Background: Aquaculture, a vital component of global food security, faces sustainability challenges due to intensive farming practices, including water pollution, disease outbreaks, and antibiotic overuse. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics. However, research results remain heterogeneous across aquatic species and intervention strategies. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched two databases (up to January 2026) for in vivo trials. Two reviewers screened and extracted data, and 177 eligible studies were ultimately included, covering single-/multi-strain probiotics (SSP/MSP), live/inactivated microbial preparations, and diverse synbiotic formulations. Results: Among 177 studies, Bacillus spp. were the most widely reported and effective probiotic strains. MSP and synbiotics exhibited superior efficacy in boosting aquatic animal growth performance and disease resistance over SSP in 68% of the included trials. Probiotics act through the competitive exclusion of pathogens, immune modulation, and enhanced digestive enzyme activity; prebiotics selectively stimulate beneficial gut microbiota, improving nutrient absorption and immune function through metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids; synbiotics combine the advantages of both, exerting synergistic effects. Furthermore, as water additives or fermented feed ingredients, probiotics reduce nitrogenous waste and organic pollutants, contributing to bioremediation. Conclusions: All three additives are effective. Standardized application protocols and long-term trials are needed for sustainable aquaculture. This review provides a unified evidence-based foundation for the rational use of these additives in aquaculture.

The proliferation of green tide algae, particularly species of the genus Chaetomorpha, has emerged as a recurring phenomenon in aquaculture systems. Although the ecological impacts of Chaetomorpha blooms have been partially documented, the specific effects of their decomposition on commercially significant species remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the influence of Chaetomorpha valida decomposition on intestinal microbial community structure and survival rates in Apostichopus japonicus, offering critical insights for sustainable aquaculture practices. The results revealed that the decomposition of C. valida significantly increased the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, NH3, nitrite nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in the aquatic environment. Elevated levels of NH3 may stimulate the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in sea cucumbers; however, accumulated NH3 could inhibit oxidative capacity and suppress immune function. The decomposition of C. valida notably altered the gut microbial composition in A. japonicus and reduced the stability of the microbial community. Specifically, it changed the dominant microbial species and keystone taxa and significantly decreased its survival rate. Furthermore, a higher biomass of decomposing C. valida is associated with a more significant change in the concentrations of NH3 and nitrite nitrogen, as well as the gut microbial community structure, and a more considerable decrease in the survival rate. Therefore, the decomposition of C. valida induces substantial physiological stress in A. japonicus, impairing immune function and disrupting predominant gut microbiota, ultimately leading to decreased survival rates. These findings highlight the necessity for timely intervention strategies to mitigate C. valida decomposition impacts in sea cucumber aquaculture systems.

After four decades of development, China's Spirulina industry has established a robust system that seamlessly integrates fundamental research with industrial applications. This study aims to explore China's significant role in advancing the global Spirulina industry through a combination of bibliometric analysis and research on technological evolution. The findings indicate that Chinese scholars have authored 55.44

The alien species Chaetomorpha valida, first found in sea cucumber ponds in Liaoning and Shandong, has severely harmed China’s ecology, economy, and society. The periodic abundance of this alga greatly affects water quality and sometimes leads to the loss of aquaculture. Spore reproduction may be one of the main reasons for its rapid growth. Adaptability to the environment also determines its rapid adaptation and expansion of territory. However, the invasion potential remains poorly understood. We investigated reproductive characteristics in different lengths of fragments excised from C. valida, the detailed process and environmental adaptation conditions of spore reproduction and the variation of the enzyme activity of cells during sporangium formation. Results: shorter fragments boosted spore reproduction (more sporangia, spore release) but reduced vegetative reproduction; algal cell oxidation favored sporangium formation. Salinity 20–30 psu best promoted sporangium formation/release (salinity 40 psu inhibited both); high nitrogen enhanced sporangium production. Low water flow promoted spore release, high flow inhibited it and reduced spore attachment. Suitable fragment lengths and environments enabled massive spore production and new individual development, so spore-producing fragments drive C. valida’s biomass accumulation. Analyzing spore reproduction/germination helped predict its spread, aiding biological invasion control.

Frequent red tide outbreaks pose a serious threat to biodiversity and the safety of aquatic ecosystems. Bacillamides showed algicidal activity against algae. However, the low natural concentrations and their structural complexity hinder development of these molecules. Inspired by the natrual algicide Bacillamide A, a series of thiourea derivatives were synthesized. Bacillamide A derivative (3B) showed excellent algicidal activity against S. costatum (EC50 = 0.52 μg/mL) and P. minimum (EC50 = 2.99 μg/mL), respectively. In addition, it has low toxicity to mammals and is less toxic than copper sulfate. 3B treatment resulted in loss of algal cell integrity. It also decreased the Chlorophyll a content and Fv/fm of algal cells, while increasing the levels of malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase, and reactive oxygen. 3B also induced expression of the photosynthetic genes, including psaB, psbB, as well as the antioxidant genes SOD2 and CAT. This study demonstrates that Bacillamide A derivatives could provide a safer alternative for red tide algal management.

