早期抽薹和根腐病严重影响当归的栽培成效,为了探寻航天搭载对当归SP1 代成药特性的诱变效应,将当归种子搭载"长征七号"和"神舟十一号"飞船,在太空分别历时22 h和33 d,返回地面后大田有机育苗栽培.结果表明:与对照(CK)种子相比较,神舟33 d和长征22 h处理的当归种子育成SP1种苗移栽后返青率分别显著提高24.0％和14.9％.成药期CK返青株早期抽薹率和死株率高达40.2％和26.8％,33 d和22 h群体的早期抽薹率较CK分别极显著提高29.7％和21.4％,死株率分别显著降低26.8％和16.0％,种苗成药率各处理依次为33 d(26.0％)＞22 h(21.4％)＞CK(20.8％);33 d和22 h群体株高、株幅和茎粗始终极显著高于CK,单株叶片数与CK相当;当归阿魏酸含量依次为22 h(0.12％)＞33 d(0.11％)＞CK(0.10％),浸出物含量依次为33 d(57.90％)＞CK(54.10％)＞22 h(51.30％).说明航天搭载当归种子在诱导有利变异的同时也可诱导不利于生产的变异,但创造了抗逆性强的优异变异群体,奠定了新品种选育的宝贵种质资源,并拓展了新品种选育途径;根病和早期抽薹是造成当归成药率很低的主要原因,迫切需要对品种进行提纯复壮和选育改良.

为了探索航天搭载对当归成药特性的诱变效应,通过对航天诱变当归种子育成种苗分级移栽,研究种苗大小对当归成药期物候特征、抗逆生理特性、农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:种苗越大其返青率、移栽成活率、早期抽薹率越高,前期生长发育态势越好,表现为大苗成药栽培期株高、株幅、叶柄粗、复叶数、叶面积等生长发育指标优异;种苗大小对当归生长期膜脂过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性具有显著影响,前期小苗抗氧化系统薄弱,膜脂过氧化程度大,后期大苗抗氧化活性低于小苗,膜脂过氧化程度变大;种苗大小对当归成药栽培产量具有显著影响,表现为小苗栽产量最高(6 382.46 kg/hm2),中苗栽次之(3 159.44 kg/hm2),大苗栽最低(1 073.48 kg/hm2).可见,航天诱变育种对当归种苗的物候特征、抗逆性、产量及质量影响较大;因育成的小种苗移栽后产量较高,质量优异,可在后期研究和生产中选择小种苗移栽.

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响,采用黑膜覆盖栽培,基施纯有机肥(O,2000 kg·hm -2 )、纯化肥(C,磷酸二铵,420 kg·hm -2 )、减半量化肥增施有机肥[1/2（O+C）],以不施肥为对照（CK）,栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标。结果表明,纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0%,分别较CK、1/2（O+C）和C降低19.4%、15.2%和7.1%。药材产量则相反,O、C和1/2（O+C）栽培当归药材产量相当,鲜产量分别较CK提高105.9%、84.6%和78.2%。纯有机肥栽培当归根最长,侧根最多,单根最重,药材产量最高。化肥对根的增粗作用最大,但含水量高,根病率高,发病重。不同施肥每hm~2鲜药材产量与综合评价指数大小顺序一致,依次为O（9220.6 kg,0.926）＞C（9038.5 kg,0.610）＞1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg,0.481）＞CK（4897.4 kg,0.190）。每hm~2干药材产量排序为O（3149.2 kg）＞1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg）＞C（2909.2 kg）＞CK（1707.0 kg）,与经济收益一致。在岷县道地产区黑膜覆盖栽培,纯施有机肥对当归药材具有显著增效作用,可有效降低早薹率、根病率和发病程度,改善药材性状,提高药材产量和质量,在当归标准化栽培中可推广应用,以改变当归依赖化肥的生产现状,促进绿色有机栽培。

Used as traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. ( A. membranaceus ) roots are also used as tonic food material in a wide range of applications, while the leaves are left in the field, unused. Therefore, comprehensively exploring and utilizing the leaves will inevitably reduce the associated resource waste and environment pollution. In this study, the plant leaves were processed into tea using green tea processing technology. Bioactive components, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Leaf Tea (LT) and Dry Leaves (DL) were studied, and compared to that of the Dry Roots (DR). The results showed that the polysaccharides content (POL) in the DR (20.44%) was twice as high as the DL (10.18%) and LT (8.68%). However, the DL contained 36.85% more water-soluble extracts (WSE), 35.09% more ethanol-soluble extracts (ESE), 409.63% more total flavonoid content (TFC), 221.01% more total phenolic content (TPC) and 94.34% more proteins, and the LT contained 26.21% more WSE, 40.64% more ESE, 326.93% more TFC, 191.90% more TPC and 37.71% more proteins. The total amino acid (AA) content in the DR was 8.89%, while in that of the DL and LT were 24.18% and 28.96% respectively, nearly 3-times higher than that of the DR. The antioxidant activity of DR was much lower than those of DL and LT, both of which had antioxidant activity closer to that of Vitamin C (V C ) and the antioxidant activities were even stronger when the optimal concentration was reached. Except for Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus, the DL and DR exhibited inhibition activities to Salmonella , Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and yeast , while the LT had antimicrobial activities against all the strains except for A. niger . In summary, compared with the most commonly used DR, the DL and LT from A. membranaceus contained higher bioactive components, and stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Producing leaf tea may be an appropriate way to economically and reasonably utilize the plant leaves which are by-products.

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels root part is an integral component of traditional Chinese medicine, widely prescribed to improve blood circulation and blood stasis. However, early bolting of A. sinensis compromises the quality of the roots and hence is a major limitation for yield of medicinal materials. To date, little information about the molecular mechanisms underlying bolting is available for this important medicinal plant. To identify genes putatively involved in early bolting, we have conducted the transcriptome analysis of the shoot tips of the early-bolting plants and non-bolting (normal) plants of A. sinensis , respectively, using a combination of third-generation sequencing and next-generation sequencing. A total of 43,438 non-redundant transcripts were collected and 475 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene annotation and functional analyses revealed that DEGs were highly involved in plant hormone signaling and biosynthesis pathways, three main flowering pathways, pollen formation, and very-long-chain fatty acids biosynthesis pathways. The levels of endogenous hormones were also changed significantly in the early bolting stage of A. sinensis . This study provided new insights into the transcriptomic control of early bolting in A. sinensis, which could be further applied to enhance the yield of medicinally important raw materials.