Nanopesticides are pesticide formulations in which intentionally designed nanoscale carriers shape how an active ingredient (AIng) is deposited, transformed, and released. These systems can improve retention and efficacy, but carrier complexity introduces challenges: nanomaterials can transform in real soil–water matrices, reshaping exposure and risk. These processes are hard to quantify because test protocols and risk assessment frameworks for nanopesticides remain underdeveloped. In this review, we relate design choices across major carrier families—including polymer and lipid particles, nanoemulsions, porous inorganic carriers, and bio-based nanomaterials—to transformations in soil–water systems. We then connect these transformations to ecotoxicological evidence across key non-target taxa. We also address a central “measurement gap” in current risk assessment. Many standard tests were developed for dissolved chemicals. As a result, they do not capture (i) particle stability in realistic matrices, (ii) particle-bound versus dissolved (and ion-released) forms, or (iii) time-resolved exposure. Finally, we propose a Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design roadmap that prioritizes low-hazard materials, predictable degradation, life-cycle thinking, and staged data generation to enable scalable, field-relevant adoption.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and processing quality varied across environments, especially along altitudinal gradients. This study evaluated the combined effects of altitude above sea level and nitrogen (N) topdressing on yield and quality traits of winter wheat with strong, medium and weak gluten content. Six cultivars were tested for two growing seasons at Renqiu (4 m), Beijing (40 m) and Lhasa (3688 m). Raw-data verification showed that Lhasa reduced mean grain yield by 44.1% compared with Beijing, mainly through reductions in spike number, grains per spike and thousand-grain weight. High altitude increased total grain protein by 17.5% compared with Beijing, especially through increases in albumin and globulin fractions, but this increase did not translate into better processing quality. Strong and medium gluten wheat showed reduced gluten index, shorter dough stability time and higher weakening degree at Lhasa, whereas weak gluten wheat maintained relatively better stability under high-altitude stress. Nitrogen responses differed among gluten types: strong gluten wheat benefited more from 240 kg/ha N, medium gluten wheat performed similarly under 180-240 kg/ha N, and weak gluten wheat showed a more stable response under high-altitude conditions. Multivariate analyses separated the Lhasa environment from Renqiu and Beijing and indicated a clear yield-quality trade-off. These results suggested that cultivar selection and N management should be adjusted jointly according to altitude above sea level and gluten type.

To date, significant progress has been made in the research field of nano-pesticides. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are among the most widely used carrier materials in the formulation of nano-pesticides, owing to their abundant pore structure and favorable biocompatibility. This review extends beyond a conventional summary of preparation methods and innovatively elucidates the intrinsic relationships between reagent selection and pesticide loading performance, offering a novel paradigm for the rational design of efficient drug delivery systems. Meanwhile, this article focuses on two major cutting-edge research directions over the past five years: one involves stimuli-responsive nano-pesticides based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), such as those triggered by pH, enzymes, or light, which enable on-demand and precise delivery of pesticides; the other encompasses function-enhanced nano-pesticides that significantly improve pesticide targeting and utilization efficiency through the co-loading of adjuvants or the construction of multi-component composite materials. This article provides a forward-looking discussion on the environmental behavior and potential risks associated with these novel nano-pesticides and concludes with an outlook on the challenges and future innovation pathways for their practical application, aiming to contribute new momentum to the development of smarter, safer, and multifunctional agricultural nanotechnology products.

This research exploited biochar, sourced from Ginkgo leaves (GLs), to facilitate the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous environments. The results reveal that GL biochar, activated with ZnCl2 at a temperature of 500 degrees C (500-ZGBC), demonstrated the greatest specific surface area (S-BET) of 536.0 m(2) g(-1) for 2,4-D adsorption. The biochar's properties, including specific surface area, morphology, structure, thermal stability, and functional groups, were analyzed. Additionally, studies of kinetic and isotherm profiles were conducted, yielding the highest recorded adsorption capacity of 281.8 mg g(-1). Pore filling, hydrogen bonding, pi-pi interactions, surface complexation with Zn groups, and electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to the adsorption performance of 500-ZGBC for 2,4-D. Optimal adsorption was determined to occur at pH 2.117, with a dose of 0.4230 g L-1 of 500-ZGBC, and an initial concentration of 2,4-D at 294.7 mg L-1, as evidenced by the application of the response surface method (RSM).

