Abstract Background The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus), whose ectoparasitic fleas significantly influence the transmission and prevalence of plague, was the dominant rodent species in the Junggar Basin in Northwestern China. However, the distribution pattern of fleas parasitizing the great gerbils and whether that pattern affected the intensity of plague prevalence in different regions remains unclear. Methods A total of 17,780 fleas were collected from 2258 great gerbils throughout 90 investigations. This study focused on analyzing the rate of flea infestation and the flea indices of species that parasitized the great gerbils. The aggregation patterns of fleas parasitizing the great gerbils were measured using the parameter b of Taylor’s power law, and the differences in the aggregation index of plague epidemic areas were compared. Results We observed an aggregated distribution of ectoparasitic fleas in the great gerbils. The aggregation degree of combined fleas was higher (P > 0.05) in the eastern area of the Junggar Basin than in the western area. The primary species of ectoparasitic fleas of the great gerbils were Xenopsylla skrjabini, Xenopsylla minax, Xenopsylla hirtipes, and Nosopsyllus laeviceps laiveceps. X. skrjabini exhibited the highest (P < 0.01) degree of aggregation in the eastern zone (III), with an aggregation index of 1.61. In addition, in the middle zone (II), the aggregation index of X. minax and X. hirtipes reached their peak, with values of 1.53 and 1.56, respectively. Conversely, the degree of aggregation of N. laeviceps was more pronounced in the eastern zone than in the western zone of the Junggar Basin. Notably, the aggregation degree of the combined fleas of the great gerbils during the low-intensity plague epidemic period, with an index of 1.93, was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than during the high-intensity epidemic period, with an index of 1.50. Conclusions Fleas exhibited an aggregated distribution within the great gerbil population. The levels of flea aggregation varied across zones characterized by differing intensities of plague epidemics. In addition, the degree of flea aggregation was significantly correlated with the intensity of plague prevalence. Graphical Abstract

In the Junggar Basin plague focus, Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus live together, and their parasitic fleas have a similar community structure. However, R. opimus has significantly higher positive rates of Yersinia pestis and anti-F1 antibody compared with M. meridianus. In this study, Y. pestis- and antiF1 antibody-negative R. opimus and M. penicilliger were collected in Qitai county, Fukang city and Mulei county of the eastern part of the Junggar Basin. The genomic DNA was extracted from their spleen tissues, and RT1-Db1*exon1 was amplified through PCR procedure and then sequenced. Sequence analysis was performed and molecular diversity parameters were calculated and compared. The results showed that there were significant differences in nucleotide composition, amino acid composition, number and distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and number of haplotypes between R. opimus and M. penicilliger. The nucleotide diversity (π) for R. opimus was 0.00420 ± 0.00139, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.833 ± 0.086, and the average number of nucleotide differences (K) was 2.02564. The π for M. penicilliger was 0.06569 ± 0.02524, and the h was 1.000 ± 0.045, and the K was 10.4444. The fixation index (FST) value between R. opimus and M. penicilliger was 0.9207. Furthermore, the FST value within R. opimus (0.0275) was significantly lower than that within M. penicilliger (0.2106), indicating a greater genetic variation of M. penicilliger compared with R. opimus. In conclusion, the genetic diversity analysis based on RT1-Db1*exon1 showed that M. penicilliger had higher gene polymorphism and greater genetic differentiation compared with R. opimus in the Junggar Basin plague focus, which might be associated with the low infection rate of Y. pestis.

