than that at rosette stage and budding stage when supplying with the certain concentration of silicon fertilizer.Moreover,the effect of 3 kg/hm2 silicon fertilizer treatment was better than that of 1.5 kg/hm2 treatment at the same treatment time.The D2 treatment i.e.spraying 3 kg/hm2 silicon fertilizer at rosette stage and two days after topping,had efficiently improved the photosynthesis,nitrogen and potassium nutrition,promoted tobacco growth and increased economic efficiency.In conclusion,exogenous application of silicon fertilizer could provide a theoretical basis for promoting growth of tobacco in production of the southern Shaanxi province.

[Objective] To verify application effects of one-time plucking and curing technology on 4-6 upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco in Luzhou tobacco areas.[Method] The quality evaluation of top three and lower three plots after baking tobacco leaf were carried out.[Result]The appearance quality,chemical composition and sensory quality of top three and lower three tobacco leaf were better, and the quality factor or index of lower three of tobacco leaf was better than that of top three.[Conclusion] Application effects of one-time plucking and curing technology on 4-6 upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco in Luzhou tobacco areas are better.

To seek new ways to improve the quality of tobacco,a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of vermicompost and vinasse on improving the growth and chemical properties of flue-cured tobacco using K326 as materials.Six treatments were set up,which were CK (conventional fertilization);T1 (vermicompost 2 400 kg/ha);T2(vermicompost 1 800 kg/ha and vinasse 600 kg/ha);T3 (vermicompost 1 200 kg/ha + vinasse 1 200 kg/ha);T4(vermicompost 600 kg/ha + vinasse 1 800 kg/ha);T5 (vinasse 2 400 kg/ha),respectively.The results showed that vermicompost and vinasse could improve the plant growth,enhance the agronomic traits and chemical component of flue-cured tobacco,especially for the T2 (vermicompost 1 800 kg/ha and vinasse 600 kg/ha).The content of total nitrogen,total potassium and sugar content at topping stage were increased by 60.60％,46.37％ and 7.80％,while those at maturing stage were increased by 14.86％,34.59％,32.50％,as compared with CK,respectively.It also exhibited appropriate chemical property under T2 treatment.In conclusion,applying with vermicompost 1 800 kg/ha and vinasse 600 kg/ha can be suggested as a suitable fertilization models in tobaccogrowing areas in Southern Shaanxi Province.

[Objective] Effect of spraying trace element fertilizers on tobacco growth were studied to find suitable patterns for increasing yield and quality of tobacco in Hanzhong,Shaanxi.[Method] Ten treatments including two spraying periods (X spray at rosette stage and budding stage and D spray at rosette stage and 2 days after toping) with four trace element fertilizers Si,Mo,Ti,and Co (XSi,XMo,XTi,Xco,DSi,DMo,DTi,and DCo) and two control groups (spray water,X0 and D0) were set up for YN99 in Hanzhong to study effects of element fertilizers on photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen and potassium contents,and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco.Each treatment was repeated for three times.[Result]Spraying trace element fertilizers increased chlorophyll content compared with control,especially for DSi treatment with significant difference.Spraying trace element fertilizers significantly enhanced net photosynthetic rate (Pn),stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),while reduced transpiration rate (Tr),particularly in DSi and XCo treatment.Trace element fertilizers application improved nitrogen and potassium contents with the best effect in XCo at toping and maturing stages.It also showed increases in agronomy and economy characteristics after fertilizers spraying,especially for single leaf area under DSi treatment.Average price,output values and proportion of middle-upper tobacco in XCo treatment were increased by 9.21％,11.95 ％,and 8.30 ％,respectively.[Conclusion] DSi and XCo treatments could efficiently improve photosynthesis,nitrogen and potassium nutrition,and economic benefits of fluecured tobacco.They are suitable for wild application in Shaanxi tobacco-planting area.