Anthocyanins critically determine fruit color, nutrition, and stress resilience in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), directly influencing consumer preference. Despite complex genetic and environmental regulation of their biosynthesis, the basis for tissue-specific pigmentation, notably the widespread occurrence of red skin and pale flesh, remains poorly understood. We integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and functional analyses across 200 cultivars to dissect receptacle pigmentation regulation. Approaches included FaMYB10-2 allele mining, promoter structural variant (SV) identification, expression profiling, regulatory interaction assays, and characterization of upstream light-responsive factors. FaMYB10-2 was identified as the key R2R3-MYB regulator of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Alleles FaMYB10-2.2 and FaMYB10-2.3 encode truncated proteins retaining bHLH-binding capacity but lacking activation domains, functioning as dominant-negative repressors. A promoter SV 986 bp upstream of FaMYB10-2 was associated with reduced pale fruit due to cis-regulatory divergence. The SV (Alt) allele is prevalent in Asian cultivars, while the Ref allele is enriched in Western germplasm. Crucially, a light-responsive FaHYH-FaWRKY71 cascade activates FaMYB10-2 and structural genes haplotype-dependently, compensating for weak MYB activity in the skin. Our findings reveal a multilayered regulatory system integrating allelic variation, cis-regulatory divergence, and environmental signals, advancing anthocyanin understanding and providing engineering targets for polyploid crop color improvement.

Abstract Gibberellins (GAs) play a critical role in regulating the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in strawberries; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, a weekly foliar application of GA3 was performed to plugs of the short-day strawberry cultivar ‘Ninglu’ (Fragaria × ananassa). During the vegetative growth stage, GA3 treatment increased plant height by 57.7% and mean petiole length by 69.4%, in addition to enhancing the expansion of the leaf lamina and vascular tissues. Developmental analysis of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) revealed that GA3 delayed floral transition: while all control plants initiated flower buds within 40 days, only 77% of GA3-treated plants did so. Transcriptional analysis showed that GA3 significantly upregulated the expression of photoperiod-related genes in leaves, including GIGANTEA (GI), CONSTANS (CO), and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1), which activated floral integrators such as SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). These changes subsequently suppressed key floral activators (APETALA1, AP1; FRUITFULL, FUL; and LEAFY, LFY) in the SAM. Additionally, GA3 influenced nitrogen partitioning in leaves by modulating the expression of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism (NITRATE REDUCTASE, NR; NITRITE REDUCTASE, NIR; GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE, GS; and FD-GOGAT, GOGAT), transport (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.2/1.7, NRT1.2/NRT1.7; and AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER 1.1, AMT1.1), and flowering time control (FERREDOXIN-NADP( +)OXIDOREDUCTASE 1, FNR1; and CRYPTOCHROME 1, CRY1). These results suggest that GA3 may delay floral transition in strawberries through the coordinated modulation of vegetative growth, photoperiod signaling, and nitrogen metabolism, providing mechanistic insights into GA-mediated flowering control and offering potential implications for cultivation management.

Light is an important environmental factor affecting the ripening and quality of strawberry fruit. Previous studies have shown that red light treatment can promote strawberry ripening. Gene expression is closely associated with chromatin openness, and changes in chromatin accessibility are crucial for the binding of transcription factors to downstream regulatory sequences. However, the changes in chromatin accessibility in response to different light treatments in octoploid strawberry plants are still unclear. In this study, the landscape of chromatin accessibility of octoploid strawberry under red (R) and yellow-green (YG) light conditions was analyzed by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq). Through bioinformatics and Venn diagram analyses, a total of 1456 and 1854 group-specific genes (GSGs) were screened in the R and YG groups, respectively. By using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), 440 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these genes, 194 were upregulated under red light treatment. Through joint analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data, three red group-specific genes with increased expression were identified, namely, FaTIP1, FaQKY and FaLBD1. Through gene expression and transient transformation analyses of strawberry fruit, we further demonstrated that FaTIP1 can respond to red light induction and promote the ripening process of strawberry fruit. Our results provide a reference for the study of chromatin accessibility in octoploid strawberry and reveal new factors involved in the fruit's response to red light and the regulation of the ripening process of strawberry fruit.