为揭示鼠、蚤空间分布特征与变化规律，本研究以准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地为靶区，基于鼠类和蚤类的样点采集数据，计算不同地貌的鼠、蚤生态学指标并分析其相关性。基于不同行政区生态学指标计算结果，借助Moran′s I指数、重心模型、标准差椭圆等分析方法探究不同行政区鼠、蚤生态学指标的聚类特征，开展鼠、蚤的空间分布特征及变化规律的相关研究。结果表明：（1）通过对不同地貌鼠、蚤生态指标的研究，可得出鼠、蚤的物种多样性和生态优势度呈负相关，表明在物种多样性较高的群落中，鼠、蚤生态优势度表现不明显。鼠类物种多样性较高的地貌类型与蚤类物种多样性呈正相关，证实鼠类（宿主）物种数量增加，蚤类（寄生）物种的数量也在增加。低海拔地区鼠、蚤群落的相似性总体上大于中海拔地区群落相似性，且相似性系数q值与Cody指数呈相反变化趋势；（2）不同鼠、蚤指标单变量Moran′s I指数表明，鼠类数量、子午沙鼠数量、蚤类均匀度的全局Moran′s I指数大于0,且P值小于0.05,表现出空间集聚现象。单变量局部空间自相关分析结果表明，部分鼠、蚤指标存在多种聚类模式，其中最为典型的聚类模式是高—高聚类模式。不同鼠、蚤指标双变量Moran′s I指数大于0,表明鼠类生态指标可能影响蚤类生态指标。（3）通过重心迁移和标准差椭圆法，对比研究鼠类和蚤类同一生态学指标的分布差异，其中鼠、蚤均匀度和鼠、蚤生态优势度指标的分布范围表现出相似性，鼠类指标的标准差椭圆较蚤类指标的标准差椭圆偏西。综上，本研究可为准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地预防鼠疫提供参考依据。

文章旨在评估新疆鼠疫实验室的检测能力,探讨影响检测结果的因素.新疆疾病预防控制中心统一制备质控样本,各鼠疫实验室统一时间检测并反馈结果,对质控结果进行分析评价.结果表明,鼠疫血清学检验室间质控总合格率为80.76％,IHA的合格率为84.62％,RIHA的合格率为76.92％.全区绝大部分鼠疫监测点具备鼠疫血清学检测能力,但实验室检测质量仍有待提高.通过现场带教进行质量控制和规范操作,避免室间误差,确保检测结果准确可靠.

Background The Junggar Basin plague focus was the most recently identified natural plague focus in China. Through extensive field investigations, great gerbils ( Rhombomys opimus ) have been confirmed as the main host in this focus, and the community structure of their parasitic fleas is associated with the intensity of plague epizootics. The aim of this study is to provide an indicator that can be surveyed to evaluate the risk of plague epizootics. Methods Between 2005 and 2016, rodents and fleas were collected in the Junggar Basin plague focus. The parasitic fleas on great gerbils were harvested, and anti-F1 antibody in the serum or heart infusion of great gerbils was detected through indirect hemagglutination assay. Yersinia pestis ( Y. pestis ) was isolated from the liver and spleen of great gerbils and their parasitic fleas using Luria-Bertani plates. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of flea index. Results Between 2005 and 2016, 98 investigations were performed, and 6778 great gerbils and 68,498 fleas were collected. Twenty-seven rodents were positive for Y. pestis isolation with a positivity rate of 0.4%; 674 rodents were positive for anti-F1 antibody with a positivity rate of 9.9%. Among these 98 investigations, plague epizootics were confirmed in 13 instances by Y. pestis -positive rodents and in 59 instances by anti-F1 antibody-positive rodents. We observed a higher flea index among rodents with confirmed plague epizootic compared to the negative ones ( P = 0.001, 0.002), with an AUC value of 0.659 (95% CI : 0.524–0.835, P = 0.038) for Y. pestis -positive rodents and an AUC value of 0.718 (95% CI : 0.687–0.784, P < 0.001) for anti-F1 antibody-positive rodents. Conclusions Significantly higher flea index was associated with confirmed plague epizootic cases among great gerbils and could be used to predict plague epizootics in this focus. Graphical Abstract

目的 回顾性分析1901-2020年新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)人间及动物间鼠疫流行及防控情况,为今后鼠疫防控工作提供参考依据.方法 通过查阅文献、收集档案资料及新疆疾病预防控制中心的监测数据,运用回顾性流行病学方法,对新疆发生的人间鼠疫疫情及动物间鼠疫的流行规律和防控情况进行分析.结果 新中国成立前,发生人间鼠疫12起,死亡100 000余例;新中国成立后,发生人间鼠疫12起,发病47例,死亡28例,病死率达59.57％;截至目前,新疆已发现4大类型鼠疫自然疫源地,面积约330 000 km2,分布于25个县(市、区);已发现啮齿动物75种,隶属于10科34属;分离鼠疫耶尔森菌2058株.结论 新疆鼠疫自然疫源地面积大,动物间鼠疫持续流行;为有效防控和快速应对鼠疫疫情,保障"一带一路"建设的顺利实施,应加强鼠疫防控体系建设.

