高温技术是我国古陶瓷科技发展史上最重要的技术成就之一,而古陶瓷测温是古陶瓷研究领域中的核心研究内容.热膨胀法具有比较直接和精确判定古陶瓷烧成温度的特点,然尚存在部分标本测量误差较大等问题.鉴于此,本研究充分考虑我国南北方古瓷胎组成配方和结构性能特点,运用实验考古学方法模拟制备具有我国古陶瓷典型瓷胎配方和不同烧结状态的标准参考样,采用热膨胀仪科学化表征瓷胎重烧热膨胀曲线上转折点与其化学组成、烧成温度间的耦合关系,并深入剖析其影响规律及内在机理,同时确立瓷胎化学组成中Al2 O3 含量和自身烧结状态是影响热膨胀法判定古陶瓷烧成温度准确性和适用性的关键技术参数.本研究有助于科学化认知现有热膨胀测温方法,补充和完善使用热膨胀仪判定古陶瓷烧成温度的方法和理论体系.

本文是对以铁为着色剂的高温褐彩瓷为对象的研究.首先利用实验考古学方法,模拟烧制釉上褐彩瓷及釉下褐彩瓷,然后通过OCT技术无损观测模拟样品的断面结构、揭示不同施彩工艺的特点,并采用光学显微镜方法加以辅助证明,初步建立了中国传统褐彩瓷釉上釉下施彩工艺的无损判别标准.基于此标准,本文还对古代磁州窑褐彩瓷的施彩工艺进行了成功判别.同时,该项工作的实施,也为古陶瓷高温彩绘工艺研究提供了一种客观、无损的新思路.

以热膨胀仪判定建窑黑瓷烧成温度的研究为例,综合运用多种测试方法对建窑黑瓷标本进行了系统研究,探讨如何从建窑黑瓷胎体重烧热膨胀曲线中筛选有效转折点的问题及其转折点的形成原因.研究表明:(1)建窑黑瓷胎体重烧热膨胀曲线上有三个转折点,分别为收缩转折点、膨胀转折点和急剧收缩点.其中第一个收缩转折点是判定其古代烧成温度的关键点.(2)建窑黑瓷胎体重烧热膨胀曲线上膨胀转折点和急剧收缩点的形成皆与其胎体中大量Fe203在高温下发生分解反应有关.该研究不仅为热膨胀仪测定建窑黑瓷烧成温度的应用研究提供判定依据,也将为科学认识古陶瓷胎体重烧热膨胀曲线上多个转折点的形成机理提供数据支持.

中国古代高温釉中钙质原料的来源历来是古陶瓷原料研究的重点,以往多以瓷釉中的磷、锰、镁等元素含量及锶同位素的差别作为判别依据.结合模拟实验,从显微分析的角度,总结典型高温釉显微结构特征,探索钙质原料的判别标准,并以春秋战国原始瓷、五代越窑、宋代官窑、元代龙泉窑及明代御窑厂的典型瓷釉为例加以验证.结果表明:高温釉中的高磷高钙相由于尺寸小、数量少,在以往显微结构研究中常被忽略;高磷高钙相与草木灰密切相关,对判定钙质原料来源能够提供直接证据.对古代瓷釉中高磷高钙相的显微形貌及含量的统计分析,可了解不同时期钙质原料发展变化规律.

草木灰是我国历代高温釉中不可缺少的原料,对传统陶瓷的烧制具有非常重要的作用.在常见的草木灰中,木灰因组成稳定而得到广泛采用.为了揭示制釉木灰的颗粒成分及显微结构特征,本文利用大样品室环境扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱对河南栎树及其烧制而成的栎树灰进行了显微结构观察和微区元素组成分析.结果 表明:①栎树原木中Ca的分布是不均匀的,Ca含量由多到少,依次为木射线、晚材及早材部分;②栎树原木中Ca是以致密的草酸钙方晶形式存在,晶体尺寸在10～30微米之间,晶体以菱形、正方形、长方形、三角形等晶型为主;③根据组成和形貌的差别,栎树灰中至少存在四类不同颗粒:第一类,高钙颗粒;第二类,高镁高钾颗粒;第三类,高锰颗粒;第四类,高铁颗粒;④根据四类颗粒的数量、性能及形状的差异,可知栎树灰是一类高钙树木灰,其主要颗粒均匀、成分稳定单一;木灰中的杂质成分,如高铁颗粒较少,约为5％;其性能的波动主要来自其中所含的高镁高钾颗粒,约为15％;而其中的高锰颗粒,是栎树灰的特有物相颗粒,约占到10％.对制釉木灰成分和结构特征分析将为古陶瓷传统制釉工艺的研究与再现提供参考.

