In the Junggar Basin plague focus, Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus live together, and their parasitic fleas have a similar community structure. However, R. opimus has significantly higher positive rates of Yersinia pestis and anti-F1 antibody compared with M. meridianus. In this study, Y. pestis- and antiF1 antibody-negative R. opimus and M. penicilliger were collected in Qitai county, Fukang city and Mulei county of the eastern part of the Junggar Basin. The genomic DNA was extracted from their spleen tissues, and RT1-Db1*exon1 was amplified through PCR procedure and then sequenced. Sequence analysis was performed and molecular diversity parameters were calculated and compared. The results showed that there were significant differences in nucleotide composition, amino acid composition, number and distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and number of haplotypes between R. opimus and M. penicilliger. The nucleotide diversity (π) for R. opimus was 0.00420 ± 0.00139, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.833 ± 0.086, and the average number of nucleotide differences (K) was 2.02564. The π for M. penicilliger was 0.06569 ± 0.02524, and the h was 1.000 ± 0.045, and the K was 10.4444. The fixation index (FST) value between R. opimus and M. penicilliger was 0.9207. Furthermore, the FST value within R. opimus (0.0275) was significantly lower than that within M. penicilliger (0.2106), indicating a greater genetic variation of M. penicilliger compared with R. opimus. In conclusion, the genetic diversity analysis based on RT1-Db1*exon1 showed that M. penicilliger had higher gene polymorphism and greater genetic differentiation compared with R. opimus in the Junggar Basin plague focus, which might be associated with the low infection rate of Y. pestis.

文章旨在评估新疆鼠疫实验室的检测能力,探讨影响检测结果的因素.新疆疾病预防控制中心统一制备质控样本,各鼠疫实验室统一时间检测并反馈结果,对质控结果进行分析评价.结果表明,鼠疫血清学检验室间质控总合格率为80.76％,IHA的合格率为84.62％,RIHA的合格率为76.92％.全区绝大部分鼠疫监测点具备鼠疫血清学检测能力,但实验室检测质量仍有待提高.通过现场带教进行质量控制和规范操作,避免室间误差,确保检测结果准确可靠.

Background The Junggar Basin plague focus was the most recently identified natural plague focus in China. Through extensive field investigations, great gerbils ( Rhombomys opimus ) have been confirmed as the main host in this focus, and the community structure of their parasitic fleas is associated with the intensity of plague epizootics. The aim of this study is to provide an indicator that can be surveyed to evaluate the risk of plague epizootics. Methods Between 2005 and 2016, rodents and fleas were collected in the Junggar Basin plague focus. The parasitic fleas on great gerbils were harvested, and anti-F1 antibody in the serum or heart infusion of great gerbils was detected through indirect hemagglutination assay. Yersinia pestis ( Y. pestis ) was isolated from the liver and spleen of great gerbils and their parasitic fleas using Luria-Bertani plates. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of flea index. Results Between 2005 and 2016, 98 investigations were performed, and 6778 great gerbils and 68,498 fleas were collected. Twenty-seven rodents were positive for Y. pestis isolation with a positivity rate of 0.4%; 674 rodents were positive for anti-F1 antibody with a positivity rate of 9.9%. Among these 98 investigations, plague epizootics were confirmed in 13 instances by Y. pestis -positive rodents and in 59 instances by anti-F1 antibody-positive rodents. We observed a higher flea index among rodents with confirmed plague epizootic compared to the negative ones ( P = 0.001, 0.002), with an AUC value of 0.659 (95% CI : 0.524–0.835, P = 0.038) for Y. pestis -positive rodents and an AUC value of 0.718 (95% CI : 0.687–0.784, P < 0.001) for anti-F1 antibody-positive rodents. Conclusions Significantly higher flea index was associated with confirmed plague epizootic cases among great gerbils and could be used to predict plague epizootics in this focus. Graphical Abstract

鼠疫间接血凝试验是一种快速、敏感、特异性高的血清学诊断方法.经多年实践证明,该方法在疫源调查、快速检验及追溯诊断等方面发挥着重要作用,但在实际工作和现场指导中发现,很多专业人员对试验的影响因素及如何进行质量控制一知半解.为规范操作,本文就试验中试剂器材、样品处理、操作过程及结果判定等方面做一综述,以期对鼠疫间接血凝试验进行有效的质量控制.

目的 回顾性分析1901-2020年新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)人间及动物间鼠疫流行及防控情况,为今后鼠疫防控工作提供参考依据.方法 通过查阅文献、收集档案资料及新疆疾病预防控制中心的监测数据,运用回顾性流行病学方法,对新疆发生的人间鼠疫疫情及动物间鼠疫的流行规律和防控情况进行分析.结果 新中国成立前,发生人间鼠疫12起,死亡100 000余例;新中国成立后,发生人间鼠疫12起,发病47例,死亡28例,病死率达59.57％;截至目前,新疆已发现4大类型鼠疫自然疫源地,面积约330 000 km2,分布于25个县(市、区);已发现啮齿动物75种,隶属于10科34属;分离鼠疫耶尔森菌2058株.结论 新疆鼠疫自然疫源地面积大,动物间鼠疫持续流行;为有效防控和快速应对鼠疫疫情,保障"一带一路"建设的顺利实施,应加强鼠疫防控体系建设.

