Black goats are a significant meat breed in southern China. To investigate the expression patterns and biological functions of genes in various tissues of black goats, we analyzed housekeeping genes (HKGs), tissue-specific genes (TSGs), and hub genes (HUBGs) across 23 tissues. Additionally, we analyzed HKGs in 13 tissues under different feeding conditions. We identified 2968 HKGs, including six important ones. Interestingly, HKGs in grazing black goats demonstrated higher and more stable expression levels. We discovered a total of 9912 TSGs, including 134 newly identified ones. The number of TSGs for mRNA and lncRNA were nearly equal, with 127 mRNA TSGs expressed solely in one tissue. Additionally, the predicted functions of tissue-specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) targeting mRNAs corresponded with the physiological functions of the tissues.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) constructed 30 modules, where the dark grey module consists almost entirely of HKGs, and TSGs are located in modules most correlated with their respective tissues. Additionally, we identified 289 HUBGs, which are involved in regulating the physiological functions of their respective tissues. Overall, these identified HKGs, TSGs, and HUBGs provide a foundation for studying the molecular mechanisms affecting the genetic and biological processes of complex traits in black goats.

Despite recent advances in generating high-quality reference genome assemblies, the genome sequences for most livestock species, including goats, are still poorly annotated. Single-molecule long-read sequencing has greatly facilitated gene annotation by obtaining full-length transcripts. In this study, we generated full-length transcriptome data for samples from abomasum (n = 2) and testicle (n = 1), using PacBio Iso-Seq technology. We further combined these data with published data from abomasum (5ZY, SRR8618141) to evaluate and improve the gene annotation of the goat genome. We identified 14.5-16.3% of novel genes per sample from the four Iso-Seq datasets. At the transcript level, 40.6% of them were novel, including 29.7% novel transcripts from known genes and 10.9% from novel genes. We further verified the expression of novel genes in four additional RNA-seq data and found that the expression level of novel genes was significantly lower than that of known genes, indicating that the lowly expressed genes tend to be missed in the current genome annotation. This study shows the superiority of full-length transcriptome data in gene annotation, and more such data are required to improve the gene annotation for goat genome and other species.

广西地处西南,光、热、水等自然条件优越,饲草、作物等生物产量高,具有开展肉牛养殖的优势条件.近年来广西肉牛产业发展迅速,取得了较好的成绩,但在产业发展过程中,也出现了很多不利于产业健康稳定发展的情况.本文通过对广西肉牛产业发形式进行深入分析,并给出产业健康发展相关建议.

Goat is an important livestock worldwide, which plays an indispensable role in human life by providing meat, milk, fiber, and pelts. Despite recent significant advances in microbiome studies, a comprehensive survey on the goat microbiomes covering gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sites, developmental stages, feeding styles, and geographical factors is still unavailable. Here, we surveyed its multi-kingdom microbial communities using 497 samples from ten sites along the goat GIT. We reconstructed a goat multi-kingdom microbiome catalog (GMMC) including 4004 bacterial, 71 archaeal, and 7204 viral genomes and annotated over 4,817,256 non-redundant protein-coding genes. We revealed patterns of feeding-driven microbial community dynamics along the goat GIT sites which were likely associated with gastrointestinal food digestion and absorption capabilities and disease risks, and identified an abundance of large intestine-enriched genera involved in plant fiber digestion. We quantified the effects of various factors affecting the distribution and abundance of methane-producing microbes including the GIT site, age, feeding style, and geography, and identified 68 virulent viruses targeting the methane producers via a comprehensive virus-bacterium/archaea interaction network. Together, our GMMC catalog provides functional insights of the goat GIT microbiota through microbiome-host interactions and paves the way to microbial interventions for better goat and eco-environmental qualities.

