2022年是中国地质学会成立100周年.1922年1月27日,章鸿钊等26人在北京兵马司9号地质调查所图书馆开会,讨论了学会章程,成立了由章鸿钊、翁文灏、王烈、李四光、葛利普组成的筹备委员会,负责推举学会职员候选人.2月3日,中国地质学会在北京兵马司9号地质调查所图书馆召开会员大会,宣告中国地质学会正式成立.

采用综合地球物理方法对徐州地区的覆盖型岩溶区进行调查,研究岩溶发育的地球物理场特征及平面分布规律.基于综合地球物理解释成果进行分类统计,实现研究区内岩溶发育规律的定量分析.研究表明,在覆盖型岩溶区调查中综合利用多种物探方法,能够相互补充和验证,可以有效地查明基岩埋深及起伏特征、覆盖层结构、断裂构造、岩溶破碎带及具有一定规模的溶洞.通过地球物理统计分析,徐州地区马家沟组和张夏组岩溶发育极强,岩溶破碎带占比在25％以上;三山子组和炒米店组岩溶发育强,岩溶破碎带占比在10％左右,废黄河断裂带对主要可溶岩地层的岩溶发育具有明显的控制和影响作用.徐州地区岩溶发育与埋藏深度呈反向相关关系,即岩溶发育总体上具有随深度增加而逐渐减弱的趋势,岩溶在30～40 m深度最为发育,岩溶破碎带占比可达11％以上,在80 m深度占比减少至约3％.综合地球物理探测与统计分析结果经钻探资料证实较为可靠,很好地说明了在覆盖型岩溶发育规律研究中基于综合地球物理方法的探测与统计分析的有效性.

江苏句容青山出露一套下三叠统青龙组和龙山段滨海-浅海相泥岩、碳酸盐岩沉积地层,含鱼类、节肢类、菊石、双壳类及牙形石等化石.有的鱼类化石保存在结核中,反映了一种特殊的埋藏环境.沉积学研究显示,早三叠世奥伦尼克阶斯密斯亚阶时期,该区主要为热带浅海大陆架,局部为潮坪.软质海底通常水动力条件较弱,海水富氧清澈,但大风暴或海啸会将海底淤泥掀起,海水因而缺氧浑浊.从化石埋藏保存的状态分析,不同生长阶段的、呈直挺或扭曲挣扎姿态的鱼类化石以及一些其他生物化石均保存在结核中,埋藏在一层灰黑色富含微小草莓状黄铁矿颗粒的泥岩里.显然,当时一场灾变突发,一股富含H2 S的黑色泥浆水团侵入了鱼类等生物生活的水域,毒杀并掩埋了这些生物,经厌氧微生物的作用,最终形成包裹鱼类等生物化石的泥灰岩结核.

简要介绍了北京周口店北京直立人发现的过程、已发现的化石材料、现存的化石材料及首批复制的头盖骨模型.描述了北京直立人的主要形态特征,讨论了直立人与现代人在形态特征上的差异,认为包括北京直立人在内的东亚地区直立人是一个灭绝的支系,没有留下后代,不是现代东亚人或中国人的直系祖先.大约在2.0 Ma前,直立人起源于非洲的匠人或能人,而后走出非洲扩散到欧洲和亚洲.非洲的直立人约在90万a前演化为先驱人,约在60万a前演化为海德堡人,约在30万a前演化为尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人和包括现代人在内的智人.推测从非洲向欧洲扩散的海德堡人后来有可能演化为尼安德特人,而向亚洲扩散的海德堡人后来可能演化为丹尼索瓦人和智人.讨论了北京直立人的分类位置和名称有效性问题,认为亚种不可能单独存在,必须有2个或2个以上的亚种才有效.当前需进一步深化研究北京直立人,探讨周口店的直立人与爪哇岛的直立人究竟有无差别.如果二者没有差别,那么周口店发现的直立人北京亚种(Homo erectus pekinensis)就不是有效名称,应直接归于直立人(Homo erectus),称为"发现于北京的直立人"(Homo erectus unearthed from Beijing).如果二者差异明显,有2种处理方法:一是直接提升为种,称为"北京人"(Homo pekinensis);二是保持现状,仍然称为"直立人北京亚种"(Homo erectus pe-kinensis),但印尼爪哇岛发现的直立入学名需作变动,应称为"直立人直立人亚种"(Homo erectus erectus).

20世纪初叶,中国近现代历史上,由章鸿钊、丁文江和翁文灏三位中国地质学创始人创立的地质调查所是民国时期规模最大、组织最严密、成果最丰富的国家级地质调查和研究机构.地质调查所的新生代研究室在北京人化石发掘和研究等方面取得了举世瞩目的成就,在中国古脊椎和古人类研究领域留下了浓重的一笔.新生代研究室位于北京协和医学院的娄公楼,也因此成为地标性建筑.1986年娄公楼被拆掉,着实令人扼腕.