A low-cost and environmentally friendly polydopamine modified layered double hydroxides (PDA/LDH) was prepared, and a novel fluorescent "turn-off" sensor was established for rapid detection of thiram. The material was characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photo-electronic spectroscopy (XPS) and other methods. The electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding and S-pi interaction between PDA/LDH and thiram were mostly attributed to the sensing of thiram. Through the internal filter effect (IFE), the fluorescence of the PDA/LDH could be effectively quenched by thiram. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 25 mu g L-1 under optimal conditions, while the concentration of thiram in the range of 50-50000 mu g L-1 exhibited a satisfactory relationship with the change in fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, the prepared probes were successfully applied on apple and pear samples, in which the recovery rate could reach 92.06-104.90 %. The synthesis of PDA/LDH was quite simple, and the detection of thiram could be accomplished right away when the sensor and thiram were combined. All the above results demonstrated the high potential of the established method in practical applications.

In this work, the adsorptive behavior of H3PO4-activated spent coffee ground (SCG) biochar (P-SCGB) were assessed for the removal of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide from aqueous solutions. P-SCGB was produced via pyrolysis carbonization at 300 degrees C for 2 h and impregnated with H3PO4 as a pretreatment. The characteristics of the biochar were implemented through the FTIR, SEM, XPS, XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption curves and point of zero charge, which demonstrated that P-SCGB had a typical structure of amorphous materials and presented porous structure. It was found that the greatest removal efficiency of the 2,4-D occurs at pH 2 and adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g L-1. The experimental adsorption data fitted well with the Elovich kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model. Adsorption results indicated the maximum 2,4-D adsorption capacity of P-SCGB reached 323.76 mg g-1, which was higher than most of 2,4-D adsorptive study. The thermodynamic behavior pointed to be exothermic and the magnitude of the adsorption enthalpy was in agreement with chemical adsorption. The reusability of adsorbent was also studied. Besides, our work also investigated and revealed the multiple mechanisms for 2,4-D adsorption. Over all, the study promoted the development of biochar preparation which act as an alternative adsorbent and its high adsorption uptake is proved to be beneficial for the advanced treatment of 2,4-D herbicide.

The Tyndall Effect assay (TEA) has been applied into colorimetric metal ion detection since 2019. However, the TEA-based sensor for pesticide detection has never been reported till now. Herein, a facile fluorescent organic nanoparticle (FON)-based sensor is firstly developed for fluorine-containing pesticide detection through ratio-metric fluorescence assay (FLA) and TEA. For FLA, the intensity of the second-order Tyndall scattering peak (STS590nm) and the fluorescence peak of the FON-based sensor would increase and remain unchanged respectively when adding bifenthrin, flufenoxuron, and diflubenzuron. The detection limits were respectively 9.34, 6.91, and 3.60 mu g/kg. For TEA, the increased STS590nm intensity displayed a bright and visible light beam. An economical, simple, and portable device was then constructed to visually monitor the analytes. The sensor was successfully used to detect the analytes in teas through FLA and TEA with the recoveries and RSD ranging from 86.27-100.00 %, and 0.00-5.68 %, respectively.

This research involves the construction of a phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle (CPBA@UiO-66@Fe3O4). Its design is primarily for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of benzoylurea insecticides. An organic ligand, 2-amino terephthalic acid (2-ATPA), facilitated the introduction of amino groups while keeping the original crystal structure of UiO-66 intact. The constructed UiO-66 MOF showcases a porous structure and extensive surface area, thereby providing an optimal platform for further functionalization. The employment of 4-carboxylphenylboronic acid as a modifier notably amplified the extraction efficiency for benzoylureas. This improvement was due to the formation of B-N coordination and other secondary interactions. By integrating this with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we established a quantitative analytical method for benzoylurea insecticides. This method achieved a wide linear range (2.5-500 μg L-1 or 5-500 μg L-1), satisfactory recoveries (83.3-95.1%), and acceptable limits of detection (LODs: 0.3-1.0 μg L-1). The developed method proved successful when applied to six tea infusion samples, representing China's six major tea categories. Semi-fermented and light-fermented tea samples demonstrated relatively higher spiking recoveries.