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

本研究使用不同的微生物菌剂发酵罗汉果渣,评定罗汉果渣的饲用价值.试验共设计5个处理组(CK、XJ、VE、RK、SK组),每组3个重复.发酵30 d后测定其营养成分及发酵品质.结果表明:SK组的粗蛋白质含量最高,较CK组高12.32％(P<0.05),VE组、XJ组的粗蛋白质含量分别较CK组高4.24％、1.32％(P>0.05);SK组、VE组、RK组的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)分别比CK组高5.96％、5.26％、4.34％(P<0.05);VE组的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)最高,较CK组高3.82％,显著高于CK组和XJ组(P<0.05).乳酸含量最高为SK组,较CK组高16.06％,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);丁酸含量最低为SK组,较CK组低31.25％(P<0.05);VE组、RK组的pH分别较CK组高1.07％、0.85％(P>0.05)、XJ组的pH较CK组低1.71％(P>0.05).综上,添加微生物制剂能一定程度的改善罗汉果渣的青贮品质.其中,VE组和SK组可以较好的保留罗汉果渣的营养成分,但是其对粗纤维、NDF和ADF的降解功能不明显,仍需进一步开展试验研究,才能更好的推进罗汉果渣的饲料化利用.

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of adding fermented Napier grass to goat diet on growth performance and intestinal microbial community structure. A total of 64 Nubia goats of similar age and weight were randomly divided into four groups, with 16 replicates in each group and one goat in each replicate. Goats in group S-1 were fed with concentrate supplement + silage elephant grass (1.0% Microstar 1 bioagent + 15% rice bran), goats in group S-2 were fed concentrate supplement + silage Napier grass (1.0% biological medium fermentation), and goats in group S-3 were fed with concentrate supplement + silage Napier grass (1.0% silage starter fermentation). Goats in group C-4 (control group) were fed with concentrate supplement + fresh Napier grass. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that the average daily food intake of goats in test group were higher than that of control group. The average daily weight gain was the highest and the feed to gain ratio was the lowest of group S-1. The structure and composition of intestinal microbial were quite different between test groups and control group. At the phylum level, there were five dominant phyla in test groups and four in control group. At the genus level, there were 13 dominant genera in test groups and 14 in control group. The experiment indicates that feeding fermented Napier grass can improve the growth performance and change the gut flora richness and diversity in Nubian goats.

纳米抗体是一种衍生于骆驼科和鲨鱼类动物的单域抗体,与传统抗体相比,它具有分子量小、结构稳定、易于改造和表达、低免疫原性、高抗原结合性、组织穿透性强等优点,独特的分子特性使其在诊断和治疗各种疾病及检测方面展现出良好应用前景.本文总结了纳米抗体的结构、特性、文库类型、筛选与表达策略,及其在动物疫病预防、诊断和治疗,动物产品食源性病原体和药物残留检验中的研究现状,并对纳米抗体的局限性和未来发展方向进行分析.

非粮型饲料资源在畜牧养殖行业的高效利用对缓解我国的粮食保障问题具有重要的实践意义.[目的]为了进一步探究非粮型饲料资源的营养价值,提高其在畜牧养殖行业的利用率.[方法]本文探讨利用复合益生菌对啤酒渣、棉籽、柠檬渣、花生秧等非粮型饲料进行发酵,检测其在发酵前后的营养成分变化,并以其中一种非粮型发酵饲料对140头荷斯坦奶牛进行30 d的饲喂试验.[结果]结果表明,发酵后的非粮型饲料粗蛋白提高了3.24％,泌乳净能提高了6.43％.奶牛的饲喂试验结果表明,饲喂非粮型发酵饲料时奶牛的干物质采食量平均提高了6.40％,产奶量平均提高了13.10％(P＜0.05).[结论]因此,非粮型发酵饲料可作为一种价格优廉、营养丰富的新型饲料资源应用于奶牛等反刍动物的畜牧养殖.