2019年12月2日,是中国考古史上一个值得纪念的日子:90年前的今天,第一枚北京猿人头盖骨化石在北京周口店被发现! 1918年2月,北洋政府根据时任农商部地质调查所所长丁文江的建议,聘任瑞典地质学家安特生为农商部矿政顾问.一天,安特生偶遇在北京任教的著名化学家麦格雷戈.吉布,吉布告知安特生,在周口店一个名叫鸡骨山的地方采到了一些红色黏土中的碎骨片,安特生对此极感兴趣,3月的一天,他骑着毛驴赶到了周口店鸡骨山(周口店第六地点)进行试掘.1921年,安特生等在当地老乡帮助下发现了周口店遗址的核心区——龙骨山,并预言这里会有古人类遗存发现.

During the Mesoprototerozoic Era,South China craton where Shennongjia was located,adjoining Australian and Russian cratons,were all in northern Rodinia supercontinent.The stromatolites in coastal carbonate plateforms of these cratons were similar inassemblages.They formed in shallow water tidal flats and lagoons in a hot climate.The common stromatolites in the Shennongjia region are of domed,columnar,columnar-stratiform,stratiform types,etc.,such as Megadomia shennongjiaensis,Conophyton garganicum,Colonnella cormosa,Cryptozoon haplum,Kussiella kussiensis,Jurusania cylindrica,Inzeria intia,Tungussia nodosa,Baicalia baicalica,Baicalia unca,Omachtenia omachtensis and Stratifera undata,etc.

中国西南部三叠纪海相生物群主要有海生爬行类、鱼类、棘皮类、菊石类、双壳类、腹足类及节肢动物等,分布范围包括贵州关岭、兴义、盘县和云南罗平一带的中—上三叠统关岭组、竹竿坡组及小凹组灰黑色钙质泥岩及泥质灰岩地层.这些生物群高度分异,数量丰富,反映了地球生命在经历了二叠纪末大绝灭以及早三叠世的相对停滞期后,在中三叠世开始进入迅速辐射演化的新阶段.这样不同类型和不同生长阶段的大量海洋动物同时集群死亡,并被迅速封埋保存成化石,反映了当时多次发生突发灾变事件.这与该生物群所处的古地理位置恰好位于华南板块、江南造山带及印度支那板块交界区构造活动带的海湾盆地环境有密切关系.推测那里滞流深水区还原环境形成硫化氢水团,在印支造山运动期间多次发生的海底地震及火山活动时,其硫化氢水团及海底富含碳酸盐的软泥泛起,混合成高密度有毒浊水团,侵入海洋生物群生存的清澈浅水区,导致大量海洋生物中毒窒息,出现突发性集群死亡,随后又被有毒浊水团携带的泥沙迅速封埋,在以后的成岩作用中保存为灰黑色钙质泥岩及泥质灰岩中的精美化石.

Gigantic herbivorous sauropoda dinosaurs were very huge creatures. Diplodocus, among them, was up to 54 meters long and was the biggest terrestrial animal even. All of the dinosaurs, whose length was over 20 meters, were attached to sauropoda. Their main evolution was gigantism for having advantage of getting ecological niche, and other evolutions were cooperated with it. The characteristics of sauropoda dinosaurs, for example: ① Their long neck with a tiny head would have had the ability to browse at many levels and orientation needed not to move their gigantic body often. ② Their large nares would have allowed to breathe air in large throughput to support their gigantic body living, and so a sauropoda dinosaur would have had strong blood circulatory system, perhaps had a main heart and rudimentary auxiliary hearts' for fear a single heart too huge. ③ Their spatulate-shaped teeth would have had the ability to stripped longer portions of plant's stems in a single action, and ingested apace without mastication. ④ Their femurs were longer than their tibias, and showed they would have been ineffective runners but their thick legs were powerful, especially hind legs, and could stand up to graze on high plants, or to swat enemies. ⑤ They were quadrupeds with very wide and large paws, so a sauropoda dinosaur would have shared the weight of their titianic bodies by the four legs, and reduced pressure to ground for fear sinking. Thus it can be seen that:in live evolution, what happens to a small part may affect the whole. An organism's main evolution would have driven a series of cooperated evolutions in itself for adapt to the environment suitably as more as possible.

