[Objectives] To provide a theoretical basis for reasonably applying fertilizers and alleviating the growth obstacles of replanted apple,a pot experiment was conducted to study effects of different nitrogen forms on growth of apple rootstock (Malus hupehensis Rehd.) seedlings and the replanted soil microorganisms.[Methods] The experiment was carried out in 2015.M.hupehensis Rehd.Seedling was used in this study,and the biomass,photosynthetic parameters and soil microorganisms were determined in August 2015.Three N fertilizer treatments were designed as follows:ammonium nitrogen (T 1),nitrate nitrogen (T2) and amide nitrogen (T3) (N 180 mg/L),and took the apple replanted orchard soil (CK1) and methyl bromide fumigation (CK2) as the control.M.hupehensis Rehd.seedlings were planted in pots with different treatments.[Results] Compared with the replanted soil control (CK1),the biomass amounts ofM.hupehensis Rehd.seedlings were significantly improved with the ammonium nitrogen (T1) and amide nitrogen (T3).The plant height,ground diameter,fresh weight and dry weight of the ammonium nitrogen (T1) were increased by 35.3％,24.4％,42.0％,57.7％.Different nitrogen forms could increase the net photosynthesis stomatal conductance and root respiration rate.The net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance in leaves of the seedlings and root respiration rate of ammonium nitrogen of T1 were increased by 27.6％,35.6％ and 43.3％ compared with CK1,respectively,but they did not reach the highest effect of the methyl bromide fumigation (CK2).Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the ammonium nitrogen (T1) effectively reduced the gene copy number ofFusarium oxysporum,which was decreased by 41.3％ compared with the replanted soil control (CK1).The copy numbers of the nitrate nitrogen (T2) and amide nitrogen (T3) had no significant differences with the soil control (CK1).T-RFLP results showed that soil fungal community structure was changed by the ammonium nitrogen (T1) and amide nitrogen (T3) greatly,the fungal community structure in the ammonium nitrogen (T1) was similar to that in the methyl bromide fumigation (CK2),and the structure of the nitrate nitrogen (T2) was similar to that in the soil control (CK1),while an independent fungal community was formed in the amide nitrogen (T3).[Conclusions] Ammonium nitrogen greatly improved the biomass ofM.hupehensis Rehd.seedlings,net photosynthetic rate and root respiration rate,reduced the gene copy number of Fusarium oxysporum,and changed the community structure of soil fungi.Therefore,the appropriate dosages of ammonium nitrogen could be used as a measure to reduce the apple replanted disease.

The effects ofphloridzin and phloretin (typical phenolic acids in the soil of apple orchard) on the plant biomass,root activity,protective enzyme activities and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) of one year Prunus persica grafted seedlings were studied under pot condition.The results showed that phloridzin could significantly damage the Prunus persica grafted seedlings,compared with the control,the fresh and dry weight reduced by 16.66％ and 21.58％,respectively.The root activity reduced by 33.04％,and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) reduced by 40.80％ and 31.10％,while the content of MDA increased by 116.34％.Phloretin had little effect on the Prunus persica grafted seedlings.Potassium permanganate obviously alleviated the damage of phloridzin to Prunus persica grafted seedlings,significantly reduced the content of phloridzin in the apple orchard soil by 57.80％,improved the biomass,root activity,protective enzyme activities of the peach seedlings and reduced the content of MDA.In conclusion,phloridzin(0.343 mg · kg-1)measured in old apple orchard soil could reduced the biomass of the peach seedlings,and moderate potassium permanganate could alleviate the damage of phloridzin on the peach seedlings.

