为探明遮荫率对茄衣烟生长和晾制后烟叶质量的影响,采用不同厚度的聚丙烯网遮荫,研究了不同遮荫率(0、20％、30％、40％、60％)下茄衣烟主要生育期、农艺性状及晾制后中部烟叶的物理指标、化学成分、外观质量和感官质量.结果表明,随着遮荫率的增加,茄衣烟现蕾时间和各部位烟叶的成熟时间推迟;茄衣烟叶叶长、叶宽和叶面积先增加后降低,而支脉宽、叶厚、拉力、单叶质量和叶面密度降低;总糖含量上升,还原糖含量先上升后下降,钾和氯含量下降;成熟度和油分分值下降,烟叶厚度、支脉粗细和支脉平伏度分值升高;香气质、香气量、杂气、刺激性、余味等分值下降,灰色和燃烧性分值上升.综上,遮荫率30％处理的茄衣烟叶具有最为适宜的物理指标和外观质量,化学成分和感官质量也可满足茄衣质量需求.因此,福建烟区茄衣烟叶生产建议以遮荫率30％为宜.

In order to understand the key volatile aroma components in cigar core tobacco leaves from different producing areas, the volatile aroma components in cigar core tobacco leaves from Indonesia, Brazil, Dominica, Mexico, Hainan and Sichuan were determined by HS-SPME Arrow-GC-MS method, and the main different components were screened by OPLS-DA method. The correlation between them and sensory quality is analyzed. The results showed that there were 124 volatile aroma components in the samples, among which heterocyclic, acid, ketone and ester accounted for more than 84%. The high content compouns included neophydiene, 2,3’-bipyridine, 3-methylvaleric acid, acetic acid, 3-acetylpyridine, dienicotinine, and dihydrokiwi lactone, etc. The total amount of volatile aroma components in different producing areas from high to low was in the order of Indonesia, Hainan,Mexico, Brazil, Dominica and Sichuan. Indonesia had the highest content of aromatic, ketones and esters, Mexico had the highest content of aldehydes and acids, and Hainan had the highest content of aldehydes, alcohols and heterocyclic compounds. A total of 52different substances were screened from different producing areas, mainly alcohols and heterocyclic compounds. Correlation analysis showed that 9 volatile aroma components were positively correlated with aroma indexes, and 7 of them were closely related to fruit,floral and nut aroma. The results provided a reference for the positioning of tobacco leaf style characteristics.

为探究雪茄烟叶采收成熟度对晾制过程中颜色变化的影响,以雪茄烟品种QX103中部叶为试验材料,研究了不同烟叶成熟度(M1、M2、M3)对晾制过程中颜色表征指标、质体色素含量、含水率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、多酚含量等的影响.结果表明,晾制过程中烟叶整体变黄速率表现为 M3>M2>M1,变褐速率表现为 M2>M3>M1,且M2晾制后烟叶褐色较深;各处理叶绿素a、b大幅度降解,降解幅度均表现为M3>M2>M1,失水幅度表现为M2>M3>M1.各处理叶片MDA含量在晾制10 d内呈上升趋势,第10天的含量表现为M2>M3>M1;各成熟度烟叶PPO活性在晾制0～10 d上升,第10天活性表现为M2>M3>M1,处理间差异显著,在10～15 d下降,M2下降幅度最大.在晾制过程中M1处理绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭被氧化较少,多酚类物质积累较多.综上,在晾制过程中不同采收成熟度雪茄烟叶水分散失速率和膜脂过氧化程度存在差异,使得烟叶色素降解与多酚氧化速率不同,进一步影响雪茄烟叶颜色变化进程及晾制后烟叶颜色深浅.

对不同类型及产地雪茄烟叶pH、总挥发酸和总挥发碱含量进行对比分析,并对三者关系进行偏相关分析.结果 表明,雪茄烟叶的pH、总挥发碱高于烤烟,总挥发酸低于烤烟,3个指标为负相关;不同产地雪茄烟叶pH、总挥发酸和总挥发碱含量差异显著.综上,雪茄烟叶具有高pH和高总挥发碱、低总挥发酸的特点.