目的 对新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)某地区乡村居民区进行灭蚤效果观察.方法 选取新疆某地区乡村居民区作为实验区域,采用100倍稀释的8％高效氯氰菊酯进行滞留喷洒灭蚤实验,通过观察居民区灭蚤前后的蚤类侵害率、蚤指数和叮咬率等指标评估灭蚤效果.采用独立成组样本t检验或单因素方差分析和x2检验对蚤指数、蚤类侵害率和叮咬率进行比较.结果 灭蚤前,蚤类侵害率为86.25％(69/80),总蚤指数为0.23 (213/914),不同自然村的侵害率(P=0.599,确切概率法)和蚤指数(F=0.103,P=0.924)之间的差异均无统计学意义;成年人叮咬率为62.71％(148/236),幼儿(6个月～4岁)叮咬率为89.47％(34/38),儿童(6～8岁)叮咬率为83.82％ (57/68),幼儿、儿童的叮咬率明显高于成年人(x2=10.510,P=0.001;x2=10.714,P=0.001);驻村干部的叮咬率为76.29％(74/97).灭蚤后2～3 d,侵害率降低至6.25％(5/80),蚤指数降低至0.02(19/914),与灭蚤前相比差异有统计学意义(染蚤率:x2=102.979,P＜0.001;蚤指数:t=38.476,P＜0.001);成年人的叮咬率降低至4.41％(10/227),与灭蚤前相比差异有统计学意义(x2=174.983,P＜0.001);幼儿和儿童的叮咬率分别降低至8.11％(3/37)和6.06％(4/66),与灭蚤前相比差异有统计学意义(x2=49.653,P＜0.001;x2=85.613,P＜0.001);驻村干部的叮咬率为2.94％ (3/102),灭蚤前后的差异亦有统计学意义(x2=112.757,P＜0.001).结论 新疆某乡村居民区使用100倍稀释的8％高效氯氰菊酯滞留喷洒的灭蚤效果显著,可以加以推广.

目的应用多位点可变数目串联重复序列基因分型方法,对新疆维吾尔自治区（新疆）4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）分离株进行基因分型研究,探析新疆分离株与我国其他鼠疫疫源地分离株之间的遗传进化关系。方法收集2015-2019年新疆4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地18株分离株,提取鼠疫菌基因组DNA,采用多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析（MLVA）（14+12 VNTR位点）技术、多色毛细管电泳方法进行基因分型,运用BioNumerics 7.6软件对基因分型结果进行聚类分析。结果 18株鼠疫分离株被14位点MLVA分为3个群、12个基因型;被14+12位点MLVA分为3个群、15个基因型,且同类型鼠疫自然疫源地分离株聚为一个分支。不同时期、同类型鼠疫自然疫源地的分离株亲缘关系较近,基因型存在明显的地区聚集性,遗传性相对稳定。结论新疆4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地分离株基因型呈多态性,遗传性相对稳定;MLVA分型方法适宜新疆鼠疫分离株遗传进化与溯源研究。

目的 了解准噶尔盆地北缘梭梭公益林区啮齿动物种群结构,为加快梭梭林的生态恢复、促进新疆维吾尔自治区鼠疫等传染病的防控、推动"健康丝绸之路"建设提供参考依据.方法 2019年10-11月,按照啮齿动物野外调查操作规程对准噶尔盆地北缘梭梭公益林区啮齿类动物种群进行调查,小型夜行啮齿动物调查采用5m夹线法,大沙鼠密度调查采用路线洞群法,应用WPS2019软件进行数据分析.结果 此次调查共布放有效小号板夹1 950夹次,捕获夜行啮齿动物67只,捕获率为3.44％;共布放小型弓形夹350夹次,捕获啮齿动物36只,捕获率为10.29％;捕获或见到的110只啮齿动物隶属于4科7属8种;大沙鼠和子午沙鼠是调查区内的优势鼠种,二者占总捕获啮齿动物的71.84％,大沙鼠平均密度为15.83只/hm2,仓鼠科动物在梭梭公益林区内构成比最高,占86.36％.结论 大沙鼠和子午沙鼠是梭梭林区优势鼠种,以梭梭为主食的大沙鼠对梭梭林的危害最为严重,同时大沙鼠等啮齿类动物也是鼠疫及许多病原微生物的宿主和传播媒介,因此,加强啮齿类动物监测对加快梭梭林生态恢复及制定鼠传疾病防治措施有重要的现实意义.

