The deformations revealed by us in the ancient buildings of the village of Tsymyti indicate very strong seismic oscillations. The displacement of a block weighing 25 t against the slope of the relief indicates very strong accelerations of the soil—more than 1 g. Thus, the local intensity of seismic oscillations is at least Il = IX–X. In the walls of ancestral towers and burial crypts, it is possible to identify a significant number of extended interblock cracks, tilts, and collapses of walls and their parts. Rotations of building elements and deformations of window openings are also revealed. The distribution of the tilts of the walls shows their general declination to the west. According to the same azimuth, the abovementioned multiton block was ejected. The deformation of the window openings also took place in the walls of the sublatitudinal orientation, i.e., possibly from the western direction. The age of the towers in Tsymyti has two periods: 15th–16th centuries (use in the construction of dry masonry without cement) and 16th–17th centuries (use of masonry with cement mortar). It is possible that the change in the type of construction was caused by a seismic event. The same earthquake, apparently, damaged the Dzivgis fortress, located lower down the valley of the Fiagdon River. The trend of the outer wall of the fortress coincided with the direction of seismic oscillations (along the east-northeast–west-southwest axis), which approximately coincides with the sublatitudinal direction of seismic oscillation in Tsymyti. The first earthquake probably also damaged the Gutnov family tower in Dzivgis, built in the 15th–16th centuries. The tower was mostly repaired, and the cracks visible in the walls of the tower to this day appeared in it during the second earthquake, which apparently caused the destruction of buildings in the village of Dzivgis. The age of these buildings dates back to the 18th–19th centuries. The age of the necropolis in Tsymyti was determined by archaeologists as the 17th–18th centuries. Heavily destroyed crypts are apparently a consequence of the second earthquake in the region. The crypts that received minor damage are probably the result of the third earthquake. In Dzivgis, in the 19th century, the third earthquake led to a rockfall that deformed the metal cemetery fences; this seismic event occurred after 1878. Additional field and desk studies are necessary for a more complete parameterization of ancient seismic events, as well as the localization of ancient epicentral zones in certain structures of the crust of the region.

Our archaeoseismological studies of the ruins of a medieval Christian temple located at the foot of Kilisa–Kaya Mountain in the southeast of the Crimean Peninsula have shown that the building structures have obvious traces of significant seismic damages: tilts, shifts, and rotations of both entire building elements and individual stone blocks or their packages. Extended subvertical interblock cracks break the walls of the temple to their entire residual height. Oblique cracks that occur under conditions of longitudinal compression cut elongated building blocks. The stone pavement of the temple is also damaged: there are depressions in it. Judging by the fact that the temple was repaired, and sections of the repaired walls were also deformed, the structure was affected by two seismic events. The last of them left traces in the apse and the northern portal. Seismic oscillations spread in the sublatitudinal direction. The damage caused by this earthquake apparently includes shifts and tilts of brickwork in the submeridionally oriented walls, as well as the loss of domed and arched parts of the building. The first earthquake led to the appearance of deformations (shifts) in the walls of the sublatitudinal strike, after which the temple was repaired. The second seismic event, apparently, led to the formation of a landslide in the upper reaches of the dry creek in the valley of which the temple was located. The lake formed above the dam once broke through the barrier, and a mudslide passed down the valley. The mudflow material filled the interior of the temple and formed sediments around the building. Mudslide deposits covered and preserved the walls of the temple, as well as deformations in them for hundreds of years. Judging by the severity of the damage to the religious building, built with special quality, the intensity of seismic oscillations during both seismic events was at least VIII points. The exact dates of the construction of the temple and the earthquakes still need to be clarified, for which further research of the monument is necessary. Since its construction is tentatively dated from the second half of the 12th century to the first half of the 13th century, the first earthquake occurred after the specified date. It is known that the temple was almost completely buried under a layer of soil by the end of the 18th century. Accordingly, the second seismic event can be dated to this time.

This paper is devoted to study of the issues of the seismic hazard and danger of mud volcanism in the Taman Peninsula in Krasnodar krai. The tectonic structure and the active tectonics directly responsible for strong earthquakes in the region are considered. Ruins of the ancient Greek city of Hermonassa and the city of Tmutarakan located above—the Saltovo–Mayak (Khazar) archaeological section have been studied. Traces of strong seismic events have been found in the ruins of both cities; some of them led to the abandonment of settlements by ancient inhabitants. The study results obtained for some volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula and their relation to certain active tectonic structures are reported.