试验旨在研究桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料对断奶荷斯坦公犊生长性能、血清生化指标和营养物质表观消化率的影响.选取8周龄、健康的体重(64±5)kg断奶荷斯坦奶公犊27头,随机分成A、B、C3组,每组9个重复,分别饲喂桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料.试验期24 d.结果 显示,C组犊牛的末重和平均日增重均极显著高于A组和B组(P＜0.01);C组犊牛的粗饲料干物质采食量显著高于A和B组(P＜0.05);C组犊牛的料重比极显著低于A组和B组(P＜0.01).A组和C组犊牛的体高增长量显著高于B组(P＜0.05),A组犊牛的体斜长增长量显著高于B组(P＜0.05),C组犊牛的胸围增长量和管围增长量极显著高于A组和B组(P＜0.01).A组犊牛血清中的IgG含量极显著高于B组和C组(P＜0.01).C组犊牛的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率极显著高于A姐和B组(P＜0.01).研究表明,断奶后犊牛饲喂燕麦草生长性能最佳,但桑枝和花生藤可部分替代燕麦草作为犊牛的粗饲料.

为解决不孕努比亚黑山羊母羊的受胎问题,本文研究现代繁育技术的处理效果.试验分别采用"同期发情+子宫颈输精""同期发情+腹腔内窥镜子宫角输精"2种现代繁育技术处理与选用生殖机能良好的健康公羊和不受孕的努比亚黑山羊经产母羊长期同栏关养.结果显示:试验羊均于撤栓后25～48h发情,48h内的发情率为100％;"同期发情+子宫颈输精""同期发情+腹腔内窥镜子宫角输精"2种处理的受胎率均为20％、产羔率均为250.00％,多羔率均为100％.结论:努比亚黑山羊腹腔内窥镜子宫角输精受胎率、产羔率、多羔率与子宫颈输精相等,高于本交,运用"同期发情+人工授精"技术在一定程度上可提高努比亚黑山羊的受胎率、产羔率、多羔率,解决与公羊同栏不孕的努比亚黑山羊母羊繁育问题.

Due to the challenges of antibiotic resistance to global health, bacteriocins as antimicrobial compounds have received more and more attention. Bacteriocins are biosynthesized by various microbes and are predominantly used as food preservatives to control foodborne pathogens. Now, increasing researches have focused on bacteriocins as potential clinical antimicrobials or immune-modulating agents to fight against the global threat to human health. Given the broad- or narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity, bacteriocins have been reported to inhibit a wide range of clinically pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria, thus preventing the infections caused by these bacteria in the human body. Otherwise, some bacteriocins also show anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities. Because of the safety and being not easy to cause drug resistance, some bacteriocins appear to have better efficacy and application prospects than existing therapeutic agents do. In this review, we highlight the potential therapeutic activities of bacteriocins and suggest opportunities for their application.

为提高广西努比亚黑羊山繁殖力,研究不同同期发情组合的处理效果.试验分别采用CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.2mg)、CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)、PRID(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)、CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第15天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)、CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)5种同期发情组合对努比亚黑羊山进行处理.结果显示:CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.2mg)组发情最快,撤栓后24h内全部发情,其次为CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组、PRID(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组、CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第15天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组,3组的同期发情情况一致,全部在撤栓后25～32h发情,CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)组的发情最慢,在撤栓后25～32h和33～48h两个时间段发情,两时段的发情率均为50％,同期性和整齐度不如其余4组,5组羊0～48h的发情率均达100％;CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.2mg)组的成本最高,PRID(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组的成本最低,仅为CIDR(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组的43.34％;阴道炎发病情况,PRID(埋栓15d)+PMSG(第14天肌注)+PG(第15天肌注0.1mg)组的发病率为25％,其余4组均未发生阴道炎;5组羊均未发生掉栓.结论:采取CIDR(PRID)+PMSG+PG法处理同期发情,效果更好;实际生产中,受成本限制,可首选海绵栓进行同期发情.