新疆存在着鼠疫等自然疫源性疾病的流行.新中国成立后,新疆鼠疫防治事业经历了从无到有、从小到大,砥砺前行、日臻完善的艰辛历程.历经几代人近70年(1953-2020)长期不懈的努力,新疆已基本查清了鼠疫自然疫源地分布范围及鼠疫流行规律,制定了一套行之有效的鼠疫防治措施.截至目前,连续26年新疆未发生人间鼠疫,然而鼠疫自然疫源地依然存在,鼠疫菌在自然界的保存机制尚不清楚,动物间鼠疫流行连年不断.本文回顾了新疆鼠疫防治近70年的历程,为今后的鼠疫防治提供经验参考.

目的 了解新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)灰旱獭-长尾黄鼠双宿主自然疫源地鼠疫流行现状,为今后的鼠疫防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年按照《新疆鼠疫防治监测规程》对古尔图镇鼠疫监测点进行长尾黄鼠和灰旱獭密度监测,采用鼠疫4步法检验长尾黄鼠脏器和体蚤,间接血凝试验检测长尾黄鼠及牧犬血清中鼠疫F1抗体,根据动物鼠疫流行病学方法进行调查,采用Excel 2007软件进行数据分析.结果 2006-2010年乌苏古尔图鼠疫自然疫源地长尾黄鼠和灰旱獭平均密度分别为14.64和0.61只/hm2,染蚤率为90.72％,平均蚤指数为7.09;检测长尾黄鼠血清2 532份,检出鼠疫F1抗体阳性130份,检测牧犬血清132份,阳性8份;从长尾黄鼠及其体蚤中分离出鼠疫耶尔森菌67株.结论 新疆长尾黄鼠动物间鼠疫连年流行,存在波及人间的风险,应加强主动监测,同时做好宣传工作.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of bacterial diarrhea in Urumqi in 2018. Methods Stool samples were collected for patients with diarrhoeal disease in diarrhea outpatient clinics in Urumqi in 2018. Bacterial culture, identification, serotyping and antibiotic resistance test were performed. Results A total of 1805 patients with diarrhoeal disease were monitored in Urumqi in 2018, and the bacterial positive rate was 9.09% (164/1805). The positive rate was 6.48% (117/1805) for Salmonella and 2.60% for Shigella (47/1805), and Vibrio cholerae, O157 and Yersinia enterocolitica were not detected. Serotypes included 10 kinds, and Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella type 2a were the main types. The bacterial positive rate was highest in July (11.11%) and lowest in October (3.95%). The bacterial positive rate was highest in Midong District (12.41%), moderate in Tianshan District (9.92%), and lowest in Sha District (5.27%). The bacterial positive rate was highest in patients with an age of 0~9 and lowest in patients with an age greater than 70. Drug resistance rate of amoxicillin was highest for both Salmonella (28.21%) and Shigella (46.81%). Drug resistance rate of aztreonam was lowest for Salmonella (0.85%). Shigella was sensitive to cefazolin with a drug resistance rate of 0.00%. Conclusions Pathogenic spectrum was extensive for bacterial diarrhea in Urumqi. There was a significant peak in the summer, and the differences for both different districts and age groups were significant. Therefore, targeted monitoring and prevention should be performed according to the epidemiological characteristics.

目的 分析新疆鼠疫检测技能竞赛结果,了解新疆鼠疫防控专业技术人员鼠疫检测能力,为制定有效、规范化的防控培训提供依据.方法 2017年4月,新疆维吾尔自治区疾病预防控制中心组织全疆22个承担鼠疫监测任务单位的44名专业技术人员,参加理论知识和检测技能操作竞赛,并收集、整理各项数据,采用SPSS 18.0软件开展统计学分析.结果 44名参赛选手理论知识平均得分65.0分、及格率56.82％;检测技能操作环节中,以鼠疫动物采集与取样平均分(75.4分)和及格率(95.45％)最高,其次是媒介标本制作与鉴定(68.1分,77.27％),鼠疫病原学检测最低(56.5分,54.55％);理论知识和技能操作成绩,不同性别(t=1.031,-1.241)、年龄(F=0.642,0.921)、职称(F=1.057,2.125)和单位级别(t=0.957,1.520),竞赛选手成绩差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);北疆地区选手理论知识[(68.1±11.7)分,t=5.137]和检测技能操作[(67.7±10.2)分,t=4.891]成绩均高于南疆地区[(56.9±9.4)分,(55.6±15.1)分)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);从事鼠疫检验工作2年及以下选手的理沦知识(59.27±8.16)分和检测技能操作(55.43±10.47)分低于3年及以上选手;参加1次及未参加过现场操作培训选手的检测技能成绩低于参加2次及以上选手,国家级监测点竞赛选手的检测技能成绩高于省级监测点. 结论 新疆鼠疫检测技能有待于进一步提高,技能培训应注重新入职人员的现场带教和现场操作培训.