С помощью археосейсмологического метода в 2023 г. исследовался археологический памятник в восточной части Иссык-Кульской котловины. В Сан-Ташском средневековом караван-сарае были выявлены и замерены горизонтальные смещения стен по разрывам, оползание башен по сейсморвам и наклоны, выдвижения и обрушения стен. Источником сейсмических подвижек стала одна из сейсмогенерирующих зон, проходивших поблизости (Талдысуйская или Южно-Иссыккульская). Интенсивность сейсмических колебаний, судя по горизонтальным смещениям стен караван-сарая, составляла не менее I,≥ IX баллов. Возможный возраст сейсмического события, приведшего к разрушению и покиданию средневекового поселения, - XI-XI11 вв. Это время последних подвижек по Южно-Иссыккульскому разлому (его восточной части - Каркаринскому разлому). Полученные материалы помогут уточнить сейсмическую опасность Северного Прииссыккулья, продлить архив сейсмических катастроф вглубь веков, а также определить влияние сильных землетрясений на развитие цивилизации в Тянь-Шане. Эти данные станут дополнением к созданию Новой карты сейсмического районирования Кыргызской Республики, а также помогут понять характер сейсмотектонических деформаций и местоположения очагов сильных землетрясений в постплатформенных орогенах, таких как Алтай, Саяны и Тянь-Шань.

Актуальность работы определяется назревшей необходимостью разработки принципиально новой сейсмотектонической модели Большого Кавказа, в содержание которой, помимо пространственных параметров и сейсмического потенциала зон возможных очагов землетрясений, должны войти повторяемость землетрясений с Ммакс и кинематика прогнозных смещений в очаге на основе прямых данных. Цель работы заключается в получении озвученных параметров для очаговой зоны в южном подножии Скалистого хребта. Методы исследования: георадарное профилирование, методы палео-, архео- и исторической сейсмологии, сориентированные на получение конкретных параметров очагов палео- и исторических землетрясений. Эти методы позволяют подойти к проблеме реконструкции долговременного сейсмического режима на основе прямых данных о возрасте и масштабах проявления конкретных сейсмических событий за представительный интервал времени. Результаты работы. В руинах заброшенного селения Ацонага обнаружены следы полного разрушения, имеющие четкие признаки сильных сейсмических воздействий с интенсивностью 9–10 баллов. Обнаружены первичные сейсмотектонические разрывы, которые образуют закономерный правосдвиговый структурный ансамбль и дважды смещали древнюю дорогу на 0.9–1.1 м (предпоследнее событие) и 0.6–0.8 м (последнее событие). До этих двух последних подвижек смещения в голоцене происходили неоднократно и привели к правому сдвигу 1-ой надпойменной террасы долины р. Фиагдон на 8–11 м. Имеющиеся данные позволяют полагать, что за последние 600–700 лет произошло два сильных землетрясения с М≥6.8, М≥6.6 и положением очага в подножии Скалистого хребта. В опубликованных источниках и материалах из центральных архивов содержатся сведения о сильном землетрясении 23 февраля 1785 г. Очаг землетрясения располагался в горах Большого Кавказа, к югу от Моздока, где были зафиксированы максимальные макросейсмические эффекты – 7–8 баллов. Предположительно, данный очаг и был изучен в осетинском селении Ацонага. Исследования в соседних котловинах Северо-юрской внутригорной впадины и привлечение более широкого круга исторических источников, вполне вероятно, уточнят параметры последнего землетрясения. The relevance of the paper is determined by the urgent need to develop a fundamentally new seismotectonic model of the Greater Caucasus. Its content in addition to the spatial parameters and seismic potential of zones of possible earthquake sources, should include the recurrence of earthquakes with Mmax and the kinematics of predicted displacements in the source based on direct data. The aim of the work is to obtain parameters for the source zone at the southern foot of the Skalisty Range. Research methods: georadar profiling, methods of paleo-, archeo- and historical seismology, focused on obtaining specific parameters of the sources of paleo- and historical earthquakes. These methods make it possible to approach the problem of reconstructing a long-term seismic regime based on direct data on the age and scale of occurrence of specific seismic events over a representative time interval. Results. In the ruins of the abandoned village Atsonaga, the effects of complete seismic destruction were found; intensity – IX-X. Primary seismotectonic ruptures were discovered, which form a regular right-lateral strike-slip structural pattern and twice displaced the ancient road by 0.9–1.1 m (the penultimate event) and 0.6–0.8 m (the last event). Before these last two events, displacements occurred repeatedly in the Holocene and led to a dextral displacement of the 1st terrace of the Fiagdon river at 8–11 m. Available data suggest that over the past 600–700 years there have been two strong earthquakes with M≥6.8, M≥6.6 and the location of the source at the foot of the Skalisty Range. Published sources and materials from central archives contain information about a strong earthquake on February 23, 1785. The source of the earthquake was located in the Greater Caucasus Mountains, south of Mozdok, where the maximum macroseismic effects VII-VIII were recorded. Possibly, this seismic source was studied in the Ossetian ancient village Atsonaga. Research in the neighboring basins of the North Jurassic intramountain basin and the use of a wider range of historical sources will likely clarify the parameters of the last earthquake.