Biomass cellulose is traditionally derived from terrestrial lignocellulose, but marine macroalgae are also valuable and indispensable sources of cellulose. Herein, a comprehensive comparison of algal cellulose and terrestrial plant cellulose, the properties of cellulose derived from different macroalgae, and the extraction and application of algal cellulose were discussed. This review innovatively overviews cell-wall composition, growth, and cellulose properties of terrestrial plant and macroalgae, and found that algal cellulose has superior properties such as high crystallinity and excellent water resistance. Furthermore, cellulose derived from four major macroalgae (green algae, red algae, brown algae and algal waste) were systematically summarized. The extraction of cellulose from macroalgae is milder than that from terrestrial biomass because macroalgae contain almost no lignin. Additionally, food packaging and biomedicine offer greater application value compared to monosaccharides and chemicals, and functional materials. Finally, this paper addresses degradation challenges and perspectives toward high quality production and potential applications of algal cellulose.

Due to the continuous increase in global environmental pollution, the research on environmental remediation has gained significant attention. Marine active substance-derived composite materials are highly suitable for environmental remediation applications owing to their unique properties, including exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, abundance, stability, facile surface modification capabilities, and non-toxic nature. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the three primary categories of marine bioactive compounds, namely polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides, extensively used in this field. Advancements in composite material, such as nanoparticles, nanocomplexes, and hydrogels, based on preparations of marine bioactive substances for environmental remediation, have been critically evaluated. Additionally, their applications in seawater purification, water treatment, soil remediation, and pesticide management are elucidated. Furthermore, challenges associated with the development of composite material technologies for pollutant treatment within the framework of environmental sustainability, along with future perspectives, are thoroughly discussed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of marine bioactive material-derived composite material, which may provide a valuable reference for the design and application of related types of materials.

The microbiota play a critical role in the health of the aquaculture pond ecosystem. Green tide have been found to affect the microbial community in the marine environments, but effects of Chaetomorpha valida bloom on the microbial composition in the aquaculture ponds related to the marine economic species have been rarely investigated. To address this shortcoming, we provided baseline information on the bacterial composition and diversity in C. valida bloom areas and non-bloom areas of Apostichopus japonicus aquaculture ponds in four seasons. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that C. valida bloom significantly changed the bacterial community composition in seawater and bacterial richness in sediment, but has minor effects on sediment bacterial community structure. The co-occurrence network analysis indicated that the bloom of C. valida intensified interspecific competition among sedimentary bacteria, thereby enhancing their stability. In contrast, it promoted symbiotic relationships among bacteria in seawater. Importantly, there were higher proportions of potential pathogens in seawater from C. valida bloom areas compared to non-bloom areas, suggesting a higher ecological risk associated with the C. valida blooms. This study offers novel perspectives on how bacterial communities in sediments and seawater differently respond to C. valida bloom in aquaculture systems.

Due to the simplicity and low detection limit, fluorescent probes are widely used in both analytical sensing and optical imaging. Compared to conventional fluorescent probes, reversibility endows the reversible fluorescent probe outstanding advantages and special properties, making reversible fluorescent probes with capable of quantitative, repetitive or circulatory. Reversible fluorescent probes can also monitor the concentration dynamics of target analytes in real time, such as metal ions, proteins and enzymes, as well as intracellular redox processes, which have been widely applied in various fields. This review summarized the types and excellent properties of reversible fluorescent probes designed and developed in recent years. It also summarized the applications of reversible fluorescent probe in fluorescence imaging, biological testing, monitoring redox cycles, and proposed the remaining challenges and future development directions of the reversible fluorescent probe. This review provided comprehensive overview of reversible fluorescent probe, which may provide valuable references for the design and fabrication of the reversible fluorescent probe.