Strawberries are valued for their aroma, which is mainly determined by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Wild strawberries, with broader and more intense VOC profiles, are especially important in breeding programs. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS, 126 VOCs were identified in the ripe fruit of 22 cultivars from four wild strawberry species. Significant interspecies differences were found, with Fragaria mandshurica and F. nilgerrensis showing several times higher VOC levels than F. vesca and F. viridis, primarily due to high lactone content (up to 79.71 % of total VOCs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved VOC profiles within species and genotype-aroma correlations. PCA and PLS-DA identified 60 biomarkers explaining 37.07 % of the variance, with 10 biomarkers validated for species identification, achieving 100 % accuracy. Key biomarkers for F. mandshurica included furaneol and perillyl acetate, while butanoic acid butyl ester was characteristic of F. vesca. This study emphasizes the role of VOCs as biomarkers for species differentiation and their potential in strawberry breeding.

HPLC–MS/MS was applied to establish a method to isolate and identify anthocyanins in Fragaria × ananassa fruit,and anthocyanins from 12 strawberry cultivars with different fruit colors were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Meanwhile,a comparative analysis was made on the number and chromosome location of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis between diploid（F. vesca）and octoploid（F. × ananassa）strawberry genome,and the transcription levels of which during fruit development were analyzed by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. In this study,totally eight anthocyanin components were detected,and peonidin-3-O-glucoside,peonidin-malonylglucoside and peonidin-3-methylmalonylglucoside were first detected in F. × ananassa. Pelargonidin-3-glucoside was the main anthocyanin in all 12 strawberry cultivars,while the total contents were different. Seventy-three genes related to anthocyanin synthesis were identified in the F. × ananassa genome distributed uniformly in four subgenomes,which were almost threeor four-fold than in the F. vesca genome. The results of RNA-Seq showed that on the whole there was no significant difference and biased expression between the expression levels of multi-copy genes in F. ×ananassa fruit. The expression levels of key structural genes for anthocyanin synthesis（PAL1,CHS,CHI,F3H,DFR1,ANS,UFGT）,transportation（GST）and transcription regulatory factor MYB10 were significantly increased during fruit development,especially during anthocyanin accumulation stages,suggesting that these genes play key roles in anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruits.

Carotenoids are an important component of the human diet, and fruit is a primary source of carotenoids. The synthesis and regulation of carotenoids in fruit are important contributors to the formation of fruit quality. In China, strawberry is one of the main seasonal fruits grown in the winter. Previous studies have shown that light has a significant effect on the metabolism of anthocyanins, sugars, and polyphenols in strawberry. However, the understanding of the role of light in regulating the metabolism of carotenoids in strawberry remains limited. This study investigated the effects of blue, red, yellow-green, and white light on carotenoid metabolism in strawberry. Blue light treatment promoted the synthesis of multiple carotenoids, including lutein, compared with the other three treatment groups. The RNA sequencing data revealed that blue light treatment promoted the expression of lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE), and the transient overexpression of LCYE in strawberry fruit promoted lutein accumulation in strawberry. Overall, the results suggest that blue light can promote the synthesis of lutein in strawberry by inducing the expression of LCYE.

