本文介绍了我国草莓的发展过程及现状,对2020年度150个草莓样本进行农药残留含量检测,对草莓的数据及安全现状进行分析,提出了草莓种植、发展过程中的4个问题,并给出相应的对策与建议.

为了解江苏省蔬菜中农药残留超标风险状况,并提出针对性对策建议,搜集汇总2019—2021年江苏省蔬菜安全质量风险监测、监督抽查及个人委托共计25197份蔬菜样品农药残留检测结果,通过统计分析,得到以下几点结论:4个季度中,农残超标风险由高到低的顺序是一季度、四季度、二季度、三季度.超标频次排前10位的农药是毒死蜱、腐霉利、啶虫脒、多菌灵、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、烯酰吗啉、氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、灭蝇胺.超标农药中氧乐果、氟虫腈有不可接受慢性摄入风险;腐霉利、哒螨灵、氟虫腈、克百威、多菌灵、灭蝇胺有不可接受急性摄入风险.超标率排前10位的蔬菜是芹菜、普通白菜、茼蒿、萝卜、油麦菜、韭菜、茎用莴苣、辣椒、菠菜、蕹菜;超标率排前10位的蔬菜按苏南、苏中、苏北区域统计,超标农药品种极少超过5个.这几点结论为采取加强设施栽培蔬菜绿色防控技术的推广应用、加强低风险用药技术的推广应用等针对性风险防控措施提供了可靠依据.

近年来,江苏省大力发展草莓产业,设施草莓规模化、标准化、产业化生产水平不断提升,已经成为很多地区的特色主打产业.近10年来,江苏省草莓种植面积及产量增长超过50％.根据统计年鉴,2020年江苏草莓播种面积2.064×104hm2,总产量达56.76×104t.由于草莓主要产果季节常处在低温阴雨气候条件下,草莓棚内常因光照不充足、湿度大、温度低而有利于病虫害孳生蔓延,若防治不及时,会造成巨大的经济损失.病虫危害已成为严重制约设施草莓可持续发展的重要因素.

自20世纪基因重组实验取得成功后,人类认识基因工程可以极大地改变我们赖以生存作物的遗传性状,培育出前所未有的优良品种.经过商业化推动,以世界上首例转基因产品——一种软化缓慢的西红柿在市场上出售为标志,转基因技术开始走出实验室进入人们的日常生活.然而,围绕转基因产品的安全性和商业化争论也随之而来,众多政府和非政府组织召集科学家研究磋商转基因食品的安全性,并研究制定标准性文件.我国也针对转基因安全管理问题出台了一系列的政策和规范,同时,为了更好地服务转基因食品的安全性评价和风险评估,分析方法和检测技术标准体系也在逐步建立.

近年来,农业生产上陆续推广了戊唑醇、 氟环唑、 丙硫菌唑等单剂或复配剂用来防控小麦穗期病害.监测药剂残留风险,可为其安全科学使用提供科学依据.2018年在兴化市,2019年在兴化市、姜堰区、句容市3地,分别开展戊唑醇、氟环唑、丙硫菌唑单剂或复配剂一次和二次施药,并于收获前10d和3d二次采集麦穗.检测采集麦穗结果表明,戊唑醇、氟环唑、丙硫菌唑3种药剂施药1次残留风险极低;二次施药,戊唑醇、氟环唑如果安全间隔期在34d以上,风险较低,如果在28d以上,则氟环唑有超标风险;丙硫菌唑二次施药,无论高中低剂量都有较高的残留超标风险.由此建议在防治小麦穗期病害需要施用2次以上药剂的情况下,第1次可以使用氟环唑、丙硫菌唑等药剂,第2次应避免施用丙硫菌唑、氟环唑等药剂,应施用氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、咪鲜胺等残留风险低的药剂,以控制农药残留超标风险.

采用液相色谱串联质谱法对苋菜中的溴氰菊酯残留含量进行检测.该方法方便、快捷,所得数据准确、可靠,符合农业部2386号公告要求,对溴氰菊酯的检测定量限为为0.032 mg·kg-1.