Polymer-based drug delivery systems are a significant focus in the pharmaceutical industry, noted for their high acceptance among patients. In this study, we developed a series of hydrogel beads loaded with curcumin as a model drug. These beads were formed using sodium alginate as the matrix, with agar added to modulate the swelling and release characteristics of the loaded curcumin. The composition and morphology of the hydrogel beads were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. These analyses additionally investigated the impact of agar concentration on the swelling behavior of the beads. The in vitro release of curcumin was assessed at pH 2.1 and pH 7.4. The results demonstrated that drug release was enhanced in a pH 7.4 environment and inhibited at pH 2.1. The MTT assay employed in this study confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel beads, underlining their potential as a targeted oral drug delivery system with controllable drug release properties. Although these findings highlight the promise of hydrogel beads as an alternative to traditional drug delivery methods, further research is necessary to evaluate their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

The pursuit of highly effective, low-toxicity, and eco-friendly algicides for controlling and eradicating harmful algal blooms (HABs) is of paramount importance. The natural allelochemical bacillamide A has displayed impressive algicidal activity against harmful algae with favorable safety profiles. However, the poor synthetic efficiency and large dose requirements of bacillamide A limit its further application. In this paper, 17 thiazole-containing bacillamide derivatives (BDs) were designed and synthesized in three linear steps as potential algicides. Eight compounds (6a, 6c, 6j, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, and 7g) displayed potent inhibitory effects against Prorocentrum minimum, Skeletonema costatum, and Alexandrium pacificum, and they had similar or better activity than the positive control (CuSO4) and bacillamide A. Compound 6a exhibited the most potent algicidal activity against S. costatum (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50] = 0.11 μg/mL), being 23-fold more potent than bacillamide A, 28-fold more potent than CuSO4, and 39-fold more potent than Diuron. Compound 6j exhibited significant algicidal activity against the toxic dinoflagellates P. minimum (EC50 = 1.0 μg/mL) and A. pacificum (EC50 = 0.47 μg/mL), being 3–5-fold more potent than natural bacillamide A, Diuron, and CuSO4. Micrographs and SEM images revealed that 6j induced cell wall rupture and cellular content leakage. Biochemical and physiological studies indicated that 6j might partially disrupt the antioxidant and photosynthetic systems in algal cells, resulting in morphological changes, cell wall rupture, and inclusion leakage. Our work suggests that 6j has a distinct mode of action from CuSO4 and provides a promising candidate for the development of new algicides, worthy of further investigation.

The expanding impact of algal blooms on marine areas poses a severe threat to the sustainable development of aquaculture, human health, and the ecological safety of coastal areas. To address this issue, the exploration of natural algicidal compounds with high efficiency, selectivity, and environmental friendliness has gained attention as potential substances for algae removal. However, the integration of related work still needs to be improved. Therefore, an in-depth study of algicidal strategies and applications of algicidal compounds for biodiversity has become crucial. Here, we aim to consolidate the current advancements in research on the sources and types of algicidal compounds. We also delve into various algicidal strategies, including the damage inflicted on algal structures, inhibition of photosynthesis, effects on oxidative damage, and impacts on gene expression. Additionally, we highlight practical applications of algicidal compounds, taking into account their specificities and limitations. This review contributes to the protection of marine biodiversity and the promotion of sustainable environmental development. Furthermore, we provide recommendations for future research on algicidal compounds to overcome existing barriers. By doing so, we hope to offer valuable references for researchers engaged in further studies on managing algal outbreaks.

Chaetomorpha valida, filamentous green tide algae, poses a significant threat to both aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture. Vibrio alginolyticus Y20 is a new algicidal bacterium with an algicidal effect on C. valida. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and molecular responses of C. valida to exposure to V. alginolyticus Y20. The inhibitory effect of V. alginolyticus Y20 on C. valida was content dependent, with the lowest inhibitory content being 3 × 105 CFU mL-1. The microscopic results revealed that C. valida experienced severe morphological damage under the influence of V. alginolyticus Y20, with a dispersion of intracellular pigments. V. alginolyticus Y20 caused the decrease in chlorophyll-a content and Fv/Fm in C. valida. At the molecular level, V. alginolyticus Y20 downregulated the expression of genes related to photosynthetic pigment synthesis, light capture, and electron transport. Furthermore, V. alginolyticus Y20 induced oxidative damage to algal cells. The production of reactive oxygen species significantly increased after 11 days of exposure. Malondialdehyde content significantly increased, and the cell membranes were severely damaged by lipid peroxidation. The content of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase also markedly increased, whereas catalase content decreased significantly. Additionally, peroxisomes were inhibited due to the downregulation of PEX expression, leading to irreversible oxidative damage to algal cells. Our findings provided a new theoretical basis for exploring the interaction between algicidal bacteria and green tide algae at the molecular level.

In natural settings, most live organisms lack a protective and structured shell and show susceptibility to harsh external environments. Hydrogels are a versatile category of biomaterials that exhibit excellent biocompatibility, remarkable water retention, high swelling properties and the capability to faithfully replicate the structure of extracellular matrix. Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel networks have a unique microstructure that confers distinct advantages for the encapsulation of live organisms and expands their potential applications. The addition of living endows the hydrogel with more advanced functions, and the two interact with each other. By engineering living and non-living substrates, we can create materials that sense changes in their environment and adjust their functions accordingly. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on strategies for the loading of living within hydrogels, the interactions between loaded living beings and hydrogels and their applications in wound dressings, tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting and living delivery. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects associated with the application of hydrogels loaded with living were analysed, which is conducive to further investigations and their utilisation in the future.