[目的]研究旨在探究同/异型乳酸菌对白酒糟发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)营养价值和发酵品质的影响,为白酒糟应用于牛羊养殖提供参考.[方法]试验通过真空袋法添加布氏乳杆菌(LB,0.4 g/kg)和植物乳杆菌(LP,0.2 g/kg)调制酒糟TMR,在第0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70天检测饲料营养成分和发酵品质的变化规律.[结果]结果表明,密封发酵10 d后,LB组和LP组的pH值分别下降至3.49和3.72,随后保持相对稳定.在整个发酵过程中,乳酸和乙酸含量均逐渐升高,LP组乳酸含量显著高于LB组,LB组乙酸含量显著高于LP组.两组的氨态氮/总氮比例低,粗脂肪含量逐渐升高.粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗纤维含量保持相对稳定.LB组可溶性糖含量保持相对稳定,而LP组可溶性糖含量逐渐下降.[结论]综上所述,添加0.4 g/kg布氏乳杆菌和0.2 g/kg植物乳杆菌均能提高白酒糟FTMR的发酵品质.

Intercropping between sugarcane and soybean is widely used to increase crop yield and promote the sustainable development of the sugarcane industry. However, our understanding of the soil microenvironment in intercropping systems, especially the effect of crop varieties on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities, remains poor. We selected two excellent sugarcane cultivars, Zhongzhe1 (ZZ1) and Zhongzhe9 (ZZ9), from Guangxi and the local soybean variety GUIZAO2 from Guangxi for field interplanting experiments. These two cultivars of sugarcane have good drought resistance. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the two intercropping systems to measure physicochemical properties and soil enzyme activities and to extract total soil DNA for high-throughput sequencing. We found that the diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community was significantly different between the two intercropping systems. Compared with ZZ1, the ZZ9 intercropping system enriched the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, increasing the available nitrogen content by 18% compared with that with ZZ1. In addition, ZZ9 intercropping with soybean formed a more compact rhizosphere environment than ZZ1, thus providing favorable conditions for sugarcane growth. These results provide guidance for the sugarcane industry, especially for the management of sugarcane and soybean intercropping in Guangxi, China.

反刍动物的瘤胃是一个天然的发酵系统,里面栖息着大量的微生物.微生物在长期的进化过程中形成动态平衡关系,共同维持着瘤胃的机能.瘤胃厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌是瘤胃中主要的产氢菌和氢利用菌,他们之间的营养互作关系一直都是研究热点.文章综述瘤胃厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌的关系,以及二者共培养体系的特点及未来应用,为瘤胃厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌的关系的深入研究及在生产中的应用提供参考.

试验旨在研究不同菌剂对香蕉茎叶青贮发酵品质的影响.试验设4个处理组,每组3个重复.以不添加任何菌剂为对照组,试验Ⅰ组添加秸秆发酵活干菌,试验Ⅱ组添加加强型粗饲料降解剂,试验Ⅲ组添加纤维素酶.青贮30 d,开袋检测营养品质.结果 表明,试验Ⅲ组在感官评价评分为优,其他试验组的评分均为良.试验Ⅲ组的粗蛋白质含量最高,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的pH值显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).研究表明,在香蕉茎叶中添加纤维素酶进行青贮发酵可以改善其发酵品质.

[目的]在犊牛开食料中添加肉桂醛,研究其对早期奶牛公犊生长性能、健康、瘤胃发酵及微生物区系的影响,为肉桂醛在早期犊牛的培育应用提供理论依据.[方法]试验选24头出生2周龄、体重相接近,健康状况良好的荷斯坦奶牛公犊,分为对照组和试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头,对照组饲喂基础开食料,试验组在开食料中添加0.3%含油率为15%的包被肉桂醛.哺乳期预饲期6 d,正饲期27 d,两组饲喂等量牛奶,开食料及燕麦草自由采食,断奶日通过胃管采集瘤胃液;断奶后全部动物按照相同饲养管理方式继续饲喂 51 d,试验末通过胃管采集瘤胃液.试验期的两个阶段均测定奶牛公犊采食量,生长性能、体尺指标、粪便评分和瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸指标,并基于16SrDNA基因高通量测序法对奶牛公犊瘤胃细菌区系测定分析.[结果]1)在采食量和生长性能方面,犊牛哺乳阶段、断奶后以及试验全期,试验组的平均日增重、干物质采食量、料重比等指标与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),试验组与对照组在体尺指标中各阶段差异不显著(P＞0.05);2)在犊牛健康方面,试验组犊牛腹泻率均低于对照组,但与对照组腹泻率差异不显著(P＞0.05);3)在瘤胃发酵指标方面,断奶日试验组各挥发性脂肪酸的含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);试验末试验组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);4) 试验末,肉桂醛显著提高了瘤胃香农多样性指数,降低了辛普森指数;在门水平上降低了Bacteroidetes菌群丰度,提高了Firmicutes和Actinobacteria丰度;在属水平上仅提高了Prevotella丰度.[结论]通过开食料对犊牛补饲0.3%含油率为15%的包被肉桂醛对哺乳期及断奶后的生长性能没有影响,但降低了腹泻率,显著提高了断奶犊牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度并降低了乙酸/丙酸比例,提高了瘤胃细菌菌群多样性和 Firmicutes和Prevotella菌丰度,表明日粮中添加0.3%的包被肉桂醛对犊牛生长性能无负作用,但可改变瘤胃微生物区系并调控瘤胃发酵模式.

