Elucidating the genetic basis of salt tolerance during barley seed germination is crucial for developing resilient cultivars and enhancing crop productivity. As a polygenic trait, salt tolerance requires detailed genetic analysis to decode its complex regulatory networks. Over two consecutive years, we assessed five key morphological traits (relative germination rate, relative shoot/root length, relative shoot/root fresh weight) in 250 diverse barley accessions under 200 mM NaCl stress. Salt treatment caused significant inhibition across all assessed traits. A subsequent genome-wide association study (GWAS) uncovered 306 significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to germination-stage salt tolerance. Additionally, salt stress induced 324 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 2351 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the DEGs and DAMs involved in alleviating salt stress were predominantly associated with the regulation of biosynthesis of amino acids and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of GWAS and transcriptome data, a total of 24 candidate genes were identified, predominantly associated with antioxidant enzymes, membrane protein transport, transcription factors (TFs) and receptor proteins, including GST, TP184C, KT, WRKY and RLKs. In conclusion, these findings provide novel genetic resources to enhance barley's salt tolerance at germination through genomic-assisted selection. These results also enable further functional analysis of identified candidate genes.

Plant height (PH) is a vital agronomic trait in soybean breeding, exemplifying a classic quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes and significantly influenced by environmental factors. In this study, we undertook an extensive phenotypic assessment of 339 soybean breeding lines adapted to the Yangtze-Huai region of China, evaluated across six different environments over a period of five years. To identify genomic regions associated with PH, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) utilizing two robust statistical models: the compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and the Fixed and Random Model Circulating Probability Unification model (FarmCPU). This analysis employed a high-density marker set comprising over 60,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, facilitating the detection of significant quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) regions associated with PH. As a result, five stable QTN regions were identified in association with PH. Among these, two regions overlapped with previously reported quantitative trait loci or well-known soybean PH genes, specifically Dt1 and E2. To identify candidate genes for qPh08-1 locus significantly associated with PH, we identified 135 putative genes within the Gm08_15013896 block. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that the expression levels of Glyma.08g192700 were significantly higher in three extremely short lines (SLs) compared to high lines (HLs) during the V2 developmental stage of the stem apical meristem (SAM) in soybean. Coding region sequencing revealed nucleotide variations in Glyma.08g192700. A 7-base pair insertion (TG → CGCCTGCCG) was identified at position 153 of the third exon, distinguishing HLs from SLs. This insertion introduces a premature termination codon (TAA) at position 50 of the fourth exon, resulting in the HLs variant encoding a truncated protein of only 136 amino acid residues. Therefore, Glyma.08g192700, encoding a chaperonin protein involved in plant growth regulation, is likely the primary promising gene involved in qPh08-1.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop used in animal feed, beer brewing, and food production. Waterlogging stress is one of the prominent abiotic stresses that has a significant impact on the yield and quality of barley. Seed germination plays a critical role in the establishment of seedlings and is significantly impacted by the presence of waterlogging stress. However, there is a limited understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and metabolic processes in barley during the germination stage under waterlogging stress. This study aimed to investigate the metabolome and transcriptome responses in germinating barley seeds under waterlogging stress. The findings of the study revealed that waterlogging stress sharply decreased seed germination rate and seedling growth. The tolerant genotype (LLZDM) exhibited higher levels of antioxidase activities and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content in comparison to the sensitive genotype (NN). In addition, waterlogging induced 86 and 85 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in LLZDM and NN, respectively. Concurrently, transcriptome analysis identified 1776 and 839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LLZDM and NN, respectively. Notably, the expression of genes associated with redox reactions, hormone regulation, and other biological processes were altered in response to waterlogging stress. Furthermore, the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the DEGs and DEMs implicated in mitigating waterlogging stress primarily pertained to the regulation of pyruvate metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, waterlogging might promote flavonoid biosynthesis by regulating 15 flavonoid-related genes and 10 metabolites. The present research provides deeper insights into the overall understanding of waterlogging-tolerant mechanisms in barley during the germination process.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop with diverse uses, including animal feed, beer brewing, and food production. Grain size plays a crucial role in determining grain weight and quality, which is one of the key breeding objectives in response to market and industry demands. However, the molecular mechanisms of grain size in barley are still poorly understood. In this study, 250 barley accessions were evaluated for key grain size traits, including thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain length to width ratio (GLWR), grain area (GA) and grain perimeter (GP) across a two-year period. A total of 369 significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with the six grain traits were detected. Among these SNPs, 30 were continuously detected in different years. Additionally, two accessions (ZQ25 and GK5) whose grain size significantly differed were selected for transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at two time points: 3,733 at 21 days post anthesis (DPA) and 4,396 at 28 DPA. These DEGs were enriched mainly in photosynthesis-antenna proteins, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, by integrating a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and RNA-seq, we identified 25 candidate genes involved primarily in various transcription factors, phytohormones, and sugar metabolism pathways. These results provide valuable information for grain size-related gene cloning and abundant molecular data for the breeding of new high yield varieties of barley in the future.