We revealed traces of two earthquakes of the 10th and 12th centuries at six objects of the Afrasiab archaeological site. These traces include numerous ruptures and fractures that form a “flower” structure, a subsided graben, and the slopes and turns of fragments of fortress walls. The type of the deformation indicates that the epicenter of the earthquake of the 10th century was located to the west-southwest of the ancient city; the epicenter of the earthquake of the 12th century was to the south-southwest of it. The intensity of both events was VIII–IX points on the MSK-64 scale.

On February 6, 2023, an Mw 7.9 earthquake occurred in the western section of the East Anatolia Fault Zone (EAFZ). It was subsequently followed by an Mw 7.7 earthquake on the northern branch of the EAFZ, known as the Sürgü Fault Zone. Coseismic deformation fields were derived for these earthquakes using joint evaluation of near-field strong motion data, Global Navigation Satellite System data, and Synthetic Aperture Radar datasets. The coseismic slip distribution model was determined through the joint kinematic finite fault inversion. The Mw 7.9 earthquake was a left-lateral strike-slip event, predominantly occurring at depths up to 20 km. The earthquake displayed three distinct asperities that correlate well with bends and stepovers along the EAFZ. The Mw 7.7 earthquake also exhibited left-lateral strike-slip characteristics, with a major asperity along the Çardak Fault featuring a maximum slip of approximately 9.5 m at depths between 0 and 24 km. The occurrence of this unanticipated large Mw 7.9 catastrophic seismic event on a fault with low-intermediate structural maturity is noteworthy. In the vicinity of immature faults with multiple jogs, stress tends to accumulate at barrier locations. When the accumulated stress near several adjacent barriers reaches a certain threshold, it may result in the transformation of multiple barriers into asperities, triggering cascading ruptures.

This study reports comprehensive research (archeological, archaeo- and paleo-seismological, as well as georadar profiling), which enabled us to find out the cause of destruction for the South Churubash settlement (a big manor in the chora around the town of Nymphaion) in eastern Crimea. A strong seismic event whose possible rupture went along the southwestern boundary of the Churubash Liman, which is a segment of the Parpach–Taman active fault, led to the formation of landslide bodies southwest of the rupture. The nearly north–south plane of scar for one of these has traversed the ancient settlement through its middle, having produced a visible flexure in the juvenile soil of this archeological monument—an earthquake-induced gravitational deformation. Large seismic slip at the fault plane had destroyed all structures and led to large deformations in the lower rows of the masonry: tilts, shifts, and rotations of parts of the walls—earthquake-induced inertial deformations. Considering that the earthquake rupture was nearby, and that all houses have been destroyed in the settlement, we hypothesize that the manor was caught in the epicentral zone of an ancient earthquake where the intensity of seismic motion was at least Io ≥ IX. Judging by the findings of amphorae brands, black glazed pottery, as well as of a Bosporus coin, this large manor in the chora of Nymphaion came to the end of its existence owing to a strong earthquake and a fire in the beginning of the fourth quarter of the 4th century BC. We may have previously observed traces of this earthquake in Nymphaion: as an example, the structures of Nymphaion dating back to the 5th—4th centuries BC had been completely or partly destroyed. Further surveys of active geological structures and archeological monuments would enable a more accurate parameterization of the seismic event identified in this study, which would serve the purpose of a more accurate assessment of earthquake hazard for the Crimean Peninsula.