Most strawberry plants have white flowers and red fruit. We developed a new strawberry selection with pink flowers and white fruit, and named it G23. Basic phenotypic data were recorded over years of observation and experimentation with the flower crown diameter, petal color, and rate of fruit set, as well as fruit skin color, flesh color, seed color and attachment status, fruit weight and shape, soluble solids contents, and firmness. We found that G23 bloomed with a stable pink flower and produced white fruit consistently with a relatively high fruit-set rate compared with its female parent, ‘Pink Panda’. G23 displayed high resistance to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.). It is also tolerant of high temperatures (up to 40 °C) and long-term drought. The asexual propagation ability of G23 is high, with ∼60 to 100 stolon ramets formed during the summer. In summary, this new pink-flowered and white-fruited strawberry germplasm is suitable for ornamental use, as a result of its remarkable flowering and fruiting characteristics. In addition, it provides opportunities for innovative strawberry germplasm for future breeding.

以山崎全氮营养液(含氮量77.0 mg/L)处理的红颜和章姬草莓为对照组,1/2、1/5、1/10氮素(含氮量分别为38.5、15.4、7.7 mg/L)以及无氮素营养液为试验组对育苗期红颜和章姬草莓植株进行为期30 d的断氮处理,并观察测定草莓植株硝态氮含量、生长势、花芽分化时期、物候期以及果实品质.结果表明,相对于全氮营养液,断氮处理后红颜和章姬草莓植株中的氮含量显著下降,株高、根长无明显差异,而1/5、1/10氮素以及无氮素处理的花芽分化时期、物候期显著提前,但单果重和可溶性固形物含量与对照相比无显著差异.

During natural evolution and artificial selection, the fruit color of many species has been repeatedly gained or lost and is generally associated with mutations in genes encoding R2R3-MYB transcription factors, especially MYB10. In this study, we show that a heterozygous frameshift mutation (FaMYB10AG-insert/FaMYB10wild ) is responsible for the loss of anthocyanins in the flesh of cultivated strawberry. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of red- and white-fleshed strawberry indicated that the low expression level of FaUFGT (flavonol-O-glucosyltransferases) was responsible for the loss of anthocyanins and accumulation of proanthocyanidin in the white-fleshed strawberry and was the crucial gene that encodes enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Accordingly, overexpression and silencing of FaUFGT altered anthocyanin content and changed the flesh color of strawberry fruits. Furthermore, whole-genome resequencing analyses identified an AG insertion in the FaMYB10 coding region (FaMYB10AG-insert ) of white-fleshed strawberry. Y1H and EMSA assays showed that FaMYB10wild was able to bind to the promoter of the FaUFGT gene, while the FaMYB10AG-insert could not. The skin and flesh color were tightly linked to the number of fully functional FaMYB10 copies in the selfing progeny of white-fleshed strawberry. Our results suggested that heterozygous frameshift mutation of FaMYB10 resulted in the loss of the ability to activate the expression of the FaUFGT gene, was responsible for the natural formation of red and white-fleshed strawberry.

以江苏省高质量发展乡村产业为契机,为推动江苏省草莓种苗产业发展,调查江苏省草莓种苗供需情况,结合省内草莓种苗繁育实际情况,对产业发展现状进行分析,针对存在的问题提出优化对策建议.简言之,就是要加强全省统筹布局,增强生态环境保护意识,研发并完善现有育苗技术体系,逐步建立从露地育苗过渡到高架基质育苗的多元化模式,扩大种苗标准化生产规模,更新种苗繁育经营模式,促进相关配套产业的交融、延伸产业链,推进种苗行业大数据进程,加强种苗质量评估、引入保险等保障措施.

国家果树种质南京草莓资源圃中引自甘肃临夏的一种野生草莓资源种类尚未确定.通过对其原生境下的植株姿态、叶型、匍匐茎抽生习性、花性、果实以及染色体数目等特性进行观察以确定其分类归属.该材料植株矮小、三出复叶,偶有五叶,聚伞花序,3～5朵/序,两性花;果实红色,卵圆形、短圆柱形,种子凹,萼片平展或略反折;单轴分枝;二倍体(2n=2x=14),比对分类目录检索表认为该野生资源属于中国草莓(Fragaria chinensis Losinsk.).中国草莓在原生境下,3月开始萌动,5月初显蕾,6月中旬果实成熟,7月中旬开始花芽分化,历时约60 d,平均温度为10～25 ℃,分化前30 d分化率达75％,期间抽生匍匐茎,9月下旬叶片发黄,11月叶片干枯,植株进入休眠;通过原生境(甘肃临夏)与南京气候因子的比较分析,探讨了影响草莓花芽分化的气候因子,初步确定了中国草莓引入南京不开花的原因.