Quality traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain, such as starch and protein contents, are important factors that determine grain end-use value. In barley breeding, improved quality traits have long been a critical goal. The objective of this study was to identify underlying genetic locations for grain quality traits and mine the related candidate genes. In this study, 250 barley accessions were evaluated for key grain quality traits, including protein content (GPC), starch content (GSC) and fibre content (GFC) across a two-year period. Through genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, we identified 145 significant SNPs associated with grain quality traits. Additionally, two materials showed significant differences in grain quality were further selected for transcriptome analysis. Through a comparison analysis of barley grain, 4636 and 3684 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 21 days post anthesis (DPA) and 28 DPA, respectively. These DEGs mainly participate in carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, starch and sucrose metabolism, and so on. By integrating GWAS and RNA-Seq data analysis approaches, we identified 17 candidate genes primarily involved in hydrolysis of starch, glycosyltransferase and post-translational modification. Altogether, 27 stable loci significantly associated with grain quality traits were detected, and 17 candidate genes related to grain quality were screened. These findings provide valuable insights for gene cloning related to grain quality and server as a reference for high-quality barley cultivars.

为研究播期和播量对大麦新品种盐麦7号青贮原料产量和品质等的影响,设计2个播期(11月1日和11月10日)、3个播量(15.0、17.5、20.0kg/667 m2),研究其对盐麦7号青贮原料农艺性状、产量、品质和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,与正常播期(11月1日)相比,晚播环境下(11月10日)冬前苗、干物质含量、粗淀粉含量显著下降,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量及30 h中性洗涤纤维消化率显著上升;随着播量的升高,基本苗、冬前苗、有效穗数、株高、产量、籽粒产量显著上升,酸性洗涤纤维和30 h中性洗涤纤维消化率显著下降.总体来看,播期主要影响盐麦7号的青贮原料品质相关性状,播量主要影响盐麦7号的产量相关性状,盐麦7号在11月1日播种,播量20.0 kg/667 m2时可以获得较高的青贮原料产量和品质.

氮素作为大麦生长和发育所必需的大量营养元素,是大麦生长和产量形成的首要限制因子.为明确氮素对大麦生长发育的作用及大麦自身对氮素吸收利用的机制,提高大麦氮素利用效率.基于文献资料,梳理归纳了氮素在大麦生长发育过程中的作用及响应机制等方面的相关研究进展,对氮素在大麦生长发育过程中的作用、大麦响应氮信号的生理机制和大麦氮素响应的分子调控机制等方面进行了概述,并提出了"双减"政策下提高大麦氮素利用效率、创制氮素高效利用新种质的主要方向.

湿害是影响大麦产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一.为进一步明确大麦响应湿害胁迫的应答机理,本研究以耐湿大麦品种泰兴9425为材料,利用高通量转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术,比较不同湿害胁迫时间下的基因表达差异.结果表明,湿害胁迫12 h后获得1 436个差异表达基因,而胁迫48 h后获得2 090个差异表达基因,其中共同上调表达基因286个.GO富集分析发现,涉及代谢过程、细胞膜、催化活性等的差异表达基因占比最多.KEGG富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集于糖酵解、类黄酮生物合成、乙烯合成等代谢通路.对7个耐湿相关的候选基因进行qRT-PCR分析,发现差异表达基因的表达量变化趋势与RNA-seq结果一致.

为满足青贮大麦的生产和市场需求,江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所育成了高产、优质、多抗于一体的青贮大麦新品种盐麦7号.其植株产量高,饲用品质好,适宜作青贮饲料.盐麦7号干物质质量分数为32.4％,粗蛋白质量分数为12.2％,淀粉质量分数为23.4％,脂肪质量分数为2.7％,酸性洗涤纤维质量分数为25.9％,中性洗涤纤维质量分数为45.3％,30 h中性洗涤纤维消化率为49％.