目的 建立一种鼠疫多重荧光定量PCR内标检测方法,并进行应用效果评价.方法 选择鼠疫菌染色体YPO0393基因与pMT1质粒caf1基因为靶基因,设计合成YPO0393-内标模板、特异性引物和TaqMan荧光探针,构建鼠疫多重荧光定量PCR内标检测体系;对非鼠疫菌DNA、不同稀释浓度鼠疫菌DNA、野外监测样本进行检测,评价该方法的特异性、灵敏性、重复性和应用效果.结果 采用多重荧光定量PCR内标方法,8株鼠疫菌DNA均出现明显的扩增曲线,12株非鼠疫菌DNA未显示扩增曲线,提示该方法特异性良好.不同浓度的鼠疫EV76疫苗株DNA,检测最低限为22.5×10-4 ng/μL,变异系数为0.99～3.42,提示灵敏性、重复性较好.105份野外监测样本中,荧光定量PCR内标方法检测阳性的6份,与普通PCR方法检测结果一致,4份样本分离培养出鼠疫菌且采用PCR方法检测阳性.结论 通过设置双靶基因与内标对照,本研究建立的鼠疫多重荧光定量PCR内标方法可降低检测假阳性率,特异性、灵敏性和重复性理想,可用于鼠疫快速检测.

目的 查明一起不明原因发热疑似猫抓病患者是否为汉氏巴尔通体感染者.方法 采用免疫荧光试验和实时荧光定量PCR试验两种方法.结果 患者血浆1∶320倍稀释,汉氏巴尔通体抗体免疫荧光试验呈现强阳性;患者全血提取总DNA,巴尔通体特异核酸片段实时荧光定量PCR试验为阴性.结论 不明原因发热疑似猫抓病患者确诊为汉氏巴尔通体感染者.

目的应用多位点可变数目串联重复序列基因分型方法,对新疆维吾尔自治区（新疆）4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）分离株进行基因分型研究,探析新疆分离株与我国其他鼠疫疫源地分离株之间的遗传进化关系。方法收集2015-2019年新疆4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地18株分离株,提取鼠疫菌基因组DNA,采用多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析（MLVA）（14+12 VNTR位点）技术、多色毛细管电泳方法进行基因分型,运用BioNumerics 7.6软件对基因分型结果进行聚类分析。结果 18株鼠疫分离株被14位点MLVA分为3个群、12个基因型;被14+12位点MLVA分为3个群、15个基因型,且同类型鼠疫自然疫源地分离株聚为一个分支。不同时期、同类型鼠疫自然疫源地的分离株亲缘关系较近,基因型存在明显的地区聚集性,遗传性相对稳定。结论新疆4个类型鼠疫自然疫源地分离株基因型呈多态性,遗传性相对稳定;MLVA分型方法适宜新疆鼠疫分离株遗传进化与溯源研究。

目的 了解新疆地区啮齿动物种类、区系构成及地理分布.方法 2019年8-10月在5种生境捕获啮齿动物并鉴定种类,核对新疆疾控中心已有啮齿动物标本,参考新疆啮齿类动物区系构成及地理分布相关文献资料进行综合分析.结果 本次调查共捕获啮齿动物169只,属5科11属12种.新疆有25种啮齿动物分布于古北界东北区的大兴安岭亚区,35种分布于蒙新区的西部荒漠亚区,44种分布于蒙新区的天山山地亚区,23种分布于青藏区的羌塘高原亚区.新疆已发现的啮齿类动物有10科34属75种,其中仓鼠科种数占啮齿目种数的42.67％,跳鼠科占13.33％.兔科、鼠兔科、鼯鼠科、松鼠科、河狸科、睡鼠科、林跳鼠科及鼠科共计8科34种,也是新疆啮齿类动物区系构成的基本类群.结论 本研究基本摸清了新疆啮齿类动物的种类及区系分布情况.

目的 了解准噶尔盆地北缘梭梭公益林区啮齿动物种群结构,为加快梭梭林的生态恢复、促进新疆维吾尔自治区鼠疫等传染病的防控、推动"健康丝绸之路"建设提供参考依据.方法 2019年10-11月,按照啮齿动物野外调查操作规程对准噶尔盆地北缘梭梭公益林区啮齿类动物种群进行调查,小型夜行啮齿动物调查采用5m夹线法,大沙鼠密度调查采用路线洞群法,应用WPS2019软件进行数据分析.结果 此次调查共布放有效小号板夹1 950夹次,捕获夜行啮齿动物67只,捕获率为3.44％;共布放小型弓形夹350夹次,捕获啮齿动物36只,捕获率为10.29％;捕获或见到的110只啮齿动物隶属于4科7属8种;大沙鼠和子午沙鼠是调查区内的优势鼠种,二者占总捕获啮齿动物的71.84％,大沙鼠平均密度为15.83只/hm2,仓鼠科动物在梭梭公益林区内构成比最高,占86.36％.结论 大沙鼠和子午沙鼠是梭梭林区优势鼠种,以梭梭为主食的大沙鼠对梭梭林的危害最为严重,同时大沙鼠等啮齿类动物也是鼠疫及许多病原微生物的宿主和传播媒介,因此,加强啮齿类动物监测对加快梭梭林生态恢复及制定鼠传疾病防治措施有重要的现实意义.

新疆存在着鼠疫等自然疫源性疾病的流行.新中国成立后,新疆鼠疫防治事业经历了从无到有、从小到大,砥砺前行、日臻完善的艰辛历程.历经几代人近70年(1953-2020)长期不懈的努力,新疆已基本查清了鼠疫自然疫源地分布范围及鼠疫流行规律,制定了一套行之有效的鼠疫防治措施.截至目前,连续26年新疆未发生人间鼠疫,然而鼠疫自然疫源地依然存在,鼠疫菌在自然界的保存机制尚不清楚,动物间鼠疫流行连年不断.本文回顾了新疆鼠疫防治近70年的历程,为今后的鼠疫防治提供经验参考.