0 引言 南京地质博物馆前身是1913年在北京建立的地质调查所地质矿产陈列室,它是近现代历史最悠久的自然博物馆之一.经过数代人的科学典藏,现有岩矿、古生物、第一手复制品等标本及历史文物2万余件,大部分是老一辈地质学家科学研究用过的标本,堪称地学领域的宝库.馆藏中有不少珍贵、稀有或国内唯一的标本,这些标本成了南京地质博物馆的"镇馆之宝".

Recently hundreds and thousands of fossil eggs were unearthed from the Cretaceous sequence in Tiantai Basin, Zhejiang Province, eastern China. The Dendroolithus dendriticus discovered from Upper Cretaceous Chichengshan Formation (zircon U-Pb data approximately 92Ma) was a species of the most familiar among those fossil eggs and is identified as the eggs laid by a hadrosaur based on comparisons with ones that is similar egg shell fragments and contained fossilized embryo bones from Xixia Basin, Henan Province, middle China, though any hadrosaur's skull or skeleton has not yet been found in eastern China so far. According to the taxonomy of hadrosaur at present, their fossil eggs should be classified as follows:Suborder Ornithopoda Marsh, 1881—Spheroolithineae oosubord. nov.Superfamily Hadrosauroidea Cope, 1869—Dendroolithoidea oosuperfam. nov.Family Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869—Dendroolithidae Zhao and Li, 1988Spheroolithineae oosubord. nov.Diagnosis. -spheric or flat spheric eggs were laid optionally in a nest.Horizon. -The Triassic to CretaceousDendroolithoidea oosuperfam. nov.Diagnosis. -The eggs were flat spherical and were laid optionally in a nest. The eggshell was rough in the exterior surface and was consisted of two basic layers:outer prismatic and inner mammillary layers. Pore canals branched off mightily.Horizon. -CretaceousOofamily Dendroolithidae Zhao and Li, 1988 Diagnosis and Horizon. -As for oosuperfamily.Oogenus Dendroolithus Zhao and Li, 1988 Type oospecies Dendroolithus wangdianensis Zhao and Li, 1988 Dendroolithus dendriticus Fang et al.,1998 Diagnosis. -The eggs were flat spherical or subspherical in shape, with the diameter of 130mm~140mm and height of about 60mm. The eggshell, rough in the exterior surface and little sleek in the interior surface, was 1mm thick and consisted of two basic layers:outer prismatic and inner mammillary layers. Prisms with growth lines were various in shape and arranged wide-space, and merged together in near exterior surface of the eggshell. The mammillae and prisms were without a diagnosis of borderline between them. A mammilla was wide-rounded and the basal spherolite with radiate crystal lines. Pore canals wide and branched off mightily, and constringed in near exterior surface of the eggshell.Locality and Horizon:Suangtang, Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province. Upper Cretaceous Chichengshan FormationWhich was the hadrosaur laid the Dendroolithus dendriticus in Tiantai Basin? Of excavated known fossil hadrosaurs and doubting hadrosaurs from eastern Asia, except specimens of Tanius, Gilmoreosaurus, Microhadrosaurus, Barsboldia and Nanningosaurus et al. were too fragmentized to reconstruct their appearances, suspects may include Mandschurosaurus, Nipponosaurus, Amurosaurus, Charonosaurus, Olorotitan, Bactrosaurus, Shantungosaurus, Tsintaosaurus and Zhuchengosaurus et al. According to known sizes of fossilized skeleton and eggs of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri and Maiasaura peeblesorum from North America, the length of a hadrosaur laid Dendroolithus dendriticus in Tiantai Basin was less than 7m ( about 21ft. ), and species of the suspicion were just Nipponosaurus sachalinensis, Amurosaurus riabinini and Bactrosaurus johnsoni from Manchuria and Mongolia-Inner Mongolia. However, these three species were too far to nest, lay eggs and hatch in Tiantai Basin (of course, not rule out the possibility of their long-distance migration, though thers was no evidence heretofore). So the hadrosaur laid the Dendroolithus dendriticus likely was an undiscovered species. Furthermore, all of the Dendroolithus dendriticus were flat spherical eggs, and suggested that their eggshell were flexible as that of some modern reptiles, and would be transmogrified by gravity.

Nashan,a typical paleo crater,is composed of volcanic overflow facies,eruption facies,chunnel facies of basaltic rocks and ring distributed spatially,inclining entad,composing a bell-mouth inclined northeastward.The eruption time occurred 100 Ma.ago and belonging to a product of late Miocene epoch with the basaltic rock forest the largest in scale.

观赏石,又称奇石、雅石、供石、石玩等,指天然形成的具有观赏、玩味、陈列和收藏价值的各种石体,具有独特的形态、色泽、质地、纹理.包括一般未经琢磨而直接用于陈列、收藏、教学或装盆、造园的岩石、矿物和化石等.