Актуальность работы определяется назревшей необходимостью разработки принципиально новой сейсмотектонической модели Большого Кавказа, в содержание которой, помимо пространственных параметров и сейсмического потенциала зон возможных очагов землетрясений, должны войти повторяемость землетрясений с Ммакс и кинематика прогнозных смещений в очаге на основе прямых данных. Цель работы заключается в получении озвученных параметров для очаговой зоны в южном подножии Скалистого хребта. Методы исследования: георадарное профилирование, методы палео-, архео- и исторической сейсмологии, сориентированные на получение конкретных параметров очагов палео- и исторических землетрясений. Эти методы позволяют подойти к проблеме реконструкции долговременного сейсмического режима на основе прямых данных о возрасте и масштабах проявления конкретных сейсмических событий за представительный интервал времени. Результаты работы. В руинах заброшенного селения Ацонага обнаружены следы полного разрушения, имеющие четкие признаки сильных сейсмических воздействий с интенсивностью 9–10 баллов. Обнаружены первичные сейсмотектонические разрывы, которые образуют закономерный правосдвиговый структурный ансамбль и дважды смещали древнюю дорогу на 0.9–1.1 м (предпоследнее событие) и 0.6–0.8 м (последнее событие). До этих двух последних подвижек смещения в голоцене происходили неоднократно и привели к правому сдвигу 1-ой надпойменной террасы долины р. Фиагдон на 8–11 м. Имеющиеся данные позволяют полагать, что за последние 600–700 лет произошло два сильных землетрясения с М≥6.8, М≥6.6 и положением очага в подножии Скалистого хребта. В опубликованных источниках и материалах из центральных архивов содержатся сведения о сильном землетрясении 23 февраля 1785 г. Очаг землетрясения располагался в горах Большого Кавказа, к югу от Моздока, где были зафиксированы максимальные макросейсмические эффекты – 7–8 баллов. Предположительно, данный очаг и был изучен в осетинском селении Ацонага. Исследования в соседних котловинах Северо-юрской внутригорной впадины и привлечение более широкого круга исторических источников, вполне вероятно, уточнят параметры последнего землетрясения.

Comprehensive studies (archaeological, archeo- and paleoseismological, georadar profiling) were carried out, which made it possible to establish the genesis of the destruction of the Yuzhno-Churubashskoe settlement (a large estate on the Nymphea Choir) in the Eastern Crimea. A strong seismic event with a possible focus along the southwestern limit of the Churubash estuary, one of the segments of the Parpach-Taman’ active fault, led to the formation of landslide bodies to the southwest of the fault. The submeridional plane of separation of one of them crossed the ancient settlement approximately in the middle, forming a visible flexure in the bedrock of the archaeological monument – a seismic-gravitational deformation. Strong seismic movements from the seismic source led to the collapse of all building structures and severe deformation of the preserved lower rows of masonry: tilts, horizontal shifts and rotations of parts of the walls – seismic-inertial deformations. Taking into account the proximity of the seismic focus and the severe destruction of all the buildings of the settlement, we assume that the estate fell into the epicenter zone of an ancient earthquake, where the intensity of seismic movements was at least Io ≥ IX points. Judging by the finds of amphoric stamps, chernolak ceramics, as well as a Bosporan coin, this large estate on the Nymphea Choir ceases to exist during a serious earthquake and a strong fire at the beginning of the fourth quarter of the IV century BC. It is possible that we observed traces of this earthquake earlier in Nymphaeum: the Nymphaeum structures built in the V–IV centuries BC were very seriously damaged – they were completely or partially destroyed. Further studies of active geological structures and archaeological sites will help to more accurately parameterize the identified seismic event, which will serve the purpose of a more accurate assessment of the seismic hazard of the Crimean Peninsula.

Seismic deformations in the ruins of the ancient town of Yangi Akhsi (Namangan oblast, Uzbekistan) have been studied: ruptures with displacement in the ground, collapses over considerable distances, tilts, shifts, and rotations of the parts of buildings, formed as a result of at least two late medieval earthquakes. They are associated with the activation of the North Ferghana flexure-rupture zone. Based on the assessment of the period of recurrence of earthquakes in this area, it is concluded that conditions have currently formed here for the occurrence of a seismic event with a magnitude of 6 or higher.