目的 调查分析近3年江苏省内主要蔬菜生产县(区)不同季节蔬菜农药残留状况.方法 按照GB 2763-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》对蔬菜中农药残留进行检测并对检测结果进行判定.结果 第一季度的蔬菜农药残留检出率和超标率是全年4个季度最高的;叶菜类蔬菜农药残留风险是各类蔬菜中较大的且各年度间变异小;限用农药残留风险比非禁限用农药大,非禁止限用农药中腐霉利、啶虫脒残留风险较大.结论 江苏省不同季节蔬菜农药残留存在一定风险,有必要在今后工作中进行原因排查和分析,以便于在发现的风险关键点加强农产品安全监测.

为了筛选有效蘸根药剂,提高草莓定植后的成活率,在草莓定植前采用不同药剂进行蘸根处理.结果表明,精甲·咯菌腈、丙硫·戊唑醇、井冈霉素+咪鲜胺等药剂控病效果较好,草莓成活率高;丙硫·戊唑醇在本试验剂量下对草莓生长促进作用不明显.

在西葫芦样品中加入乙腈、氯化钠后置于前处理一体机中,使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱对西葫芦中氯虫苯甲酰胺进行检测.试验结果表明,该方法的精密度和准确度符合要求,确定了测定西葫芦中氯虫苯甲酰胺残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.

为筛选有效控制草莓炭疽病和灰霉病的新型杀菌剂,采取菌丝生长速率法,测定7种新型杀菌剂对2种病菌的抑菌活性.结果 表明,四霉素、氟啶胺、吡唑醚菌酯对胶孢炭疽菌的抑制作用较强,其中四霉素的EC50最小,为0.130 6 μg/mL,毒力最强;氟啶胺的毒力次之,EC50为0.145 8μg/mL;多抗霉素B最弱,EC50为44.845 5 μg/mL.氟啶胺、腈苯唑、四霉素均对草莓灰霉病菌抑制作用较强,其中氟啶胺抑制活性最高,EC50为0.039 6 μg/mL;腈苯唑、四霉素抑菌活性相对较高,EC50分别为0.077 3 μg/mL、0.221 9μg/mL;多抗霉素B抑菌效果最弱,EC50为3.691 0μg/mL.因此,供试药剂中四霉素对胶孢炭疽菌病病菌最敏感,氟啶胺对草莓灰霉病病菌最敏感.说明生物药剂四霉素和化学药剂氟啶胺可同时防治炭疽病和灰霉病,腈苯唑更适用于控制灰霉病.

To study the control effects of imidacloprid 10％ WP aganist strawberry aphid by root dipping method, field experiments were conducted in Jurong and Donghai of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the treatments of root dipping method could control aphid effectively, with the dose of 50, 250 and 500 times of imidacloprid 10％ WP. But at the doses of 50 and 250 times, imidacloprid had bad effects on the growth of strawberry. At the doses of 500 and 800 times, imidacloprid was safe to strawberry growth.

To evaluate the safety of metconazole used on wheat, trials were conducted to study the final residues. A method for determining metconazole was established by solid-phase dispersion extraction, using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the accuracy and the precision of the method were high, the correlation coefficient was 0.999. When the active ingredient dosage was 540-810 g/hm2, applied times were 2-3, the final residues in wheat and plant were no more than 0.16 mg/kg and 1.1 mg/kg, respectively.

私营标准对企业增强其市场竞争力有十分重要的作用。本文基于国内外农产品私营标准发展的现状，分析了我国农产品私营标准发展中存在的问题及不足，探讨了我国应对私营标准国际化的有效手段，提出了适合我国国情的农产品私营标准发展新思路。

加强构建和完善马铃薯标准体系, 是实施马铃薯主食化战略的一项重要的基础性工作. 本文在研究国外马铃薯标准体系建设趋势, 系统梳理我国马铃薯现行国家和地方层级标准的基础上, 剖析了我国马铃薯标准的现状和主要问题, 并提出了发展思路和对策建议.

[目的]研究灭草松在大豆及土壤中的残留消解趋势,评价其在大豆上使用的安全性.[方法]采用液相色谱(HPLC)对31％灭草松·三氟羧草醚·氟磺胺草醚微乳剂在3地大豆和土壤中的残留消解动态和最终残留进行了研究.[结果]灭草松在大豆植株中的半衰期为0.7～7.2d,在土壤中的半衰期为1.8～8.6d.大豆苗后施药,在收获期采收的鲜食青豆和成熟大豆中残留量都低于最低检出限0.02 mg/kg.[结论]灭草松按照推荐方法和剂量使用,在大豆上使用是安全的.