Water is the key factor limiting the improvement of wheat yield and quality. In order to explore the effects of irrigation in different periods on winter wheat yield, agronomic characteristics, grain quality and photosynthetic performance, four water treatments were set under conditions of automatic rain-proof shelter that water and fertilizer were controlled: no watering（control treatment, W1）, water 1050m~3/ha at jointing stage（W2）, water 1050m~3/ha at flowering stage（W3）, and water 525m~3/ha at jointing stage + 525m~3/ha at flowering stage（W4）. The results showed that, the grain protein content of W1 treatment, the protein yield of W2 treatment and the grain yield of W3 treatment were the highest. W4 treatment had the most stable photosynthetic performance. Compared with W1 treatment, irrigation affected the photosynthetic performance of wheat flag leaves, increased its net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration and transpiration rate. Irrigation at jointing stage increased leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and grain protein yield, and increased biological yield by increasing the number of spikes and grains per spike. Irrigation at flowering stage could increase grain length and width, increase sink capacity, and increase grain yield by increasing weight. By comparing W1, W4 and W2 treatments after irrigation at jointing stage and before irrigation at flowering stage, it was found that irrigation increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point, decreased the dark respiration rate, and the flag leaf was more adapted to strong light, but could not further increase the photosynthetic efficiency, and the weakening range of flag leaf adaptation to strong light increased with time. With the same amount of irrigation, irrigation only once at flowering stage or twice at jointing stage and flowering stage could prevent the decline of photosynthetic performance and the earlysenescence of leaves at the later stage. Therefore, attention should be paid to the role of water in different growth periods in production, and irrigation should be carried out in time according to the actual precipitation and production demand.

The study of the effects of different sowing methods on the yield and quality of different varieties provides an effective reference for high-yield and high-efficiency wheat cultivation measures. This experiment used a two-factor randomized block design. The sowing methods were uniform sowing（A1） and conventional drill seeding（A2）. The wheat varieties were Hengguan 35（B1）, Han 6172（B2）, Lunxuan 103（B3） and Shimai25（B4）. The results showed that, the two sowing methods had significant differences in influence on plant traits.The plant height and number of grains per spike of drill sowing were significantly higher than that of uniform sowing. The yield, spike number and 1000-grain weight of uniform sowing were significantly higher than those of drill sowing, and the yield of uniform sowing treatment was 4.42% higher than that of drill sowing treatment.The sowing method had a significant effects on the bulk weight, hardness index, yield rate and 14% water absorption. The bulk weight of wheat under uniform sowing was 2.02 percentage points higher than that of drill sowing. Shimai 25 had the highest yield and Hengguan 35 had better flour quality. The yields of Hengguan 35,Han 6172 and Lunxuan 103 under uniform sowing were higher, and the farinogram quality index of Han 6172was better.

[目的]研究不同果枝节位和铃位对棉花种子萌发和种子活力的影响.[方法]选取中棉所49号、新陆早62号和新陆早64号为材料,按不同果枝节位和铃位适时采收,采用标准发芽试验测量发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗鲜、干重等种子活力指标,分析不同果枝节位和铃位对棉花种子活力的影响.[结果]棉花中部果枝种子活力最高,从中部往上下两侧推移,发芽势、发芽率和种子活力呈下降趋势,种子活力表现为中部果枝＞上部果枝＞下部果枝;中部果枝种子幼苗营养器官干重均高于下部果枝和上部果枝,而上部果枝和下部果枝因品种不同变化规律不同;铃位对种子活力的影响因品种不同而表现出不同的变化规律.[结论]中部果枝棉籽种子活力最高,幼苗长势较好,利于形成壮苗,其次为上部和下部果枝;其中,铃位对种子活力的影响因品种不同而不同.生产棉花高活力种子,应尽量采收中部果枝的棉籽.