This article is devoted to seismic deformations in the walls of the ancient structures of the settlement of Belinskoe on the Kerch Peninsula, a frontier fortress and city in the Bosporan Kingdom. One distinctive feature of this work is its combination of a field survey of the archaeological ruins of the ancient fortress, the study of archival archaeological materials, and field geophysical works in the territory of the fortress and its immediate surroundings. As a result of the similar—and in many respects unique for Crimean archeology—combined methods of field archeology, archaeoseismology, paleoseismology, seismotectonics, and geophysics, a complex seismic history of the site is revealed and previously unknown earthquakes are described, some of which are dated with an accuracy of half a decade. The archeological monument and the area around it have experienced a total of at least three catastrophic earthquakes. The first one with intensity IL ≥ IX on the MSK-64 scale occurred before the construction of the fortress (no earlier than the beginning of the 2nd century); its epicentral area was in the territory and in the area of the site. The second earthquake, with intensity IL ≥ IX MSK-64, occurred in the third quarter of the 3rd century. The settlement of Belinskoe was in the epicenter of the earthquake. It occurred either immediately after the destruction of the fortress during war at the end of the first construction period or it created the prerequisites for a military disaster. The third earthquake dates between 318 and 322 and coincides with the end of the second construction period of the settlement. The territory of the monument was in its epicentral area. The earthquake magnitude was M = 7.0(±0.5) and the intensity was IL ≥ IX MSK-64. This data can be used for a new assessment of the seismic hazard of the Crimean Peninsula.

В 2021 г. выполнены археосейсмологические и геолого-геофизические исследования городища Казантип Восточный II и его окрестностей. В строительных остатках и естественном окружении городища выявлены и изучены как сейсмически наведённые, так и сейсмотектонические деформации, оставленные очагом сильного землетрясения. Сейсмический очаг вышел на поверхность в пределах городища в виде сейсмотектонического разрыва и сместил одну из его стен. Величина интенсивности сейсмических воздействий была не менее Io = 9 баллов по шкале МSК-64. Можно предположить, что на памятнике зафиксированы признаки выхода очага сильного землетрясения середины I в. до н. э. (63 г. до н. э.?).

Structural-geomorphological and paleoseismological methods were used to study morphostructures on the southern slope of the Kungei Ala-Too mountain range and in its southern foothills (adyrs). An analysis of radioisotope dates (radiocarbon and infrared luminescence) in paleoseismological trenches shows a lateral migration of vigorous seismic activity along the Kultor fault zone in the northern Issyk-Kul region. It has been confirmed that the contemporary high seismic activity concentrates in the adyr zone, and is confined to adyr faults. At least seven morphogenic earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone during Holocene time. The repeat time of morphogenic earthquakes was 200‒300 years in our era. It seems that this fault generated great seismic disasters with М ~ 7.5 (Io = Х) in the 7th and 15th centuries, with the rupture zones emerging at the surface and producing fault scarps up to 70‒80 km in length.

Morphostructures of the northern slope of the Kungey Ala-Too Range and its southern foothills (adyrs) were studied with use of tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology methods. Radioisotope (radiocarbon and luminescence) dating data analysis in dug trenches demonstrates the lateral migration of the strong seismic activity along the Kultor Fault zone (northern Issyk-Kul Lake region). It was confirmed that the strong recent seismic activity is concentrated in the adyr zone and located along adyr faults. At least 7 morphogenic earthquakes occurred along the fault zone during Holocene. During common era the reoccurrence of morphogenic earthquakes was 200‒300 years. The strongest seismic catastrophes with М ~ 7.5 (Io = Х) have been apparently occurred in VII and XV centuries along the disjunctive. During this event the seismic sources reached the surface forming the fault scarps with lengths up to 70‒80 km.

The most northeastern part of the territory of Bulgaria is characterized by high seismicity. In 2019, archeoseismological studies of traces of strong earthquakes were carried out in the oldest architectural monument in Europe – Durankulak. There are reports of earthquakes in these places in the Middle Ages and in Аntiquity, but the data on the location of their foci is unspecified. Therefore, a team of scientists from Bulgaria and Russia carried out special scientific research on the islands in Lake Durankulak. A large number of artifacts have been found on the Big Island. The ruins located there are very old and have fixed traces of seismic impacts that have occurred over a long period of time. As a result of paleoseismological and archaeoseismological studies, three major earthquakes have been identified. Most likely, the focus of the first is connected to the Intramysian fault, and the focus of the second and third to the Shabla-Kaliakra seismic zone. The first was between VIII and IX degree on the scale of MSK 64, the second between IX and X, the third also between VIII and IX degree on the same scale.