明确小麦主要农艺性状对产量的影响,可为盐城市优质高产小麦新品种的选育提供理论依据.采用灰色关联度分析法,对参加江苏省联合体区域试验的9个长江中下游小麦的12个农艺性状与产量数据进行分析.长江中下游小麦品种的农艺性状与产量的关联度大小排序为千粒质量(0.517 1)、结实小穗(0.439 0)、穗粒数(0.389 6)、有效穗数(0.382 8)、全生育期(0.378 3)、旗叶宽(0.372 1)、株高(0.333 2)、穗长(0.331 3)、不孕小穗(0.318 5)、旗叶长(0.312 6)、基本苗(0.264 9)、高峰苗(0.264 6),千粒质量是影响小麦产量的主要因素,高峰苗对产量的影响较小.在江苏盐城地区小麦育种中,应加强对千粒质量、结实小穗、穗粒数等几个性状的选育力度.

为比较江苏省冬麦区小麦种质资源的耐盐性,采用室内芽期和盐池全生育期耐盐性鉴定相结合的方法进行本研究.室内采用不同稀释梯度的海水在小麦芽期进行胁迫处理,研究12个小麦品种芽期的耐盐性.盐池采用0.20％～0.30％的盐胁迫研究80个江苏地方种质资源全生育期耐盐性.芽期耐盐性鉴定结果表明:小麦品种相对发芽率随着海水浓度的增加呈现显著的下降趋势,在T2处理时表现明显;T4处理时,仅有6个小麦品种的相对发芽率大于20.00％,其中淮麦32的相对发芽率为50.00％;其他小麦品种相对发芽率变化范围为0～14.75％,其中盐麦6032的相对发芽率为0.盐池胁迫下,对80个小麦种质资源株高和千粒质量鉴定表明,盐胁迫后其株高和千粒质量均值降低.其中,对照区(CK)株高的平均值为83.79 cm,盐胁迫(T)株高的平均值为78.82 cm;对照区(CK)千粒质量的平均值为53.67 g,盐胁迫(T)千粒质量的平均值为52.03 g.

The time to flowering (DF), pod beginning (DPB), seed formation (DSF), and maturity initiation (DMI) in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) are important characteristics of growth stage traits (GSTs) in Chinese summer-sowing soybean, and are influenced by genetic as well as environmental factors. To better understand the molecular mechanism underlying the initiation times of GSTs, we investigated four GSTs of 309 diverse soybean accessions in six different environments and Best Linear Unbiased Prediction values. Furthermore, the genome-wide association study was conducted by a Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification method using over 60,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to identify the significant quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) regions with phenotypic data. As a result, 212 SNPs within 102 QTN regions were associated with four GSTs. Of which, eight stable regions were repeatedly detected in least three datasets for one GST. Interestingly, half of the QTN regions overlapped with previously reported quantitative trait loci or well-known soybean growth period genes. The hotspots associated with all GSTs were concentrated on chromosome 10. E2 (Glyma10g36600), a gene with a known function in regulating flowering and maturity in soybean, is also found on this chromosome. Thus, this genomic region may account for the strong correlation among the four GSTs. All the significant SNPs in the remaining 7 QTN regions could cause the significant phenotypic variation with both the major and minor alleles. Two hundred and seventy-five genes in soybean and their homologs in Arabidopsis were screened within ± 500 kb of 7 peak SNPs in the corresponding QTN regions. Most of the genes are involved in flowering, response to auxin stimulus, or regulation of seed germination, among others. The findings reported here provide an insight for genetic improvement which will aid in breeding of soybean cultivars that can be adapted to the various summer sowing areas in China and beyond.

湿害是影响作物产量及品质的重要因素之一.本文综述了湿害胁迫对作物无氧呼吸、抗氧化系统、不同激素含量等生理生化指标的影响及作物耐湿分子机理的研究进展,旨在为进一步揭示作物耐湿生理、分子机理及筛选和培育耐湿作物新品种提供参考.

为保持黄淮海地区大豆高蛋白特色,对黄淮海区域选育的78份大豆品种进行蛋白质、油脂含量和百粒质量的表型分析,利用高蛋白大豆品系与黄淮海育成品种配置杂交组合,研究后代蛋白质含量表型变异.研究结果表明:黄淮海大豆育成品种蛋白质、油脂含量、百粒质量的平均值分别为42.3％、20.8％、21.8 g,表型变异分别为37.5％～46.7％、17.8％～23.5％、14.7～28.1 g,江苏省和山东省的大豆育成品种蛋白质含量和百粒质量较高,河南省的大豆育成品种油脂含量较高;在黄淮海育成品种中蛋白质含量与油脂含量和百粒质量的相关系数分别为-0.70、0.66,百粒质量和油脂含量的相关系数为-0.39;利用高蛋白大豆种质与育成品种配置的4个杂交组合后代中筛选出253个高蛋白家系,高蛋白家系在F2:3和F3:4代间的相关系数为0.64.研究表明,黄淮海高蛋白大豆品种缺乏,利用高蛋白种质能选育出高蛋白家系,大豆籽粒蛋白质性状在早代选择有效.