为便于统计分析和研究雪茄产品的生产发展状况,依据制作方式和产品结构将国产雪茄分为手制雪茄、半手制雪茄、机制雪茄和卷烟型雪茄四种类型,并遵循术语一致性原则,突出雪茄特征描述用语的规范性和严谨性,首次探讨性地提出雪茄烟支属性采用茄衣原料种类、茄套原料种类、茄芯原料形态、茄衣卷制方式、茄胚成型方式和雪茄接嘴种类等6种特征进行表述,并通过对近15年国产雪茄生产发展数据进行统计分析的应用实例阐明了雪茄分类和属性特征描述的应用方法.文中还对国内在雪茄学术研究和实际应用中长期存在的术语认知问题进行了讨论辨析,并就国产雪茄发展中的短板以及技术研究、标准制订和术语规范化等有关方面提出了一些看法与建议.

为研究晒红烟常规化学成分和重要致香物质与其使用用途的关系,运用方差分析对不同用途的晒红烟烟叶中常规化学成分和重要致香物质进行了统计分析.结果表明:所取晒红烟样品烟叶按照其使用用途的不同分为Ⅰ型(适用于雪茄型、混合型)、Ⅱ型(适用于混合型、雪茄型)、Ⅲ型(适用于混合型、混烤型)以及Ⅳ型(适用于混烤型、混合型)4种类型.大多数常规化学成分和致香物质含量在4中类型间差异有统计学意义;还原糖、总糖含量在Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型Ⅰ型与Ⅳ型,Ⅳ型与Ⅱ、Ⅲ型之间差异有统计学意义;6种常规化学成分在Ⅱ和Ⅲ型烟叶间差异均无统计学意义;总植物碱在4种类型烟叶之间差异无统计学意义.类胡萝卜素降解产物、美拉德反应产物、芳香族氨基酸降解产物和类西柏烷类降解产物在不同类型烟叶间差异有统计学意义的致香物质成分较多,叶绿素降解产物和其他类在不同用类型叶之间差异具有统计学意义的致香物质成分较少.

为了探究不同产区雪茄茄芯原料中性致香物质质量分数状况,为烟叶合理使用提供理论依据,利用GC/MS对来自5个不同产区的雪茄茄芯原料进行中性致香物质质量分数测定。结果表明:中性致香物质质量分数地区性差异较大,总量变化范围为288~483μg/g,由高到低依次为浙江桐乡、菲律宾、印尼、四川乐山、巴西。分类比较表明:类胡萝卜素降解产物质量分数较高的地区有浙江桐乡、菲律宾和印尼（109.01,80.27,74.88μg/g）;芳香族氨基酸降解产物质量分数地区间变异明显,变化范围为20.92~44.02μg/g,质量分数较高的地区有浙江桐乡、印尼、菲律宾和巴西,分别为44.02,29.13,28.09,27.44μg/g;新植二烯质量分数较高的地区有浙江桐乡和印尼,质量分数在250μg/g以上;美拉德反应产物各地区质量分数均较低。相关性分析表明:各类中性致香物质之间相关性较密切,其中类胡萝卜素降解产物与新植二烯质量分数相关性最为密切,相关系数达到了0.98。中性致香物质和常规化学成分之间相关性不大。

The testing results of amino acids of ciger filler tobacco in Indonesiov,Brazil,Philippines,Cuba,Leshan and Deyang of Sichuan,Tongxiang of Zhejiang were analyzed.The results showed that content of amino acids existed regional difference.Total content of amino acids in Tongxiang was more than any other place,and Deyang had the least amount of that.Aspartate content was the most of all amino acids,which accounted for 51.3%~77.0% of total.Cystine was the least amino acids in Indonesia,Philippines,Cuba,Deyang and Leshan.Serine,proline,histidine and cystine varied considerably by location,the coefficient of variation was above 0.60.There was little difference among locations of alanine and leucine.