Shandong Province is among China's major marineprovinces,and the marine environment in Shandong supports important economicactivities, such as fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. The presenceof microplastics in the marine environment can impact these activitiesand the livelihoods of people who depend on them. Therefore, studyingmicroplastics in Shandong Peninsula is crucial for understanding andmitigating these impacts. In this research, the microplastics weredetected with abundance ranging from 50.67 to 315.2 particles/kg dryweight, and polyethylene and polypropylene have dominant proportionsin beach sand and sediments. Microplastics were also detected in holothuriansand oysters with detection rates at 16.7% and 38.9%, respectively.This study highlighted that microplastics pollution in the ShandongPeninsula was closely related to anthropogenic activities. Moreover,microplastics have inhibited superoxide dismutase activity and significantlyincreased malondialdehyde during zebrafish growth, which provideda potential effect between microplastics and marine organism. Humanactivities contribute to microplastics pollution in the environment,while at the same time, the presence of microplastics can impact marineorganism and human activities. To mitigate the impacts of microplasticson the Shandong Peninsula, it is important to reduce the sources ofmicroplastics and to develop effective management strategies for controllingtheir spread and impact. This researchpresents comprehensive information on microplasticsdistribution features and their potential impacts in the ShandongPeninsula and selected organisms.

The frequent invasion of organisms poses a serious threat to biodiversity, ecosystem service functions, and economic development. Invasions from terrestrial systems have been well studied, but invasions from marine systems still lack a literature review, especially for invasive algae. With the frequent invasion of non-native algae, marine biodiversity and its sustainable use are threatened, and thus, the in-depth investigation of the biological mechanisms and ecological impacts of invasive alien marine algae has become particularly important. Here, we conducted a literature review of a series of studies that were undertaken by identified experts on algae invasions, including information on the classification of invasive algae in the ecosystem, mechanisms of invasion success (including the invader’s biological traits, interactions with native species, and adaptive evolution), and the impact on the native community and environment of the invaded area. In addition, we put forward suggestions for relevant research on invasive algae to overcome the current obstacles and provide references for future research on invasive marine algae. This review could be used to inform biological regulations and provides a scientific basis for the protection of marine biodiversity, sustainable environmental development, and the restoration of blue carbon ecosystems.

传统的"发酵动力学实验"教学以教师为主,在教学过程中,学生主要按照教师要求做实验,缺乏主动性和能动性.为贯彻OBE教学理念,采用以学生为主、教师为辅的教学方式,具体方法:让学生带着问题预习,弄通实验原理与方法,撰写实验方案并对实验中可能出现的问题进行预判,使学生能够在实验过程中及时发现异常现象并采取适当措施,以提高学生认识问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力,在整个实验过程中,教师根据出现的错误进行指导.此外,将课程思政融入实验教学,理论与实践紧密结合,探索以学生为主体的教学方式,注重过程性评价,着力培养学生的工程思维.实践结果表明:2017,2018级学生课程目标达成度均高于0.8,说明学生解决生物工程中复杂问题的能力得到了提高,能根据发酵过程参数的异常变化对操作变量作出相应的调整,正确构建发酵过程的动力学模型,教学方式的改革取得了较好成效,该研究成果可为生物工程专业的实践教学改革提供参考.

文章分析了生物工程专业毕业设计现状,据此以创新能力培养为导向,对生物工程毕业设计进行改革与实践,以期为培养综合性、创新型人才提供参考和借鉴.

CH4 is one of the most important greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. The effect of algal decomposition on CH4 emission fluxes in aquaculture environments is unknown. This study determined the relative abundance of methanogens in aquaculture in northern China. We determined various parameters in the water and sediment after the decomposition of Chaetomorpha valida. The results showed that the relative abundance of methanogens increased significantly during the decomposition of C. valida. The average CH4 emission flux was 50.64 mg m-2 h-1 when the density of C. valida was 25 mg cm-3, which was 11 times higher than that at a density of 0 mg cm-3. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite, nitrate and sulfate in the aquaculture pond significantly decreased during the decomposition of C. valida. The formation of a strong anaerobic reduction environment promoted the formation and release of CH4. Our results confirmed that the decomposition of C. valida enhanced the CH4 emission flux. The average CH4 emission fluxes ranged from 4.62 to 50.64 mg m-2 h-1. It is particularly important to remove decomposed algae in a timely manner and control greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture ponds to mitigate climate change.