Archaeological excavations at the site of Raevskoe (northwestern Caucasus) have revealed numerous traces of seismic deformations in building structures erected in ancient times. Although only the foundation parts of the buildings and the lower rows of masonry have been preserved, tilts and collapses, extensions and reversals, and ruptures of ancient building structures are clearly visible in archaeological excavations. The most important identified deformation is the horizontal sublatitudinal displacement of the eastern city wall by 1.4 m near the southern tower. The cause for this displacement was movement along a seismogenic fault: a right-hand fault th+at came to the surface within the site at the turn of the 2nd–1st centuries BC as a result of an earthquake with M = 6.8–7.2. The second strong earthquake occurred in the middle of the 1st century AD. In buildings of Roman age destroyed by the second earthquake, besides seismic inertial deformations, there are also small submeridional horizontal breaks in the foundation parts of the masonry: right-hand shifts with an amplitude of the first tens of centimeters. The cause of the second seismic event could be also movements along the seismogenic fault, which is expressed by an erosion–tectonic scarp with a steepness of up to 40° on the left side of the Muskaga River valley and is traced through the settlement. The data can be used to adjust the seismotectonic model and clarify the seismic hazard of the northwestern Caucasus.

The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the limits of the settlement of Balandtepa and the Kirkhujra fortress once again prove that the ancient city of Eilatan perished in the 1st century BC. The city of Pap (Bab) was built no later than the end of the 6th–beginning of the 5th century BC on the site of the settlement of Kyrkhujra, which is located 2 km south of the modern city of Pap, on the right bank of the Syr Darya River. During this time, it was destroyed several times by floods and remained under mudflow deposits. After each flood, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The city on Kirkhujra was destroyed at the end of the 4th–beginning of the 5th century AD due to a very strong earthquake. After this seismic event, people left the territory of the destroyed city and built a new city on the Balandtepa monument located 1 km west of Kirkhujr. Additional information obtained about the unusual arrangement of detrital horizons in the talus (the tail of the destruction of the northern fortress wall of Balandtep) indicates that the wall was destroyed not by one, but by three strong earthquakes, which apparently occurred at the end of the 6th–beginning of the 7th centuries AD. During each subsequent earthquake, fragments of bricks flew off to ever greater distances with a decreasing height of the wall. It turns out that each subsequent seismic event was stronger than the previous one. Earthquakes of this sequence can only have a swarm or doublet nature, which is typical for a given territory. The Pap swarm of 1984, which occurred in this zone, and the Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984 in the zone of the South Tien Shan seismogenic zone evidence this. At the same time, an analysis of archaeological materials shows that, at the beginning or the first quarter of the 8th century, there was some kind of natural cataclysm, as a result of which the owner of the citadel and the inhabitants of the shahristan (inner city) moved to the rabad (outer city). Their places were taken over by artisans, who worked there until the last quarter of the 8th century.

— We have carried out historical and macroseismic studies of Khudoyar Khan Palace in Kokand (Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan). Inclinations of walls and colonnades, damaged upper parts of walls and minarets, and architectural oddities in the arcades of the outer facade of the eastern wall of the palace were revealed. We assume that the palace was largely built by the time of the Kokand earthquake of 1822–1823, and a strong seismic event severely damaged its solid buildings. This may explain the significant gap between the initial stage of construction and its final phase of 40 years. The epicentral zone of this earthquake was located southwest of the palace. The Kokand earthquake stopped construction and, while memory of the earthquake and its victims was strong, the unfinished and dilapidated palace stood without attention. Time passed, the generation changed, memory of the tragic event was obscured, and the new khan needed a headquarters. The unfinished palace was completed, but traces of the strong Kokand seismic event remained, visible even to the present. As for the major Chatkal earthquake of 1946, its dynamic impact in Kokand was apparently underestimated. The local intensity of seismic oscillations of I l = 5.5, of course, could not have tilted the well-built brick wall of the Palace Chancellery to the east. This requires oscillations with an intensity of at least I l ≥ 6.5. Additional studies of the macroseismic field during this earthquake in the Fergana Valley should be carried out.