针对'宁玉'草莓匍匐茎抽生能力强、繁苗系数高,易产生小苗、弱苗的问题,研究不同生长抑制剂处理对苗期及定植后匍匐茎、株高和花果期的影响.结果表明:拿敌稳(25％肟菌酯+50％戊唑醇)、烯唑醇和多效唑均可抑制苗期和定植前期的匍匐茎抽生以及植株的生长高度,多效唑抑制程度最高,在定植后促使侧芽的发生;与清水对照相比,拿敌稳处理果实成熟期提前14d,烯唑醇和多效唑处理果实成熟期均推迟31 d.综合来看,拿敌稳在'宁玉'草莓苗期使用效果最佳.

Sugar is an important material basis in fruit development, and strawberry fruit flavour and sweetness largely depend on the sugar content and variety. Invertases (INVs) play an important role in the regulation of sugar accumulation because they irreversibly catalyse the hydrolysis of sucrose into the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate-glucose, glucose or fructose in fruit. In this work, we provided a comprehensive analysis of the INV gene family in octoploid strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), including the gene structure, chromosomal locations, conserved domains, and gene evolution and expression profiles during strawberry fruit development. Our study revealed that polyploid events resulted in the abundant amplification (almost three- or four-fold) of the INV gene in the F.×ananassa genome, and these amplified INV genes showed dominant expression in strawberry fruit. More than half of the FaINVs transcripts with low expression had incomplete coding sequences by alternative splicing. Previous studies have shown that cell wall invertases (CWINV) are involved in the regulation of phloem unloading and sink strength establishment. The expression of FaCWINV1 was markedly upregulated during fruit development and strongly expressed in ripe fruit. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the total sugar content and the FaCWINV1 expression level. These findings suggest that FaCWINV1 may be involved in sugar accumulation in strawberry fruit. Taken together, the results of our study will be beneficial for further research into the functions of INVs in the regulation of fruit ripening.

To better understand the botanical and phenological characteristics of the Fragaria germplasm collection housed at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Nanjing, China, data from the wild strawberry accessions were collected and assessed. The plant height and the formation time of stolons, flowers and fruits were statistically analyzed. Of the 232 wild strawberry accessions preserved in a greenhouse with no additional heating, the average plant height during flowering was 12.3 cm, and it was 6.4 cm during winter. In the spring, the number of flowering accessions was 154, accounting for 72.99% of all flowering accessions. Three wild accessions had the ability to flower year-round. The number of fruiting accessions was 76, accounting for 32.8% of all accessions, among which 28.9% were red fruits and 3.9% were white fruits. There were 225 wild accessions that could be asexually propagated by stolon ramets, accounting for 97.0% of the wild accessions. During winter, the plants could be divided into four categories according to their dormancy characteristics: 1) deep dormancy, e.g., F. chinensis; 2) moderate dormancy, e.g., F. pentaphylla and F. virginiana; 3) low dormancy, e.g., F. tibetica and F. nilgerrensis; and 4) non-dormancy, e.g., F. chiloensis and F. vesca. Wild strawberry germplasm accessions have many valuable characteristics that could be applied to improve cultivated strawberries or used in theoretical research.

