Reliable differentiation between androgen receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists is essential for endocrine-disruptor screening in food safety assessment and environmental monitoring. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based biosensor utilizing ligand-induced conformational changes within the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD). Molecular dynamics simulations combined with the ABACUS protein-design method guided the introduction of a cysteine mutation into the critical helix 12 region of AR_LBD for site-specific fluorescent labeling with the 5-Iodoacetamidofluorescein. The optimized receptor-engineered biosensor showed a slight fluorescence decrease upon binding to the agonist dihydrotestosterone. In contrast, antagonist flutamide binding induced a substantial further reduction in fluorescence intensity. Specificity validation demonstrated that non-target compounds failed to induce any detectable fluorescence changes in the sensor. Additionally, practical applicability tests confirmed the capability of the biosensor to reliably detect and distinguish AR agonists and antagonists in environmental and food matrices. This biosensor enables rapid and reliable differentiation between AR agonists and antagonists for food safety and environmental monitoring.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a systemic metabolic disorder closely linked to disrupted host-microbiota interplay. Current first-line drugs (e.g., allopurinol) primarily target urate synthesis but lack tissue-repair capabilities and cause long-term adverse effects. Although microbial metabolites circumvent the inflammatory risks of live probiotics, the urate-lowering mechanisms of Kluyveromyces marxianus fermentation metabolites remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we integrated in vitro bioassays, in vivo animal experiments, and multi-omics profiling to elucidate the anti-hyperuricemic efficacy of an ethyl acetate extract from K. marxianus XZ1. In vitro, the XZ1 extract exhibited significant antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. The cell-free extract exerted a dual-action mechanism: directly suppressing urate synthesis by inhibiting XOD and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, and enhancing systemic urate clearance through bidirectional regulation of renal and intestinal urate transporters (upregulating excretory ABCG2/OAT1 and downregulating reabsorptive URAT1/ GLUT9). Integrated 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics revealed these systemic benefits are driven by gut microbiota remodeling, forming a "microbiota-short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-gut-kidney urate transporter" regulatory axis. The intervention enriched SCFA-producing taxa, normalized fecal SCFA profiles, strengthened intestinal barrier integrity and reprogrammed host purine and redox metabolic networks. Collectively, K. marxianus XZ1 fermentation products lower uric acid and protect against HUA-induced multi-organ injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These findings highlight its potential as a safe, industrially stable, and multi-target functional food ingredient for early dietary intervention in asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

Monitoring of specific chemical compounds is essential for a diverse array of applications, ranging from environmental protection to clinical diagnostics. Laccase-based biosensors have gained significant prominence within this landscape, providing a platform for the rapid, sensitive, and in situ quantification of phenolic substances. In the last few decades, numerous studies reported the detection of chemical compounds by using laccase-based sensors. Electrochemical biosensors have received widespread attention due to their rapid detection, compatibility with mobility and miniaturisation, high sensitivity, and strong controllability. Furthermore, because of their unique catalytic biorecognition and simultaneous signal amplification, enzymes such as laccase have attracted renewed interest as recognition elements in biosensing design. Hence, this review primarily focuses on laccase-based biosensors developed from 2021 to 2025 for the detection of numerous analytes significant in food analysis, clinical diagnostics, and environmental pollution. The study aims to provide a comparative evaluation of recent advancements in laccase-based biosensing, including sensor type, materials used, immobilisation techniques, sensitivity, and detection limits for target analytes across multiple applications. The challenges and future perspectives of laccase-based biosensors were also discussed. The advent of nanomaterials paved the way for the development of laccase nanozyme-based sensors. Hence, the review also provides an overview of laccase nanozymes, which are becoming popular as rapid, cost-effective detection techniques for a range of analytes, successfully overcoming the stability and high-cost constraints of natural enzymes.

Alternaria alternata causes major postharvest losses in melons. This dual RNA-seq study analyzed transcriptomic dynamics in both A. alternata strain A2022 and melon during infection. Genomic analysis revealed two conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) containing host-specific toxin genes, including a T1PKS cluster for βenone biosynthesis. Fungal transcriptomics identified upregulated virulence pathways: MAPK signaling (18 genes), autophagy (17 genes), and lipid metabolism. Melon mounted a biphasic defense: early lignin deposition via phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (15 genes) and late jasmonic acid/MAPK-mediated responses. Competitive nutrient acquisition emerged, with fungal amino acid transporters opposing host nitrogen metabolism. These findings reveal A. alternata’s genomic plasticity and melon’s layered resistance, suggesting RNAi-based silencing of CDC virulence genes or breeding for enhanced lignin/jasmonate pathways as sustainable control strategies.

Postharvest decay by Penicillium expansum causes major apple losses and mycotoxin risks. To overcome solubility limitations of the antifungal compound acetic acid-(1H-indole-3-ethyl) ester (AIE), a novel corn oil (10 % v/v)/ sucrose fatty acid ester (2 % w/v) nanoemulsion (AIE-NE) was developed via ultrasonic emulsification. AIE-NE exhibited excellent stability: small droplet size (152 +/- 2.35 nm), low PDI (0.217 +/- 0.01), high zeta potential (-73 +/- 2.89 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency. Characterization (FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA) confirmed AIE encapsulation and amorphous dispersion. AIE-NE showed potent activity against P. expansum ZL (MIC = 0.375 g/ L), significantly inhibiting mycelial growth in vitro. On inoculated apples, AIE-NE reduced lesions concentration-dependently. Incorporated into a chitosan coating (AIE-NE/CS), it effectively preserved apple quality during 28-day storage (25 degrees C), significantly reducing weight loss, decay, and browning while better maintaining firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid versus controls. AIE-NE is a highly effective nano-delivery system for controlling decay and enhancing apple shelf-life.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout are increasingly prevalent metabolic disorders, imposing a substantial global health burden. Although conventional urate-lowering therapies remain the clinical cornerstone, their long-term effectiveness is frequently constrained by adverse effects, variable patient responses, and limited capacity to address underlying metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Emerging evidence highlights the gut microbiota and its interactions with host metabolic pathways as important modulators of systemic urate homeostasis, positioning microbiome-directed nutritional strategies as promising approaches for hyperuricemia management. This review synthesizes the microbiota-mediated regulation of HUA and gout. Although the majority of current evidence remains preclinical, keystone microbial taxa, particularly specific strains within the Bifidobacterium genus and the updated Lactobacillaceae family, contribute to urate homeostasis through three interconnected mechanisms: (i) enzymatic interception of dietary purines; (ii) reprogramming of host urate transport pathways to favor urate excretion while limiting reabsorption; and (iii) reinforcement of intestinal barrier integrity and attenuation of systemic inflammation via short-chain fatty acid- and tryptophan-derived immunometabolic pathways. Emerging microbiome-directed strategies, including dietary modulation, functional probiotics, food-grade engineered probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, show promising potential as investigational strategies for restoring urate homeostasis. Furthermore, we evaluate the translational landscape of microbiome-based interventions, highlighting advances in synthetic biology and microbiome-assisted complementary strategies alongside conventional therapies. Addressing major challenges - including strain-specific functional heterogeneity, colonization durability, and host variability - will be critical. Ultimately, integrating strain-resolved multiomics, causal inference frameworks, and artificial intelligence-assisted modeling represents a key research priority to guide the future development of next-generation precision microbiome interventions for HUA and gout. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Patulin (PAT) produced by genus of Penicillium spp attracted more and more concern in view of its widespread contamination in food and toxic effects, which has also promoted the research on the reduction of PAT contamination in food. The use of yeast to remove PAT in food is innovative and promising. In this study, we used the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus XZ1 to degrade PAT, which can remove 90% of PAT (10 mu g/mL) within 48 h. XZ1 exhibits high degradation effect on PAT under the conditions of pH range of 3-6, temperatures of 28-37 degrees C, and initial PAT concentrations below 50 mu g/mL. PAT removing by XZ1 was carried out by intracellular enzymes. XZ1 or intracellular enzyme was able to remove 100% of 10 mu g/mL PAT in raw apple juice or commercial apple juice within 60 h. Patulin oxidoreductase (KmPAO) was identified as a potential PTA-degrading enzymes, which degrade PAT to form ascladiol. The degradation products of PAT by XZ1 were identified as ascladiol and desoxypatulinic acid, which was then complete degraded to form unknown final degradation products. Toxic analyses on Caco-2 cells showed that the ascladiol, desoxypatulinic acid and the final degradation products were significantly less toxic compared to PAT, which was mainly manifested in less influence on cell vitality, cell integrity and reactive oxygen species accumulation compared to PAT. Finally, the results revealed the PAT degradation enzyme, as well as the safety of the degradation products, which provide basis for the future application of this yeast to decontamination of PAT in food.

Blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum is a key factor leading to post harvest losses in apple. Preliminary investigations have indicated that Kluyveromyces marxianus XZ1 exhibits a preventive effect against P. expansum and its associated diseases in apples. In this study, we further elucidated that XZ1 inhibits the growth of P. expansum through the secretion of antimicrobial compounds. Consequently, this research aimed to identify these antimicrobial substance, explore methods for their efficient synthesis, and assess their efficacy in controlling post-harvest gray mold in apples caused by P. expansum. Through column chromatography, highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared spectroscopy analysis, acetic acid -(1H-indole-3-ethyl) ester (AIE) was identified as the principal antifungal compound secreted by XZ1. Optimal conditions for the efficient production of AIE were established using enzyme-catalyzed substrates of tryptophol and acetic acid. The established parameters for the reaction include a molar ratio of acid to alcohol of 1:6, a catalyst concentration of 2 %, a reaction temperature of 90 degrees C, and a reaction duration of 12 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AIE in liquid culture medium is determined to be 0.375 mg/mL, while the median effective concentration (EC50) on solid culture medium is 0.537 mg/mL. AIE inhibited apple blue mold caused by P. expansum by impeding spore germination and mycelial growth through the disruption of cell walls and membranes of spores or mycelia. Collectively, the antifungal metabolite AIE, produced by XZ1, was characterized and synthesized in vitro. This study established a foundational basis for the development of AIE-based agents aimed at combating postharvest blue mold disease in apples.

Developing convenient and sensitive vomitoxin detection methods is crucial to prevent human health risks from excess deoxynivalenol (DON) in food products. This study synthesized porous electrochemical nanomaterial calcined PA-NH2-MIL-101 (CPNM) with abundant amino group modifications using a palmitic acid (PA) pre-ligand and amino functionalization scheme. PA-induced defect generation and which formed a high-stability porous structure that increased the peroxidase-like catalytic active site and thus improving electrochemical analytical performance. In addition, introducing amino groups in CPNM facilitated the covalent immobilization of DON antibodies. Therefore, an electrochemical immunosensing platform for detecting DON was developed by utilizing the electrocatalytic signals generated by Fe-MOF (MIL-101) nanozymes and thionine molecules. The proposed sensor showed a large linear range of 10-107 pg mL-1 with a detection limit of 9.6 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3) under optimized optimal conditions. Consequently, this innovative electrochemical immunosensing technique based on CPNM nanozymes paves the way for DON detection in food.

Dried lemon slices (LSs) have become increasingly popular as a healthful beverage when infused in hot water. This study examined the effects of freeze drying (FD), hot air drying (HAD), heat pump drying (HPD), and far-infrared drying (FID) on the quality of dried LSs and their brewed beverages. The results show that FD-LSs and their corresponding beverages have the most appealing appearance and maximum levels of ascorbic acid (2.47 and 0.80 mg/g, respectively), synephrine (8.15 and 0.94 mg/g, respectively), and the overwhelming majority of natural and available phenolic compounds, as well as the strongest antioxidant activity, although numerous volatile compounds in FD-LSs were in the lowest abundances. HPD-LSs exhibited similar trends to FD-LSs but contained the peak concentrations of limonene (2258.87 μg/g), γ-terpinene (704.19 μg/g), β-pinene (502.92 μg/g), and α-pinene (188.91 μg/g), which were the four most abundant volatile compounds in dried LSs. Additionally, active ingredients in HPD-LSs generally featured relative high levels of available amounts. In contrast, HAD- and FID-LSs typically displayed unfavorable coloration and low retention levels of natural and available active ingredients. Consequently, FD and HPD demonstrate superior suitability for the commercial-scale production of dried LSs.

Veterinary drug residues in aquatic products are often overlooked, yet they pose significant environmental risks and potential threats to human health. In this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine commonly used macrolide antibiotics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) muscle using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sample extraction was performed using 80% acetonitrile in water, followed by purification with Cleanert MAS-Q cartridges. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μm), equipped with a Waters VanGuardTM BEH C18 guard column (1.7 μm), using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted in positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method demonstrated excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.2–30 ng/mL, with determination coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.9980 for all analytes. Average recoveries ranged from 89.3% to 108.4%, with intraday and interday relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.9–11.6% and 4.1–12.5%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for largemouth bass muscle were determined to be 0.4 μg/kg and 2.0 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) ranged from 2.13 to 215.71 μg/kg and 2.22 to 231.42 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of macrolide residues in 20 largemouth bass samples collected from local markets.

Objective:Previously,our group screened a strain of Lactobacillus casei YZU01 that could efficiently remove patulin from apple juice.This article aimed to study the effect of L.casei YZU01 on the quality of apple juice during the removal of patulin from apple juice.Methods:The quality parameters of apple juice,including organic acids(citric acid,tartaric acid,fumaric acid,acetic acid and L-malic acid)and sugar content(glucose and galactose),acidity,non-enzymatic browning index,light transmittance,and color parameter,were assessed in three groups:commercial apple juice(CAJ),apple juice supplemented with patulin(CAJ-Patulin),and apple juice supplemented with patulin after degradation by L.casei YZU01(CAJ-Patulin-L.casei YZU01).This analysis was conducted using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),pH meter,UV spectrophotometer,and colorimeter.Results:The content of citric acid,tartaric acid,fumaric acid and acetic acid in the group of CAJ-Patulin-L.casei YZU01 was increased from 0.18,2.3,0.12,and 0.00 g/kg to 2.11,3.4,0.15,and 0.66 g/kg,respectively.However,the content of L-malic acid,glucose and galactose in the group of CAJ-Patulin-L.casei YZU01 was decreased from 7.31,38.59,and 67.55 g/kg to 5.26,1.59 and 28.37 g/kg,respectively.The change of sugar and acid contents in the group of CAJ-Patulin-L.casei YZU01 had little effect on the acidity of apple juice.Furthermore,L.casei YZU01 treatment would not cause non-enzymatic browning reaction and had not adverse effects on the color of apple juice,but it would cause a fluctuation in light transmittance.In addition,after 72 hours of degradation,L.casei YZU01 had little effect on the L* and b* value of apple juice,but slightly increased the a* value,which represented that the green color of apple juice became lighter.In conclusion,the sugar and acid contents of apple juice were changed after treatment with L.casei YZU01,but no non-enzymatic browning reaction and color change was observed.

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of erythromycin (ERY), clarithromycin (CLA) and N-desmethyl-erythromycin A (N-D-ERY) in pork, beef and lamb via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). The sample preprocessing and detection conditions were optimized, and the obtained parameters of all target compounds met the EU and FDA requirements. In the sample preprocessing procedure, acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v) was used as an extractant, and a Cleanert MAS-Q cartridge was utilized and achieved good extraction recovery. The matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearities, with determination coefficients of 0.9983-0.9999. The recoveries ranged from 88.96% to 101.76% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <= 5.95%, and the intraday and interday RSDs ranged from 2.64% to 6.65% and 3.08-6.38%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification for the pork, beef and lamb samples were 0.4 mu g/kg and 2.0 mu g/kg, respectively. The detection limits and detection capabilities were in the range of 2.15-215.16 mu g/kg and 2.26-230.32 mu g/kg, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the pork, beef and lamb samples, demonstrating its applicability and suitability for the routine analysis of ERY, CLA and N-D-ERY residues in meat samples.

Patulin is a highly toxic secondary polyketone metabolite produced by Penicillium,Aspergillus,Trichomyces and other fungi,of which Penicillium expansum is the main toxigenic bacterium.Due to its water solubility,acid stability and heat resistance,patulin often appears in fruits such as apples,peaches,pears,grapes,fruit products(fruit wine,fruit puree,fruit juice,etc.),vegetables and grains,especially in mildewed apples,patulin residue is very large and difficult to remove.It is necessary to take appropriate methods to prevent and control patulin in products.Although the current common physical,chemical and biological methods can alleviate the pollution problem of patulin,there are still some limitations,such as insufficient safety assessment of physical and chemical materials and environmental pollution,potential secondary pollution,insufficient effectiveness of biocontrol and other problems.Therefore,it is necessary to explore the research progress of patulin prevention and detoxification methods and innovative strategies for mycotoxin control.This paper reviewed the methods and mechanisms used to control the content of patulin in food,discussed and summarized the possible future trends in the prevention and control of mycotoxins,providing theoretical reference value for solving the problem of patulin contamination in food.

Biofilm formation is usually affected by many environmental factors including divalent cations. The purpose of the current work was to analyze how calcium (Ca2+) affects the biofilm formation of dairy Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates by investigating their growth, swarming motility, biofilm-forming capacity, EPS production, and biofilm structures. Moreover, the regulation mechanism of Ca2+ involved in its biofilm formation was explored through RNA-sequencing analysis. This work revealed that supplementation of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM Ca2+ significantly reduced the swarming motility of P. fluorescens strains (P.F2, P.F4, and P.F17), but the biofilm-forming ability and polysaccharide production were increased after the supplementation of 5 and 10 mM Ca2+. By the supplementation of Ca2+, complex structures with more cell clusters glued together in P. fluorescens P.F4 biofilms were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, and increased biomass and coverage of P. fluorescens P.F4 biofilms were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, RNA-sequencing results showed that P. fluorescens P.F4 showed a transcriptional response to the supplementation of 10 mM Ca2+, and a total of 137 genes were significantly expressed. The differential genes were represented in 4 upregulated KEGG pathways (nonribosomal peptide structures, quorum sensing, biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides, and phenylalanine metabolism), and 4 downregulated KEGG pathways (flagellar assembly, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, nitrotoluene degradation, and cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance). The results indicate that Ca2+ might serve as an enhancer to substantially trigger the biofilm formation of dairy P. fluorescens isolates in the dairy industry.

Healthcare diagnostics and supplementary experimental research require electrochemical tools that are straightforward, inexpensive, delicate, quick, and precise. In addition to the previous reports of paracetamol sensors, we present an electrochemical sensor that customs differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to determine the presence of nickel sulfide (NiS) on graphene oxide sheets (GO) (NiS@GO). Utilizing analytical methods, the composite surface morphology and structural characteristics were described. A substantial drop in overpotential was seen in the electrochemical investigation of the NiS@GO composite revised glassy carbon electrode (NiS@GO/GCE) owing to its substantial external part and high hauler agility, which demonstrated remarkable activity towards the oxidation of paracetamol (Para). Para electrochemical sensing was made more accessible by a diffusion-controlled oxidation process with an identical quantity of protons and electrons. From 3.3 µM to 125 µM the concentration of Para ornament linearly with the peak currents during the determination process 0.052 µM was the Para detection limit (3σ/S) sensitivity of the fabricated electrode was 12.14 µA µM−1. In addition, the sensors demonstrated remarkable recovery with actual tablet samples over a month-long period with very little interference from common species. Commercial tablet samples demonstrate a noteworthy potential for wide-ranging applications in the electrochemical sector, with an acceptable recovery rate of 96.6 to 100.8

The preceding study demonstrated that Kluyveromyces marxianus XZ1 (XZ1) exhibits potential as a biological agent for combating disease by P. expansum in apple fruit. This potential is primarily attributed to its capacity for competing for resources and space, as well as activating certain genes involved in the transduction of plant hormone signals. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was performed on the interaction system of XZ1 and apple to investigate the detail molecular mechanisms of the yeast to develop competitive advantage and the molecular mechanisms of the apple to develop defense response action at the gene expression level. The transcriptome analysis of XZ1 in apple indicated that the meiosis pathway was activated to promote rapid proliferation of the yeast in apple. Autophagy, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway are induced to generate vital nutrients and energy for yeast proliferation. The transcriptome analysis of apple revealed upregulation in the expression levels of genes associated with transcription factors (TFS) involved in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) following treatment with XZ1. This finding suggests that XZ1 activates PTI and ETI in apple, thereby promoting disease resistance. Moreover, the yeast treatment induced the activation of ethylene and jasmonate signal transduction pathways, which play a crucial role in regulating disease resistance development in apple. Additionally, the yeast treatment resulted in the enhancement of lignin biosynthesis, serving as a protective mechanism for the apple against potential threats, as observed in the response to XZ1 treatment. The findings of this study establish a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the growth advantage of antagonistic yeast in the host and the induced resistance in apple. Additionally, this study offers a substantial repertoire of gene resources that can be utilized to enhance yeast biocontrol efficacy and bolster the disease resistance of apple through the application of molecular biology techniques.

The contamination of food products with ochratoxin A (OTA) is a significant and pervasive food safety concern. In this regard, the novel use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to eliminate OTA from food has shown strong potential. The adsorption of OTA to the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Bm01 (Bm01) cell walls has been demonstrated to eliminate OTA from grape juice effectively. The present study investigated the specific components of the Bm01 cell wall on OTA adsorption and evaluated the effect of Bm01 on grape juice quality using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the treatment of methanol and formaldehyde caused cell membrane perforation and enhanced OTA adsorption of Bm01, which reduced 98.35% and 95.13% of OAT, respectively. The involvement of cell wall proteins in the adsorption of OTA was demonstrated because only 5.23% of OTA was removed by Bm01 without cell wall proteins. Lactic (from 0 to 1.69 mg/mL) and acetic acid levels (from 0.14 to 1.45 mg/mL) were increased, malic acid (from1.24 to 0.81 mg/mL), glucose (from 8.8 to 6.91 mg/mL), and fructose (from 12.73 to 7.47 mg/mL) levels were reduced after treatment with Bm01. The addition of Bm01 shows little negative impact on color and light transmission. Overall, the effect of the addition of Bm01 on the quality of grape juice was found to be minimal. These results indicate that Bm01 has the potential to be a viable biological solution for mitigating OTA contamination in beverages, thereby offering a practical and effective method for food safety.

The rot caused by pathogens during the storage of table grapes is an important factor that affects the development of the grape industry and food safety, and it cannot be ignored. The development of innovative methods for pathogen control should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the overall microbial community changes that occur during grape storage. The study aims to investigate the relationship between the native microbiota (including beneficial, pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms) on grape surfaces and the development of disease during grape storage. In this study, the bacteria and fungi present on grape surfaces were analyzed during storage under room temperature conditions using high-throughput sequencing. During the storage of grapes at room temperature, observable diseases and a noticeable decrease in quality were observed at 8 days. Microbial community analysis showed that 4996 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 488 fungal ASVs were determined. The bacterial richness exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. However, the diversity exhibited a distinct pattern of gradual decrease. The fungal richness and community diversity both exhibit a gradual decrease during the storage of grapes. Fungal β-diversity analysis showed that despite the absence of rot and the healthy state of grapes on the first and fourth days, the fungal β-diversity exhibited a significant difference. The analysis of changes in genera abundances suggested that Candidatus Profftella and Aspergillus exhibited dominance in the rotting grape at 16 days, which are the main pathogens that caused disease in the present study. The co-occurrence networks among the microbial showed that the Candidatus proftella genera has a positive correlation with Aspergillus niger, indicating that they work together to cause disease and promote growth in grapes. Predicting the function of bacterial communities found that the microorganisms associated with lipid metabolism at 4 days play an important role in the process of postharvest decay of grapes.