In the present study, BMP15 gene of buffalo was cloned, analyzed, and its' expression pattern was further determined. It consists of 1185 nucleotides that encodes 394 peptides bond. The BMP15 gene was observed to be expressed in cumulus tissue, granular tissue, hypophysis, genital ridge and tissues of ovary and testis. Moreover, QRT-PCR results showed that BMP15 was expressed in the whole process of embryogenesis and folliculogenesis, early high level and then down regulated. It was significantly expressed higher level in COCs of middle diameter sized follicles than that of small and large sized follicles. BMP15 gene expression enhanced until morula stage but it fell sharply at blastula stage. Immunohistochemistry exhibited BMP15 protein was located in germ cells of testis, in primordial granulosa cells, primary, secondary, and antral follicles of ovary, and none in theca cells. The more conspicuous reaction for BMP15 was observed in germ cells than cumulus cells and granulosa cells, particularly in primordial germ cells of genital ridge or in foetus ovary of buffalo. The expression pattern of BMP15 suggested that it may play a key role in the formation of primordial follicles as well as in the development and maintaince of early embryos in buffalo.

为研究不同粗饲料来源饲粮对哺乳期奶公牛生长性能、体尺发育和血清生化指标的影响,本试验选取27头5周龄左右、健康状况良好的荷斯坦奶公牛,平均体重53.4 kg,随机分成3个组,每组9个重复,分别饲喂燕麦草、花生藤和桑枝三种粗饲料,定量饲喂代用乳,基础开食料和粗饲料自由采食.试验期24 d,其中预饲期3d,正式试验期21 d.在断奶日结束试验采集血液测定血液生化指标,试验期测定奶牛公犊生长性能、采食量、经济效益和体尺指标.结果 表明:三个试验组末体重和平均日增重均无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中燕麦草组平均日增重最高,花生藤组最低;三个试验组0～7d的开食料干物质采食量无显著差异(P＞0.05),而燕麦草组7～14d的开食料干物质采食量极显著高于桑枝组(P＜0.01);花生藤组在14～21 d的开食料干物质采食量极显著低于燕麦草组和桑枝组(P＜0.01),花生藤组全试验期的开食料干物质采食量显著低于燕麦草组和桑枝组(P＜ 0.05);三种粗饲料及代乳粉干物质采食量均无显著差异,但燕麦草组粗饲料采食量为最高.花生藤组饲料成本均极显著低于燕麦草组和桑枝组(P＜0.01),但日收入和毛盈利均无显著差异(P＞0.05),其中燕麦草组毛盈利为最高,花生藤组毛盈利为最低.桑枝组血清的免疫球蛋白IgG浓度显著高于花生藤组和燕麦草组(P＜0.05).综合分析表明,燕麦草组生长性能与经济效益最优的原因在于提高了犊牛开食料的摄入量,而花生藤的高纤维则抑制了犊牛开食料的摄入,进而抑制了犊牛生长;桑枝提高了血清IgG浓度有利于犊牛免疫力的提高.