为了提高秋季红茶品质,采用草莓粗酶液促进红茶发酵,并对所制干茶的感官品质、滋味特征、化学成分和香气成分进行了比较分析.感官审评和电子舌结果表明,草莓粗酶液促进发酵,改善了秋季红茶的苦涩味,提升其香气品质.品质和香气成分分析表明,添加草莓粗酶液对茶多酚、可溶性糖、儿茶素组分、氨基酸含量及香气组分有着较大影响.与对照相比,草莓粗酶液与揉捻叶的质量比为10％时(CM3),红茶的茶多酚含量显著降低,其中C、ECG和EGCG的含量分别降低了30.92％、27.34％和17.87％,而可溶性糖、茶黄素含量分别增加了18.70％和15.93％,香气组分中脱氢芳樟醇、橙花叔醇分别增加了58.79％、61.67％,且芳樟醇、橙花醇、苯乙醛、β-蒎烯均在CM3时达到峰值,这些香气成分的增加极大地提高了红茶的香气.此外,CM3处理的红茶还表现出最强的DPPH自由基清除活性(IC50=85.01±0.85μg/min).综上所述,添加草莓粗酶液促进红茶发酵,能够改善秋季红茶的苦涩味,提升其香气品质,且添加比例为10％时,品质改善作用最为明显并增加了红茶的抗氧化活性.

为促进甘肃省临夏地区草莓产业的发展,通过连续2年开展高海拔冷凉地区草莓露地育苗的试验和草莓日光温室栽培的示范,从草莓露地育苗和日光温室栽培2个方向,从种苗选择、定植前准备、植株管理、病虫害防治等方面总结出一套适合临夏地区的草莓种苗繁育技术和日光温室栽培技术.

目的:探究木醋液对草莓鲜果生产和繁育子苗的应用效果.方法:在高架生产模式下,以"宁玉"草莓品种为试验材料,木醋液以浓度800、600、400倍在定植期、定植15 d、现蕾期和果实膨大期4个阶段作为叶面肥喷施植株,观察草莓物候期、植株生长、发育、产量及品质等指标;在鲜果试验的基础上,确定浓度400倍的木醋液对繁育子苗母株进行不同次数灌根,统计基质微生物群落变化及子苗质量.结果:随着喷施木醋液的浓度增大,促进植株生长的效果越好,浓度400倍时草莓生长效果最佳;灌根处理2次后,基质细菌和放线菌的数量较对照均显著增加,真菌数量减少,明显改善植株根系环境.结论:木醋液在草莓鲜果生产和繁育子苗的最适浓度400倍,有利于草莓生长发育,提高产量以及子苗繁育质量.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in plant factories and agricultural facilities. Different LEDs can be designed in accordance with the light quality and intensity requirements of different plants, allowing the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as metabolic processes. Blue and red lights have significant effects on anthocyanin metabolism in strawberry fruit, but their effects on other metabolites are unknown. Here, we studied the effects of blue and red lights on the metabolism and gene expression of strawberry using metabolomics combined with transcriptomics. A total of 33 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and 501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were isolated and identified. Among these DEMs, chlorogenic acid synthesis was upregulated by the blue light compared with the red light. Co-expression network analysis of DEMs and DEGs revealed that the expression of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (FvHCT), the main gene in the chlorogenic acid synthetic pathway, was induced by blue light. Using multi-omics-based approach, our results suggest that different LED lights have multiple effects on strawberry fruit, with blue light able to co-upregulate chlorogenic acid synthesis and FvHCT gene expression.

以草莓宁玉为试材,研究不同形态氮肥对草莓株高、茎粗、根数、根长、物候期、果实品质及植株总氮含量的影响.结果表明,在以硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)单独作为氮源时,草莓植株生长缓慢,株高、茎粗、根数、根长明显小于NO3--N、NH4+-N混合作为氮源的植株;在一定的浓度范围内,施用NO3--N比施用NH4+-N能够提早草莓植株的显蕾开花;在果实成熟期以NH4+-N作为唯一氮源的处理,果实硬度、单株产量明显下降.由此可见,在草莓生长过程中,在一定浓度范围内NO3--N、NH4+-N混合作为氮源的肥料更有利于植株的生长.

Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that the part of acknowledgement is missing from article. Here is the acknowledgement: