Depression is a common mental illness with prolonged periods of low mood that affects billions of people around the world. Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) has the potential value in treating nervous system disease. Nevertheless, the potential antidepressant effects and molecular mechanism of GE that fermented by Armillaria gallica (FG) remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-depressant-like effect and action mechanism of Armillaria gallica fermented Gastrodia elata Blume (FG). The results showed that the content of gastrodin (GAS) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) were increased by 3.8 and 1 times after fermented by A. gallica. The administration of FG could significantly improve the depressant-like behavior and ameliorate neuronal damage and apoptosis by decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors via the "brain-gut" axis. Meantime, FG could improve the gut microbiota imbalance and increase the richness of beneficial bacteria, Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio. The serum metabolomics analysis showed that FG can regulate cAMP signaling pathway and tryptophan metabolic pathways to improve depressive symptoms. Notably, the Western blotting results confirmed that the FG could regulate the phosphorylation of CREB and ERK proteins, decrease the NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, and CaMKIIα proteins expression, and increase the NMDAR2B, PSD-95, and Syn1 expression to exerting the anti-depressant effect. In this study, a novel fermentation strategy that could improve the active ingredient content of GE has been developed with significantly anti-depressant-like effects, suggesting that FG could be used as a functional food to improve depressive symptoms in the future.

IntroductionRosa roxbunghii pomace (RRP), a by-product of R. roxbunghii processing, remains largely underutilized. Given the increasing demand for sustainable and resource-efficient mushroom cultivation methods, exploring RRP as a mushroom cultivation medium could not only address waste management issues but also potentially enhance the quality of cultivated mushrooms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RRP at different proportions on the yield and volatile flavor compounds of Lentinula edodes, and to optimize the formula of the cultivation substrate.MethodsDifferent proportions of RRP were incorporated into the cultivation substrate of Lentinula edodes to form various test formulas. The mushroom yield of each formula was measured by counting the harvested weight per cultivation bag. Advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze the volatile flavor profiles of the mushrooms cultivated under different formulas. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to explore the differences in volatile flavor substances among formulas and compared with the control group.ResultsAmong the tested formulas, a mixture containing 30% RRP (Formula 2) showed the highest yield, reaching 0.85 kg per cultivation bag, significantly outperforming other formulas. GC-MS analysis revealed distinct volatile flavor profiles for each formula. Formula 2 was characterized by its unique flavor attributes, with 1-octen-3-ol accounting for 29.16% of the relative content, a key compound contributing to the umami flavor of mushrooms. PCA results further confirmed that the volatile flavor substances of Formula 2 were significantly different from those of the control group.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that incorporating RRP into mushroom cultivation substrates can enhance both yield and flavor characteristics of L. edodes. The optimal formulation (30% RRP) not only supported maximum productivity but also contributed to a more desirable aroma profile. This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach to repurposing agricultural waste, adding value to both mushroom production and resource utilization.

This study isolated five acid-producing strains (XQ1 and YZ1–YZ4) from naturally fermented pomace of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) in Guizhou’s karst region. Genetic and phenotypic analyses identified XQ1, YZ2, and YZ4 as Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), YZ3 as Weissella cibaria, and YZ1 as Bacillus licheniformis. A comparative evaluation with commercial strain AC revealed that XQ1, YZ2, and YZ4 exhibited superior acidification (reaching the stationary phase at 40 h) and tolerance to acidic conditions (pH 3.0), ethanol (6% v/v), bile salts (0.3%), and osmotic stress (6.5% NaCl), along with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their cell-free supernatants (CFSs) showed comparable superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity (2.54–2.66 FeSO4·7H2O eq mmol/L) to AC (2.68), with DPPH radical scavenging exceeding 50%. YZ3 displayed weaker acid production, tolerance, and limited antimicrobial effects. Safety assessments confirmed non-hemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility. In conclusion, the L. plantarum strains XQ1, YZ2, and YZ4 demonstrated strong ensiling potential and remarkable probiotic properties, establishing them as promising indigenous microbial resources for the preservation of RRT pomace and other food products.

Composting is regarded as an effective treatment to converts waste organic matter into fertilizer. However, nitrogen loss is a serious problem in composting. This study evaluated the effects of addition of lignite, phosphogypsum, or biochar at a ratio of 10

Three new polyketides, actinofuranones J (1) and K (2), nocapyrone S (3), with one known compound nocapyrone Q (4) were isolated from the culture broth of a Karst cave-derived Streptomyces sp. (FD-2-6). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data, HR-MS and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. The antitumour and antibacterial activities of 1-4 were investigated by examining their IC50 and MIC values in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and human cervical cancer Hela cells, and Klebsiella pneumoniae sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis sp, Escherichia coli sp, Staphylococcus aureus sp. Compounds 1-4 showed weak inhibitory effect on antitumour activity on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and human cervical cancer Hela cells.

This study explores the anti-inflammatory potential of an endophytic fungus, Trametes versicolor CL-1, isolated from the fruit tissues of Rosa roxburghii. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the identity of CL-1. An ethyl acetate extract (CL-E) from its fermentation broth was subjected to UPLC-HRMS and GNPS molecular networking. The analysis revealed a diverse array of secondary metabolites, including 11 terpenes, 7 flavonoids, 10 cinnamic acid derivatives, 6 oligopeptides, and 9 fatty acids, as verified by LC-MS/MS. Notably, CL-E exhibited significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, molecular docking studies predicted favorable binding interactions of key compounds 1 within CL-E with the NLRP3 inflammasome (PDB ID: 6NPY). These findings suggest T. versicolor CL-1 as a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory agents and unveil R. roxburghii as a potential reservoir for discovering novel bioactive metabolites.

In order to enable high-value disposal and proper preservation of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit pomace for waste valorization, ensiling was carried out to preserve Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit pomace (RRTP) for 60 days at different inoculation amounts of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) (0, 5 × 105 CFU g−1, 2.5 × 106 CFU g−1 and 1.25 × 107 CFU g−1, per gram of fresh RRTP, named the CK, Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively). Further, the effects of different inoculation amount of L. plantarum on antioxidant status, chemical composition and sensory quality of RRTP were evaluated. The results showed that Group 2 and Group 3 increased antioxidant capacity and the proportion of total phenols (P < 0.01) in RRTP silage compared with control. Moreover, yeasts and molds were not found in Group 2 and Group 3. In addition, the two groups exhibited the best sensory quality. Overall, the right amount of L. plantarum addition could offer a sustainable, eco-friendly process to preserve RRTP and improve the quality of RRTP silage.

Abstract Aims Capsicum annuum L. is a widely cultivated horticultural crop known for its pungent varieties and culinary significance. However, the production of chili pepper has been hindered by soil continuous cropping obstacles. Methods In this study, we investigated the potential of differential fertilizer application, specifically the combination of homemade humic acid organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and Bacillus subtilis, in improving soil conditions and microbial activity to alleviate the soil continuous cropping obstacles in chili pepper cultivation. The experiment focused on evaluating the effects of the differential fertilizer application on soil physicochemical properties, including electrical conductivity and enzyme activities (urease, hydrogen peroxide, phosphatase, and sucrase), as well as cation exchange capacity. Additionally, the microbial community in the soil was also examined. Results The application of the differential fertilizer significantly improved soil conditions. The electrical conductivity was reduced, indicating a decrease in soil salinity. Enzyme activities, such as urease, hydrogen peroxide, phosphatase, and sucrase, exhibited increased levels, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and availability. Moreover, the cation exchange capacity was unaffected by the differential fertilizer application. Microbial analysis revealed positive changes in the soil microbial community, indicating a potential improvement in soil health. Conclusions These findings highlight the effectiveness of the differential fertilizer application, consisting of homemade humic acid organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and Bacillus subtilis, in mitigating soil continuous cropping obstacles in chili pepper cultivation. The improved soil conditions and enhanced microbial activity contribute to the sustainability and productivity of chili pepper production.

This study aimed to assess Epimedium herba residue (EHR) as a bulking agent for lignite and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) co-composting to develop a soil amendment/fertilizer as an alternative to current management practices (disposal in landfalls). Composting was performed in a 150-L composting box using different ratios of EHR (0, 10%, 20% and 30% of the sum of lignite and SMS, named the T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively). Finally, the produced compost was used in pepper cultivation to evaluate the effect of the produced compost on cadmium accumulation in pepper fruits through pot experiments. Composting worked best in T4. Characteristic temperature profiles consisting of a 2-day mesophilic phase, an 8-day thermophilic phase (maximum of 50–63 °C) and a 20-day second mesophilic phase (27–50 °C) were observed in T4, while T1 showed a 0-day thermophilic phase. After composting for 30 days, a stabilized and mature fertilizer (pH 7.5–7.6; total organic matter 454.8–468.9 g kg−1; 1.7% N; 8.9–9.1 g kg−1 P2O5; 8.9–9.2 g kg−1 K2O; C/N ratio of 15–16; electrical conductivity 2.9–3.4 mS cm−1 and seed germination index 153–199) was obtained in T3 and T4. The final compost of T3 and T4 greatly reduced the accumulation of cadmium in pepper. EHR as a bulking agent for lignite and SMS co-composting provides a safe and sustainable approach to deal with the EHR. The best percentage of EHR was recommended at a dry weight ratio of 20–30% (percentage of total weight of lignite and SMS).

以天麻为主要原料配以西洋参、枸杞子制备天麻酒.采用天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1的溶出率之和为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面试验设计探讨原料粒径、浸泡时间、料液比对天麻酒渗漉工艺的影响,并采用小鼠模型分析天麻酒对小鼠肝组织的影响.结果表明,天麻酒最佳渗漉工艺为:原料粒径50目、浸泡时间6 h、料液比1:9(g:mL).在此优化条件下,4种功能成分的溶出率之和为3.59mg/g.动物实验结果显示,天麻酒与普通酒相比能显著降低肝组织中的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、丙二醛、白细胞介素-4、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和前列腺素E2,提高超氧化物歧化酶的活性(P＜0.05),对因酒精摄入导致的肝损伤有减缓作用.

为研究黄芪药渣对贵州黑山羊生长性能、免疫功能和肉品质的影响,试验选取平均体重(15.0±1.0)kg、3月龄、雄性羔羊16只,随机为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只.对照组(CT组)不添加黄芪药渣(AMBR),G1、G2、G3组分别在日粮中添加5％、10％、15％的AMBR.预试验期10 d,正式期90 d.结果表明:G3组的终末体重、胴体重及屠宰率均显著高于CT和G1组(P<0.05),最终体重分别增加了24.86％和21.05％,胴体重分别增加了36.55％和26.95％,屠宰率分别增加了9.32％和4.83％;G3组料重比显著低于CT组(P<0.01),降低了28.69％;G2、G3组血清免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA)水平极显著高于CT组(P<0.01),其中G2组与CT组相比,IgG、IgM和IgA分别提高了185.77％、31.16％、46.05％,G3组与CT组相比,IgG、IgM和IgA分别提高了264.79％、25.03％、28.74％.;此外,G1、G2、G3组肉质与CT组无显著差异(P>0.05).综上所述,在常规日粮中添加15％AMBR可提高贵州黑山羊的生长性能及免疫力,并且对肉质不会产生负面影响.

利用多元统计分析构建气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)数据与抗氧化活性的相关性,进而阐明艾叶挥发油抗氧化活性的主要成分类群.采用GC-MS法结合三种抗氧化活性方法,利用灰色关联度和聚类分析法分析GC-MS色谱图与抗氧化活性的谱效关系.结果表明,10产地艾叶挥发油组分相对含量介于73.906％～92.234％间.DPPH自由基IC50值、ABTS+与FRAP均值分别介于0.762～3.080 mg/mL、0.3972～0.9688 mmol/g、0.1308～0.2597 mmol/L.基于谱效关系分析,单萜、倍半萜是艾叶挥发油抗氧化活性的主要贡献者,关联度最高为0.934.

为探究充分循环利用刺梨果渣,实现刺梨果渣资源化和零废弃利用.将刺梨果渣用于食用菌(平菇)栽培,以平菇作为附加值产品产出,降解刺梨果渣中的木质纤维.基于食用菌平菇对刺梨果渣的降解,分析刺梨果渣菌糠用于反刍动物饲料的可能,并将刺梨果渣菌糠与丙烯酸接枝共聚,用于制备复合高吸水树材料.结果表明,最佳配方组中刺梨果渣栽培平菇生物学转化率为103.5％,栽培出的平菇营养价值丰富,且重金属远低于国际食品安全标准;通过食用菌平菇降解木质纤维素后,刺梨果渣可用于反刍动物饲料,相对饲料值RFV由51.9升高至94.4;通过优化反应条件,刺梨菌糠制备所得的复合高吸水材料在蒸馏水和0.9％的NaCl溶液中的吸水率分别为285.1g·g-1,41.7g·g-1,而直接采用刺梨果渣进行接枝共聚不能制备复合高吸水树脂.使用FT-IR、EDS对复合高吸水树材料进行结构表征,进一步证明丙烯酸成功接枝到菌糠上.通过食用菌平菇降解刺梨果渣中的木质纤维素,可使刺梨果渣得到资源化有效利用.

通过食用菌茶树菇发酵刺梨果渣,提高可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量,探究制备所得刺梨果渣SDF的润肠通便功能,为综合开发利用刺梨果渣膳食纤维提供依据.方法:在单因素的基础上,根据Box-Behnken实验设计对发酵培养基配方进行优化以提高SDF得率;将KM小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、SDF低(ig.0.25 g/kg·bw)、中(ig.0.50 g/kg·bw)、高剂量组(ig.1 g/kg·bw),以复方地芬诺酯建立便秘模型,连续灌胃14 d后通过测定小肠墨汁推进率、首粒黑便排出时间、6 h内排黑便粒数及重量,分析其对小鼠润肠通便功能的影响.结果:最佳制备工艺条件为氯化钙添加量1％、氯化钾添加量0.60％、糖添加量4％、液料比7:1;在此条件下刺梨果渣SDF得率为5.86％,较比未发酵原果渣SDF提高了68.78％.动物实验结果显示,在便秘模型构建成功的基础上,SDF各剂量组均有改善小鼠便秘情况的作用,其中高剂量组作用效果最明显.结论:采用食用菌茶树菇发酵刺梨果渣SDF的制备工艺合理、经济简便,所得产品具有良好的润肠通便功能.

为合理利用刺梨加工副产物,进一步提高刺梨果渣的可溶性膳食纤维得率,改善其理化特性,以经食用菌发酵后的刺梨果渣为原料,采用碱法提取,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验方法确定最佳提取条件.结果表明:制取刺梨果渣可溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺为料液比1:25(g/mL),氢氧化钠浓度10 g/L,提取温度70℃,提取时间70 min,此条件下可溶性膳食纤维得率为17.36％±0.74％.碱法提取后的刺梨果渣膨胀力、持水力和持油力均比原果渣有所提高.

Carbonyl-containing dihydrobenzofurans/dihydrobenzopyrans were prepared from carbonyl-containing ortho-allyl/prenylphenols by activation of phenolic oxygen atom using polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Various substrates were investigated, and the corresponding dihydrobenzofurans/dihydrobenzopyrans were obtained in good to excellent yields.

The water solubilization method was used to study the phase behavior of microemulsion. The adsorption of surfactants on sand particles was investigated at different salinities. The effects of surfactants on soils microbial growth were evaluated.

以环氧氯丙烷（1）和NaHSO 3 为原料,Na 2 SO 3 为引发剂,乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA-2Na）为络合增效剂,经酸催化开环反应合成了磺酸型两性表面活性剂中间体——3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠（2）,其结构经~1H NMR,IR和ESI-MS确证。在最佳反应条件[1 0.55 mol,n（NaHSO 3 ）∶n（Na 2 SO 3 ）∶n（EDTA-2Na）∶n（H2O）=1.00∶0.04∶0.01∶9.50,1的滴加时间15 min,在适宜的转速（前期100 rpm,后期300 rpm）下,于70℃（浴温）反应1.25 h]下合成的2,收率81.55%。并对反应机理进行了推测。

探索了在铬鞣过程添加水性超支化聚酯(HBP)来提高铬吸收率的可行性.所用水性聚合物可以与铬离子很好地配位,因此添加HBP将显著提高普通铬粉的耐碱稳定性.同时还考察了HBP添加量和添加时间对铬鞣过程铬吸收率和成革品质的影响.试验发现,占铬粉用量7.5％ (w/w)的HBP随提碱剂添加对提高铬吸收率有最佳的效果.在不改变传统工艺的情况下,HBP的添加不仅能提高铬吸收率,而且还提高了成革的热稳定性和拉伸强度,有效降低废液中的铬含量;并能在保证成革品质的前提下,将现行工艺中的铬粉用量减少20％左右.因此,其在清洁化制革上具有很高的应用价值.