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were added to the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants in 2015. PCNs are mainly unintentionally produced during industrial processes nowadays, and can be widely found in environmental media and foodstuffs. Dietary intake is the primary pathway for human exposure to PCNs. PCNs in different categories of foodstuffs have been reported. However, little information on PCN concentrations in green tea, a popular beverage worldwide is available. In this study, all 75 PCN congener concentrations and distributions in green tea samples (n = 102) from 11 regions in China were determined, and risk assessment of human exposure to PCNs through tea consumption was conducted. The PCN concentrations in all the green tea samples were 3.62-175 pg/g dry weight (mean 36.1 pg/g dry weight). Similar PCN homolog and congener profiles were found in green tea samples from different areas. The dominant PCN homologs in all of the green tea samples were di-CNs, tetra-CNs, and tri-CNs. No direct relationships were found between PCN emission sources and PCN concentrations in the green tea samples. The brewing technique could affect the PCN concentrations and homolog profiles in tea leaves. PCNs in green tea from China were found to pose little risk to humans.

Chemosensors based on traditional fluorescent dyes have always contributed to the development of chemical sensor areas. In this review, the rhodamine-based chemosensors’ improvements and applications from 2018 to 2022 are discussed, mainly focusing on cations (metal ions and H+), anions (CN−, F−, etc.), and small bio-functional molecules’ (thiols, amino acids, etc.) detection. Specifically, this review highlights the detection target, detection limit, detection solution system, detection mechanism, and performance of the rhodamine-based sensors. Although these rhodamine-based sensors are well developed, their repeatability and sensitivity still need significant improvement. This review is expected to bring new clues and bright ideas to researchers for further advances in rhodamine-based chemosensors in the future.

In this study, a 4-formylphenylboronic acid-modified cross-linked chitosan magnetic nanoparticle (FPBA@CCHS@Fe3O4) was fabricated. The synthesized material was utilized as the magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of six benzoylurea pesticides. In addition to B-N coordination, FPBA@CCHS@Fe3O4 interacts with benzoylureas through hydrogen bonds and pi-pi stacking interaction on account of rich active groups (amino and hydroxyl) and aromatic rings in structure. Compared to traditional extraction methods, less adsorbent (20 mg) and reduced extraction time (3 min) were achieved. The adsorbent also exhibited good reusability (no less than 10 times). Coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, satisfactory recoveries (89.1-103.9%) and an acceptable limit of detection (0.2-0.7 mu g/L) were obtained. Under optimized conditions, the established method was successfully applied to the tea infusion samples from six major tea categories with acceptable recoveries ranging from 76.8 to 110%, indicating its application potential for the quantitative detection of pesticides in complex matrices.

In this study, a novel FONs-based sensor P-M(w) was synthesized using 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde and L-methionine through facile hydrothermal strategy. The fluorescence emission peaks of the acquired P-M (w) would show specific changes after the addition of Hg2+ due to interfering the PET process and inducing nano-structure conformational rigidification of P-M(w). Notably, the water-soluble FONs-based sensor was firstly used to detect Hg2+ in tea samples providing a new material choice for the fluorescence sensor construction of metal ion detection. Besides, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Hg2+ could be carried out with P-M (w) at a very low concentration (1 mu g/mL) meaning that the acquired PM(w) synthesized by few grams of reactants may satisfy the detection of approximate fifty thousand samples. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been found to occur ubiquitously in foodstuff of both animal and plant origin. However, limited information is available on the content of CPs in green tea, one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Herein, 107 commercial green tea samples originating from 11 provinces of China, were collected to study the occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively). The concentration of SCCPs in all green tea samples ranged from 4.99 to 717 ng/g (mean: 55.7 ng/g), while MCCPs ranged from 2.55 to 543 ng/g (mean: 33.5 ng/g). CP profiles in green tea samples from different provinces exhibited no regional differences. To identify the potential sources of CPs in green tea, 19 tea packaging samples were collected and analyzed, showing that SCCPs and MCCPs existed at much higher concentrations in the tea packaging material than in the teas. Migration tests indicated that CPs could migrate from packaging into teas during storage, with the migration velocity and efficiency of SCCPs being higher than MCCPs.