A new method was developed to detect pyraclostrobin residues in tobacco and soil using HPLC with diode-array detector.Tobacco and soil samples were extracted with acetonitrile,cleaned up by Solid Phase Extraction Column(SPE) C18 and PSA columns and detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector(HPLC-DAD).Average recoveries of pyraclostrobin fortified at 0.01,0.2 and 2 mg/kg in tobacco leaves ranged from 97.5% to 101.9% and in soil from 93.4% to 101.2% with the relative standard deviations(RSD) of 4.8% to 6.8%,1.5% to 10.5%,respectively.The limit of quantity(LOQ) was 0.01 mg/kg in soil and tobacco leaves.Field experiments were performed in Qingdao,Shandong province and Changsha,Hu'nan province during 2011 to 2012.Using the above method,residue dissipation of pyraclostrobin in tobacco leaves and soil were detected.In Shandong province the results showed that,the half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 5.9-9.5 d in green tobacco leaves and 11.1-13.4 d in soil,respectively,whereas in Hu'nan province,the half-lives were 3.1-5.3 d in green tobacco leaves and 5.4-6.4 d in soil,respectively.

A two-year field experiment was conducted in two different locations to investigate the dissipation rate and residual fate of thiamethoxam in tobacco leaves and soil by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The average recoveries for green, cured tobacco leaves and soil ranged from 89.7 %–94.8 %, 90.6 %–94.4 % and 89.0%–92.8 %, respectively, with relative standard deviations between 2.7 % and 9.2 %. The dissipation rates of thiamethoxam were described by first-order kinetics and its half-life values were in the range of 3.9–4.4 days in green tobacco leaves and 12.0–19.1 days in soil, respectively. The residue levels of thiamethoxam at harvest time ranged from 0.020–0.541 mg/kg in cured tobacco leaves, and 0.005–0.019 mg/kg in soil, respectively.

[Aims] It was to provide guidance for safe and reasonable use and MRL of difenoconazole on tobacco.[Methods] The analytical method of difenoconazole and dissipation dynamics in tobacco leaf and soil were investigated.[Results] Results of the decline dynamics study showed that the dissipation in fresh tobacco leaves was faster than in soil, and half-life(t1/2) were 4.84-7.74 d in fresh tobacco leaves and 15.20-17.68 d in soil, respectively. 35 Days after application, the residue remained less than 10% of initialization in fresh tobacco leaves, and less than 20% of initialization in soil. The ultimate residues of difenoconazole in curied tobacco leaves and soil were determined after the third and fourth application at levels of 150 and 225 g a.i./ha, with the residues ranging from 0.86-9.61 mg/kg in tobacco leaves and below 0.18 mg/kg in soil 21 days after the last treatment.

The field trial on tobacco leaf and soil on four formulations of imidacloprid,including soluble concentrate(SL),wettable powder(WP),micro-emulsion(ME) and granule(GR) wereperformed through orthogonality experiment considering different dosages,different application times and recovery intervals in year 2010-2011.The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Imidacloprid residue dissipation and final residues of different formulations of imidacloprid in tobacco leaf and soil were studied.The average recoveries at 3 different levels and 5replicates were from 85.6% to 89.3%,85.0% to 88.3% and 84.1% to 91.5%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs) from 5.0% to 5.7%,3.5% to 5.0%,and 3.4% to 8.0% in fresh tobacco leaf,cured tobacco leaf and soil,respectively.The limit of detection(LOD) was 0.3 ng(S/N = 3),and the limit of quantification(LOQ) was 0.01,0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg in fresh tobacco leaf,soil and cured tobacco leaf.The dissipation rates of four kinds formulation of imidacloprid were fast with half-lives of5.7-6.6,3.1-3.7,5.0-5.1,10.5-11.4 d,respectively.The pesticide residues at different dosages,different frequencies and intervals in cured tobacco leaves varied in these situations.According to the GRL of CORESTA,14 days harvest intervals were recommended for three formulations sprayed at the growth phase and 70 days for granules which used into soil when transplanting.