传世哥窑的产地问题一直都是备受大家关注和争议的焦点,本文的研究主要针对这一问题,通过对原故宫博物院藏的传世哥窑器物的无损分析,结合浙江、河南、江西等相关窑址瓷片测试分析结果,采用多元统计分析处理胎釉元素组成,对传世哥窑的产地进行初步判定.同时,也采用了光学显微镜、分光光度计、扫描电镜等分析设备对该传世哥窑洗釉的显微结构、釉色、金丝铁线进行了无损分析研究.

This paper makes an analysis of the white and dusty gray substances causing the diseases and damages to the green-glazed tiles from 46 selected Chinese historical architectures nationwide by means of optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), summing up the following results: The corrosive substances on the surface of the tiles are the mixture of pyromorphite and lead sulfate with loose and alveolate structure, which develop downward the layers of glaze; A lot of lead working as network modifier tends to leach under the effect of copper which serves as a green colorant for glaze. In addition, the lead ions leaching out of the glaze react with anionic components like phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine from atmosphere dust to form the corrosive substances left over on the glaze.

Different types of pores were verified in architectural glazed tile of Ming and Qing dynasty in China.The micro-structure of the architectural glazed tile was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,and pores in the body were analyzed.The results show that pores in the body of the architectural glazed tile have four types: pothole,crevices between temper fragment and paste matrix,micro-crevices between clay minerals,and lathy crack below the glaze.The features of these four pores are described in the paper,and the causes are listed and analyzed respectively.

Ancient architectural glazed tile was not only a traditional Chinese architectural style and an important part of the iconic elements of Chinese architectural culture,but also an important protective barrier to ancient buildings.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy were used on Beijing Forbidden City Qing dynasty architectural glazed tile,to research on the element content, micro-structure and phase composition of the middle layer between the matrix and glaze,and to research on the relation between the middle layer and the glaze peel off.The research results showed that Silicon,Aluminum and Potassium in the matrix diffuse,fuse and penetrate to glaze, and Lead in glaze diffuse, fuse and penetrate to matrix in the glaze firing process.The middle layer that composed by crystal layer and corroded layer formed between the matrix and glaze after glaze firing.The needle-like crystal should be Lead-feldspar.And there was no obvious relation found between the thickness of the middle layer and the anti-peel off ability of the architectural glazed tile.

Jun kiln is one of the most famous kilns in China,known to the world for its opalescence and furnace transmutation glaze color.In a variety of glaze colors,the moonwhite glaze of the Jun got much more people's favor for its jade-like appearance,for its unique artistic charm.In this study,moonwhite glaze samples excavated from Juntai kiln sites Yuxian Henan were analyzed to investigate microstructure and its composition of the interaction between body and glaze by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The result demonstrates that the moonwhite glaze is a multi-phase system,which is composed of phase-separation structure,crystals and bubbles.The formation of the moonwhite glaze opalescence and the influences of the microstructure upon the artistic effect of the appearance of glaze are discussed.

In this paper,the Guan-typed wares of the Ming and Qing dynasties collected in the Palace Museum were chosen for nondestructive analyses to find out the chemical compositions of their bodies and glazes with non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer.As a result of study of the properties of the wares,along with the chemical compositions of the glazes,comparison of the chemical compositions between the Song-dynasty Guan wares and the Ming and Qing Guan-typed wares,this paper makes an explicit statement of the glaze characteristics and styles of the Guan-typed wares of the Ming and Qing dynasties.