2020/2021年度在黄淮冬麦区南片的4个省份分别设置大田试验,选择周麦18、周麦36及爱民蓝麦1号3个不同品质类型的冬小麦品种,分析比较不同气象因子对3个品种小麦产量及品质的影响.结果表明:不同小麦品种特性和试验点生态环境对小麦籽粒长宽、产量及品质的影响均达到显著水平,其中籽粒长度、株高及产量受环境条件的影响大于品种基因型,而籽粒宽度、产量三要素、籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和纤维素含量受品种基因型的影响大于环境条件.从不同试验点气象因子来看,籽粒长宽和千粒重表现一致,主要受抽穗?灌浆中期水分的正向调控和拔节?成熟期气温的负向调控;株高主要受拔节期水分和气温的正向调控;产量和穗粒数主要受抽穗期水分和气温、灌浆中期水分的正向调控;有效穗数主要受拔节?抽穗期日照时数的正向调控.籽粒淀粉含量受拔节后气温、水分的正向调控,受扬花后期日照时数的负向调控,籽粒蛋白质含量则与其相反,纤维素主要受抽穗?灌浆中期水分的正向调控.综上所述,不同小麦品种特性和试验点生态环境对小麦籽粒长宽、产量及品质均存在显著影响;拔节后的平均气温、总供水量及总日照时数对小麦籽粒表型、产量及品质性状的影响存在差异.

为了解小麦产量和品质对不同类型土壤和施氮处理的响应,以津强11号为试验材料,研究不同类型土壤(黑土、潮土)和施氮处理(不施肥、底施、三叶期施、拔节期施、抽穗期施)对春小麦产量和品质的调控效应.结果表明,土壤养分含量较高的黑土更有利于小麦穗部性状及产量和品质的提高,黑土处理小麦的总小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量较潮土分别提高5.76％、28.07％、18.37％和38.4％,蛋白质含量及其产量提高14.35％和38.37％,差异均极显著(P＜0.01).不同施氮处理间比较,穗部性状与籽粒产量均以拔节期施氮最高;各施氮处理较不施氮处理籽粒谷蛋白含量均大幅度提高,以抽穗期施氮的籽粒蛋白质含量最高.黑土和潮土中,在拔节期或抽穗期追肥均可以有效提高小麦籽粒产量和品质.籽粒圆度表现为潮土＞黑土,其他籽粒性状在各处理间均无显著差异.

Wheat flour products are the main dietary component of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) population in China. However, the high altitude restricts the local wheat quality and quantity, and the applied nitrogen rate is higher than the optimal rate for wheat planting. In this study, we considered whether reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and introducing the superior varieties from the North China Plain (NCP) are viable ways to increase the wheat quality and quantity in the QTP. Three and four winter wheat cultivars from QTP and NCP, respectively, were planted in Lhasa at an altitude of 3 647 m with reduced topdressing nitrogen application at the jointing stage. The wheat from NCP exhibited higher grain hardness index and test weight, and better flour and dough quality. Reducing the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer from 135 to 75 kg N ha(-1) at the jointing stage (with the same basal fertilization of 105 kg N ha(-1)) did not significantly (P<0.05) affect the grain yield, grain quality, flour quality or dough quality in any of the cultivars. In summary, introducing high-quality winter wheat varieties from the NCP to the Lhasa plateau is a viable way to enhance the wheat supply and quality in the QTP. Reducing a certain amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is an economic and feasible approach for the QTP region.

通过研究潮土和黑土条件下氮肥施用量对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响,为小麦高产优质栽培提供科学依据和技术参考.试验于2020-2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所温室进行,以强筋冬小麦品种中麦578为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置2个土壤条件,5个施氮量处理.结果 显示,同一施氮量处理下,花后整个时期小麦旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、籽粒长、籽粒宽、千粒重、穗粒数、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均表现为黑土优于潮土,而籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量则表现为潮土优于黑土.在同一土壤条件下,施氮量的增加减缓了小麦旗叶SPAD值的下降速率,延长有效光合功能期;籽粒长、籽粒宽、千粒重、穗粒数、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量等指标均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,而籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而升高.综上所述,在本试验基础养分条件下,每盆施入2g尿素,籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均达到最大值.