共建“丝绸之路”经济带和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”是我国深化改革开放特别是向西开放的重大举措.新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)作为“丝绸之路经济带核心区”,从过去内陆的“口袋底”一跃成为“一带一路”上重要的物流集散地和交通枢纽,如此重要的战略定位对新疆的长足发展来说是重大的历史机遇,但机遇与挑战并存,“丝绸之路”沿线很多国家均为鼠疫自然疫源地,新疆的鼠疫自然疫源地面积达330 000 km2,随着国际运输、旅游等沿线各国交流的日益频繁,鼠疫染疫动物及其制品从鼠疫疫源地向非鼠疫疫源地和人口稠密地区远距离运输的概率也随之增加,加大了鼠疫疫源地以外地区突发鼠疫疫情的风险.新时期,如何做好新疆鼠疫防控工作,促进沿线国家在鼠疫监测、防控及突发鼠疫卫生应急等方面的协调合作,推动“健康丝绸之路”建设显得尤为重要.为此,现就“丝绸之路”经济带建设中新疆鼠疫存在的风险及防控对策作一综述,以期为今后的鼠疫防治工作提供参考.

目的 比较同浓度溴敌隆不同饵剂的现场灭鼠效果,为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据.方法 在新疆实验动物中心3个原料库分别采用含0.005％溴敌隆的毒水、湿饵和干饵进行灭鼠,观察灭鼠前后的鼠密度变化及灭鼠效果.结果 现场灭鼠17 d共发现死鼠59只,95％为褐家鼠,灭鼠17 d后平均鼠密度由灭鼠前的77.8％下降至0,校正灭鼠率为100％.溴敌隆毒水和干、湿饵投放后分别在第3天和第4天开始发现死鼠,第5～6天达到峰值,第4～8天为溴敌隆灭鼠的关键时期,干旱地区或缺少水源的地方使用溴敌隆毒水灭鼠效率最高.结论 应根据褐家鼠生活习性,选择最优的投饵方法进行灭鼠.溴敌隆毒水可显著降低鼠密度,中短期内能取得满意的灭杀效果.

目的 了解和评价弓形夹现场捕获长尾黄鼠的效果和实用性,为今后灭鼠工作提供参考依据.方法 2018年5-7月在新疆维吾尔自治区乌苏市古尔图鼠疫监测点以大号板夹为对照,使用弓形夹采用夹日法进行长尾黄鼠捕获试验,x2检验比较不同方法的捕鼠率,t检验用于布设工效比较.结果 弓形夹现场捕获长尾黄鼠时方位角比大号板夹增大l倍,平均捕鼠率高于大号板夹(x2=54.130,P=0.000),布夹工效是板夹的1.87倍.结论 弓形夹具有捕鼠方位角广、防脱逃功能强和布放简单等优点,适宜在长尾黄鼠防治工作中大面积推广使用.

目的 了解准噶尔盆地东部区域大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)体蚤群落结构. 方法 采集2010-2014年大沙鼠体蚤的种类、染蚤率和蚤指数等数据信息,采用群落生态研究方法对其进行丰富度、多样性、均匀性和优势度等群落结构因子分析. 结果 准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地东部区域大沙鼠寄生蚤4科5属6种,平均染蚤率98.51％、总蚤指数9.18,其中簇鬃客蚤占65.8％,是大沙鼠的主要鼠体蚤,其次为粗鬃客蚤占27.8％,其他4种蚤占6.4％;大沙鼠体蚤群落中常见种2种,其余4种为稀有种,相对稀有种类数为66.7％,多样性低(0.485 0)、均匀性高(0.868 9)、优势度适中(0.512 3);从春季至秋季,总蚤指数呈现春秋季高,夏季低的“U”型变化,蚤种丰富度、多样性呈增高趋势,优势度下降;大沙鼠寄生蚤类群落中簇鬃客蚤和粗鬃客蚤占有的资源均最多,处于第一阶层,生态位宽度分别为0.939 8和0.924 1,其次为长吻角头蚤和秃病蚤指名亚种,处于第二阶层,第三阶层的则为叶状切唇蚤和重要狭蚤;时间维显示,6种蚤的3个生态位层次十分明显,且叶状切唇蚤(0.228 0)和重要狭蚤(0.000 0)在时间维上的生态位宽度较营养维更低. 结论 准噶尔盆地鼠疫自然疫源地东部区域大沙鼠寄生蚤群落与该疫源地其他区域存在一定的差异,具有群落组成的独特性,染蚤率和总蚤指数均高于准噶尔盆地鼠疫疫源地的平均水平,而丰富度、多样性低于平均水平,优势度较高;年季间蚤类群落结构指标存在一定的波动,并发生季节性的规律性变动.