Major alkaloids of 51 samples were determined,and their sensory qualities were evaluated.The relationship between major alkaloid contents and smoking quality was studied.Results showed that total alkaloid content and nicotine content in sun-cured tobacco leaves in Hezhou were 3.19% and 2.94%,respectively.Nicotine content was the highest among all alkaloids,followed by anatabine,nornicotine and anabasine.Major and total alkaloid contents showed decreasing trend in lower stalk position leaves.Four major alkaloids showed significantly positive correlation with physiological strength,while significantly negative correlation with irritancy.

In order to provide on site chemical analysis data of tobacco leaves to quality agent at purchase, NIRS method was used to determine the chemical component of tobacco leaves. The ten points of handed tobacco leaf surface was combined into one mean spectrum, which was correlated with the determination results of chemical components by flow analyzer, and the mathematical models were established with average correlation coefficients over 0.9. The designed NIRS model is reliable and practical for chemical components determination of handed tobacco leaves.

?The populations of Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) and Ephestia elutella (Hubner) were monitored with sex pheromone in the indoor and outdoor storehouses of Jinan Cigarette Factory during 2003-2004. The results indicated that the overyear adult started emergence during mid and late April. The chemical fumigation both in spring and autumn significantly reduced the population of tobacco beetle and moth, the population increased with the lapse of time after fumigation and peaked during the period between the end of August and the beginning of September. There were two emergence peaks of tobacco bettle and 3-4 peaks of tobacco moth in the outdoor storehouse and 3 emergence peaks of tobacco moth in the indoor storehouse. The time of emergence peak varied depending on various conditions of each year.

The field experiment using slow release fertilizer,growth regulator and irrigation in mature stage revealed that Slow release potassium K1 could enhance potassium adsorption of tobacco plants,increase the plant height,the length of internode and leaves,improve the resistance to weather fleck,wild fire disese,TMV and CMV,and enhance aroma quality,combustibility and ash color.The brassinolide used in fast growth period could decrease the wild fire disease index and content of chlorine in tobacco leaves,and improve the first grade leaf proportion,average price,yields and economic value.The irrigation in mature stage could decrease the content of chlorine,but tobacco diseases were more serious.

试验结果表明,在烤烟移栽期低温、生育前期干旱的生态区,浅"V"型垄地膜覆盖模式对提高地温和土壤的含水量作用显著,能增加培土高度,对烟苗早发快长,促进根系的发育创造了良好的条件.为提高烟株的吸收功能,促进烟株正常生长,增强抗性,提高烟叶的产量、质量、效益都具有积极的作用.

The 467 flue-cured tobacco samples from 19 provinces were tested and analyzed. The results indicated that the tar content and chemical component of flue-cured tobacco leaf varied with the positions. The tar content was closely correlated with the chemical component. For upper leaves, cutters and lugs, the tar content was highly significantly and negatively correlated with total sugar and reducing sugar, highly significantly and positively correlated with total nitrogen, nicotine, petroleum ether extract and total volatile alkaloid.

对施用秸秆、饼肥、微生物肥等农业生态措施改善土壤性状及烟叶品质的效应进行了研究.结果表明,在土壤中施用3 7 50 kg/hm2腐熟秸秆,配以复合肥和豆饼,可改善土壤物理性状,提高土壤有机质含量,并可改善烟叶质量,尤其对提高香气质、香气量效果较好;施用7 500kg/hm2腐熟秸秆,配以复合肥,虽然对改善土壤理化性状效果较好,但对烟叶品质有负面影响;在土壤中施用微生物肥料对改善烟叶质量,提高香气质、香气量效果较好,但由于施用微生物肥后,加速了土壤有机质的耗损,使土壤环境恶化,对持续发展不利;单独施用等氮量腐熟饼肥,对改善土壤环境及烟叶品质的效果均不及施3 7 50 kg/hm2腐熟秸秆的处理.