1994年,招远市从荷兰引进M9T337苹果实生苗,半成品红富士/M9苹果苗(海关有档案记录).按照无病毒繁育标准建立苹果繁育圃1.3hm2,带动了周边县市及招远市无病毒苹果的发展.其中,招远市蚕庄镇蒋家村,栽植自根砧M9T337红富士60hm2.2010~2015年,笔者进行了红富士/M9T337精品高效栽培技术的应用研究,取得了理想效果.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of sterilized and non sterilized matur vinasse and Distiller's grains on the Malus hupehensis Rehd.and replanted soil microorganisms.The study showed that lees (vinasse and distiller's grains) increased biomass of seedlings ofMalus hupehensis Rehd.It could enhance Malus hupeheusis Rehd.seedlings biomass.Plant height,fresh weight and dry weight after adding vinasse and distiller's grains.And the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil with continuous cropping on the photographic is also improved significantly after using them.Based on the cluster analysis.PCA and diversity index analysis,the soil microbial community structure had obvious changes.In different types and different processing mode of lees microbial community structure was different.The dominant population presented in the soil and changed microbial community diversity index and richness index by reason of lees carred and sterile lees breeding in the soil.Through the real time fluorescence quantitative ofFusarium proliferatum in soil,the results show that Fusarium proliferatum copy number of vinasse,distiller's grains,sterile vinasse and distiller's grains were decreased by 39.1％,58.1％,20.9％ and 39.2％ than apple replant soil,vinasse and distiller's grains have weaker effection on inhibiting Fusarium proliferatum.In conclusion,adding vinasse and distiller's grains in apple replant soil could change microbial community structure in soil,reduce the number of harmful fungi.Vinasse and distiller's grains can alleviate the apple replant disease and distiller's grains have better effect.

With potted seedlings of Malus hupehensis as experimental material, the experiment setup control (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (N), nitrogen phosphate fertilizer (NP) and phosphate fertilizer (P), to investigate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on continuous cropping in seedlings and soil environment. The re-sults show that, compared with the control, NP significantly promoted seedling height, ground diameter, the dry weight and fresh weight, respectively they were 1.58 times, 1.38 times, 2.48 times and 2.6 times higher than those of the control. NP fertilizer significantly increased the root length, which was 2.51 times higher than that of the control, and improved the root respiration rate and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxi-dase (POD) and catalase (CAT), which were 1.92 times, 1.26 times, 2.69 times and 3.23 times higher than those of the control respectively. NP fertilizer also improved the soil bacteria/fungi ratio and soil enzyme activity. To sum up, the appropriate application of nitrogen and phosphorus in continuous cropping soil could significantly improve soil environment, promote the growth of root, and finally alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle.

矮砧苹果现代集约栽培模式是世界苹果生产发展的趋势.为了探讨适合招远市立地条件的现代栽培模式,笔者于2010～ 2015年进行了矮砧苹果集约栽培综合技术研究,收到良好的效果.烟富3/M26/八棱海棠建园第4年平均666.7m2产量1680kg,优质果率88.2％;建园第5年2180kg,平均666.7m2收入达到1.6万元. 1 试验园基本情况 试验园设在招远市夏甸镇凰巢坡,试验区面积1 hm2.主栽品种烟富3,砧穗组合烟富3/M26/八棱海棠.红玛瑙为专用授粉树.株行距2m×4 m.土壤为棕壤土,pH值6.2.试验期间,年平均气温12.1℃,年降水量768mm,11月至翌年2月,-13℃以上的累计天数,年均5天.连续4年冬寒春冷,开花期在5月1日前后.

1 高光效树形的培养 一般采用纺锤形整枝,主干粗壮挺拔,主枝12～16个,主枝在中干上排列的顺序和大小是下面大,往上螺旋式依次减小,主枝粗度是主干的l/4左右,角度85°,没有过大、过粗的侧枝和背上枝,主枝和枝组都是单轴延伸,树高3.5 m左右. 1.1 整形 1)第1年.春栽,要求树高1.5 m以上,嫁接部位以上10 cm处直径达到1.2 cm.栽植后,每株旁边立基部直径3～5 cm、4m高的笔直的竹竿1根,并把苗木绑缚在竹竿上,每年把中心干延长枝绑缚在竹竿上.发芽前视苗木质量和高度定干100～120 cm,剪口涂抹伤口愈合剂,防抽干,抠去剪口下2、3、4芽,防止与主干竞争,从地面50 cm左右往上,每隔2～3个芽选不同方向的芽,用小钢锯条在芽上方刻伤至木质部.新梢30 cm左右时捋枝成85°(接近水平状态),一直保持到落叶,期间要不断观察,发现角度上弯时要重新捋成水平状态,以防止主枝生长过旺、过粗.