目的 了解和掌握克拉玛依市鼠疫自然疫源地秋季鼠类的种类和染蚤率及其体蚤的种类和蚤指数,为该地区秋季鼠疫监测工作提供依据.方法 日行鼠类采用一日弓形夹法进行采集,夜行鼠类采用五步夹线法进行采集.捕获后单只装入鼠袋,带回实验室鉴定鼠种,捡蚤并分类鉴定,最后对结果进行统计分析.结果 克拉玛依地区的日行鼠类为大沙鼠,夜行鼠类为子午沙鼠、红尾沙鼠、毛脚跳鼠和灰仓鼠;大沙鼠的染蚤率高于夜行鼠类的染蚤率,差异有统计学意义(x2=9.476,P＜0.01);大沙鼠的体蚤包括臀突客蚤、长吻角头蚤、叶状切唇蚤突高亚种、秃病蚤指名亚种、修长栉眼蚤指名亚种、无额突怪蚤和后弯怪蚤,夜行鼠类的体蚤包括同形客蚤指名亚种、宽臀纤蚤、叶状切唇蚤突高亚种、秃病蚤指名亚种、修长栉眼蚤指名亚种、裂病蚤、直指副新蚤;大沙鼠体蚤的总蚤指数高于夜行鼠类的总蚤指数,差异有统计学意义(t=14.064,P＜0.01).结论 克拉玛依地区秋季鼠类体蚤的种类丰富,蚤指数较高,应加强鼠体寄生蚤的监测工作.

Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized by its ability to persist in the plague natural foci. Junggar Basin plague focus was recently identified in China, with Rhombomys opimus (great gerbils) and Xenopsylla skrjabini as the main reservoir and vector for plague. No transmission efficiency data of X. skrjabini for Y. pestis is available till now.

目的 了解并掌握塔里木河流域新疆出血热自然疫源地生态系统主要宿主和媒介的群落构成,及其与新疆出血热流行的相关性. 方法 根据塔里木河流域地理环境特征,在上、中、下游3个区段设立调查研究样方,采集家畜、啮齿动物和蜱类样本,采用生态学方法分析不同生态景观下宿主和媒介的群落结构组成和特征,检测蜱类样本的新疆出血热病毒携带率和家畜抗体携带率,统计分析流行病学的相关性. 结果 塔里木河流域新疆出血热自然疫源地啮齿动物和蜱类群落组成简单,啮齿动物7种,以子午沙鼠为主,占73.6％,蜱类3种,以亚洲璃眼蜱为主,占98.4％以上;不同地理生态景观上,干旱、半干旱的沙质盐碱地是亚洲璃眼蜱和啮齿动物分布的最优生态景观;空间分布上,亚洲璃眼蜱在优生景观中的数量由上游至下游逐步增加的变化趋势一致,游离蜱指数分别为37.0、44.7和64.7;塔里木河流域上、中、下游3个区段羊血清抗新疆出血热病毒抗体阳性率由13.2％增加至43.1％,自然界中亚洲璃眼蜱病毒分离率由零增加至6.9％,亚洲璃眼蜱指数和羊血清CCHFV(克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒)阳性率呈正相关(r=0.992). 结论 塔里木河流域新疆出血热自然疫源地呈现丰富的多样性,其自然界新疆出血热流行强度与疫源地宿主媒介及植被构成的丰富度密切相关,可因自然界中亚洲璃眼蜱指数的不同分为不同的流行区.