为挖掘川渝地区大豆品种籽粒蛋白质含量、油脂含量及百粒重与分子标记的关联位点,以232份川渝地区地方和育成材料构成的自然群体为试验材料,结合分布于大豆20条染色体的135个SSR分子标记检查所有材料的基因型,利用TASSEL 3.0软件中的混合线性模型对大豆籽粒蛋白质含量、油脂含量和百粒重进行关联分析.结果 表明:在P＜0.05显著水平且贡献率较高的情况下,2个环境中共检测49个关联位点.与蛋白质含量显著关联的位点有16个,贡献率总和为29.78％;与油脂含量相关的位点有19个,贡献率总和为41.94％;与百粒重相关的位点有14个,贡献率总和为13.92％.其中位点Satt554和Satt229与籽粒的蛋白质含量、油脂含量和百粒重性状同时存在关联.

大麦黄花叶病是严重威胁冬大麦生产的重大病害之一.为促进抗黄花叶病基因在大麦育种中的应用,利用插入或缺失(inserticon-deletion,InDel)标记JSB056和JSB060对180份啤酒大麦资源进行基因型检测,结合病圃黄花叶病表型鉴定,并评价标记在育种中应用的有效性.结果表明,聚合2个InDel标记具有较好的检测效果,检测准确率高达91.9％,是分子辅助选择育种中鉴定大麦黄花叶病抗性的较理想标记.

苏啤8号是江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所2004年以选育的中间材料盐97024为母本、苏啤3号为父本进行人工杂交配组,采取系谱法经6年连续选择,2010年育成的啤酒大麦新品系.该品种在江苏盐城产量达到450.0 kg/667 m2以上.经测定,该品种麦芽浸出物(绝干)81.30％,蛋白质含量11.30％,α-氨基氮196 mg/100 g,糖化力(WK)369,库尔巴哈值42.80％,达到优级麦芽品质水平.

为研究大麦重要功能基因并给大麦遗传育种提供新的种质资源,通过甲基磺酰乙酯(EMS)诱变处理优质、高抗黄花叶病大麦品种苏啤6号,从2 400个M2代株系中筛选出152个突变株系,突变频率为6.33％.其中,幼苗习性突变株系36个,突变率为1.50％;叶部突变株系34个,突变率为1.42％;茎部突变株系33个,突变体率为1.38％;穗部突变株系22个,突变率为0.92％;成熟期和育性突变株系27个,突变率为1.13％.经过M3代验证,获得可稳定遗传的各类突变株系43个.

Starch content is an important trait in barley. To evaluate the genetic diversity and identify molecular markers of starch content in barley, 40 cultivated barley genotypes collected from different regions, including genotypes whose starch content is at either the high or low end of the spectrum (15), were used in this study. All the genotypes were re-sequenced by the double-digest-restriction associated DNA sequencing method, and a total of 299,103 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained. The genotypes were divided into four sub-populations based on FASTSTRUCTURE, principal component analysis and neighbour-joining tree analysis. All four sub-populations had a high linkage disequilibrium, especially group 3, whose members were recently bred for malting in the Jiangsu coastal area. The starch content of the barley lines was evaluated during three growing seasons (2014-2017), and the average values of starch content across the three growing seasons at the low and high ends were 51.5 and 55.0%, respectively. The starch content was affected by population structure, the barley in group 2 had a low starch content, while the barley in group 4 had a high starch content. Twenty-six SNP markers were identified as being significantly associated with starch content (P <= 0.001) based on the average values across the three growing seasons using the mixed linear model method. These SNP markers were located on chromosomes 1H and 4H, and were considered loci of qSC1-1 and qSC4-1, respectively. The major identified QTLs for starch content are helpful for further research on carbohydrates and for barley breeding.

采用裂区试验设计,主因素为播期,副因素为密度,研究不同播期和密度对大豆品种南农47产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,南农47的产量在播期6月10—22日间差异不显著,6月22日后播种,产量显著下降;籽粒蛋白质含量随播期的延迟呈下降趋势,随密度的增加呈上升趋势.在盐城地区,南农47在6月10日左右播种,667 m2密度为2.08万株时,产量最高,籽粒蛋白质含量最高,其值分别为194.45 kg和43.9％.