<正>近几年,随着苹果主产区树龄的不断老化,树体抗病性逐渐减弱,同时随着苹果栽培面积的不断扩大,有机肥不足的现象更为突出;加之化肥施用数量不够多、搭配不合理、立地条件差、干旱缺水、结果过多、早期落叶、冷害不断等因素均能导致树势衰弱,给苹果树腐烂病的发生提供了有利条件。许多果农对苹果树腐烂病的发生规律不了解,防治方法不对头,

<正>枣黑斑病俗称枣斑点病,是一种为害冬枣果实和叶片的重要病害。该病对冬枣的产量和品质影响极大,据近几年调查发现,枣黑斑病的严重流行能使冬枣减产20%~40%,有的枣园形成的残次果占到60%以上,严重影响了冬枣的经济效益。枣黑斑病的发病点是枣炭疽病、枣轮纹病等病害的侵染点,对后期烂果性病害的流行有着极其重

<正>1健壮树势,提高抗病能力1.1改善立地条件,创造良好环境地力条件是苹果生长好坏的最根本的条件。新建园要全园深翻80cm以上,已建园要在行间深翻或在冬季爆破松土。同时对黏土掺砂,砂土掺黏,改善土地理化性状,使根系在土中纵横伸张,广吸肥水。1.2加大肥水投入,壮树壮根肥水是壮树提高抗病能力的最重要的条件。据调查,凡是生长健壮的果园,腐烂病发病率低,病株率在5%以下,生产上大部分园片肥力不足,果树处于"饥饿状态",因此,必须高投入、合理投入,采取增施有机肥、加大化肥投入、配方施肥的原则。有机肥包括动物的粪便、秸秆、杂草、库塘湾

<正>1成活率低的原因1.1苗木质量差80%的死亡苗木是由于根、枝干部病害,根系发育差;根部创伤面大及苗木木质化程度低,自上而下抽干等因素造成的。造成苗木质量差的

<正>目前,套袋苹果因药物刺激、营养失衡、水分失调、日灼风吹、病虫害等因素造成的各种斑、点、锈、纹,甚至皲裂等系列症状,是影响苹果外观质量和套袋果商品率的首要问题。笔者就此结合有关资料和生产经验,提出形成因素及其对策,供果农参考。

<正>当前,果园管理工作中,病虫害防治必不可少。但在具体实践中,过分依赖化学防治等各种错误认识大量存在。我们根据多年的果园管理经验,总结出以下注意事项,以供读者参考。

2007年7月25日,我们赴栖霞市考察果业发展情况,参观了优质苹果生产基地、密植园改造基地及观光旅游果业基地等,并听取了栖霞果业发展及情况介绍.现将栖霞市果业发展简况和经验介绍如下.

<正>1苹果的养根壮树1.1穴贮肥水和沟肥养根1.1.1穴贮肥水早春在整好的树盘中,自冠缘向里半米处,挖深50厘米、直径30厘米的小穴,穴数依树体大小而定,一般2￣5个。将玉米秸、麦秸等捆成长40厘米、粗25厘米左右的草把,并将

1 栖霞果业概况 栖霞市自20世纪90年代以来,围绕农业增效、农民增收,鼓励引导农民大力发展以苹果为主的高产高效农业,全市果园面积达4.3万hm2,其中苹果3.5万hm2,实现了人均667 m2果园.苹果年总产达12亿kg,农民收入80 %来自果业.栖霞市于1998年被国家统计局命名为"中国苹果第一市",2002年被中国果品流通协会授予"中国苹果之都"称号.

近几年来,很多果农在农田改制成的果园中大量施用化肥,尤其是偏施硫酸铵和氯化铵,对土壤的酸碱度影响很大,对苹果生长产生了极为不利的影响.在改良酸化土壤的方法中,以使用生石灰最为经济有效.本试验通过对两种不同的石灰施入方法进行对比研究,以确定适合苹果园酸性土壤改良的石灰施入方法.

<正>改革开放以来,我市果业生产持续发展,果园面积由1990年的5300hm2增加到现在的2.7万hm2,已成为名副其实的果业生产重点县级市。为适应国内外市场需求,我市狠抓了果业