目的:探讨n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对2型糖尿病患者代谢指标的影响.方法将90例2型糖尿病患者随机分为A组(金枪鱼油)、B组(亚麻籽油)、C组(玉米油,对照组),每组30人.口服相应的胶囊第0、6m时,分别检测3组受试者的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等代谢指标,比较其变化.结果:(1)组内比较:营养膳食干预6m后,A组的TC水平较口服干预之前有所下降,HDL较口服干预之前有所升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),B组和C组各血脂指标较口服干预前均无明显差异(P均>0.05).(2)组间比较:营养膳食干预6m后,试验A组TC水平较对照C组有所降低(P<0.05),其他组间各血脂指标比较无统计学差异(P均>0.05).结论:服用n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(金枪鱼油)4g/d,可以降低2型糖尿病患者血清中总胆固醇水平,增加高密度脂蛋白的水平.

本研究通过开展对黑龙江省内实习医院营养科、社区卫生服务中心、托幼机构及大型餐饮公司的调研活动,针对医学营养人才社会需求和人才知识、素质及能力结构方面进行了分析.发现不同用人单位对人才数量及规格均有不同需求.医学营养及相关专业人才培养不能适应社会发展,需要改进课程设置、强化专业知识和技能水平,以提升人才培养质量,满足医学营养专业用人单位需求.

本文通过主客观评价，了解来自不同地域的大学生营养状况，为指导大学生合理膳食提供科学依据。选取黑龙江省大庆市某高校在校大学生，分成来自直辖市、副省级城市和其他城市3个不同地域组，采用KAP问卷调查、膳食调查、体格检查的方法，分析大学生营养现状及影响因素。第一， KAP问卷：在校大学生对营养知识的掌握情况一般，来自直辖市的大学生KAP问卷得分高于副省级城市和其他城市（P＜0.05）；女生KAP问卷得分高于男生（P＜0.05）。第二，膳食调查：在校大学生饮食结构不合理，除肉类和谷类摄入量达标率超过80%以外，其他均较低，来自直辖市和副省级城市的大学生，其奶及奶制品摄入量达标率均高于其他城市（P均＜0.05），来自直辖市的大学生鱼虾类摄入量达标率高于其他城市（P＜0.05）；女生奶及奶制品和水果摄入量达标率高于男生，男生肉类摄入量达标率高于女生，以上差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。第三，体质指数（BMI）：直辖市超重体质大学生比例比副省级城市和其他城市高（P＜0.05），其他城市偏瘦体质大学生比例比直辖市和副省级城市高（P ＜0.05）；女生偏瘦的比例要高于男生（P ＜0.05），男生超重的比例要高于女生（P ＜0.05）。可见，来自直辖市的大学生营养知识掌握情况略好于副省级城市和其他城市，女生营养知识掌握情况好于男生，但大学生整体对营养知识的掌握均不好，男生超重比例高于女生，女生偏瘦比例高于男生，这些可能与其膳食结构不合理、饮食行为不科学有关，应通过多种方式开展营养教育。

Objective To determine the impact of fluorine and aluminum,and both action combined on the number of rat osteoclasts and bone resorption cultured in vitro and to explore its mechanisms.Methods The osteoclasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) isolated from long bone of new born rats were cultured,respectively,in TC199 medium (containing 10％ fetal bovine serum) with fluoride,aluminum and fluoride combined with aluminum.The osteoclasts were inoculated in 96-well culture plate and ivory slice,BMSCs in 6-well culture plate,and culture medium was changed after 2 hours incubation.The cells were divided into control group,fluoride group,aluminum group and fluoride combined with aluminum group; the doses of sodium fluoride were 0,1.0 × 10-4,0,1.0 × 10-4 mol/L and the doses of aluminum chloride were 0,0,1.0 × 10-5,1.0 × 10-5 mol/L,respectively.Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining positive cells were counted under light microscope after TRAP staining on the 5th day and the pit formed in ivory slices were measured by histomorphometry after staining with toludine blue.The expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR in BMSCs after 8 h treatment.Results ① Fluoride,aluminum and the interactive effects of fluoride and aluminum all had impact on the numbers of osteoclasts (F =7.15,6.56 and 7.98,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).The numbers of osteoclasts in fluoride group,aluminum group and fluoride combined with aluminum group[(136.9 ± 22.99),(135.4 ± 23.5),(163.0 ± 24.4) per well] were higher than that in the control group[(92.5 ± 22.1) per well,all P ＜ 0.05].② Fluoride,aluminum and the interactive effects of fluoride and aluminum all had impact on the resorption pit area on ivory slices(F =10.47,12.64,14.29,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).The resorption pit area on ivory slices in fluoride group,aluminum group and fluoride combined with aluminum group[(0.242 ± 0.031),(0.293 ± 0.026),(0.333 ± 0.016)mm2 per slice] was higher than that in the control group [(0.088 ± 0.030)mm2 per slice,all P ＜ 0.05].③Fluoride,aluminum and the interactive effects of fluoride and aluminum all had impact on the expression ratios of RANKL/OPG in BMSCs (F =8.15,15.38,23.59,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).The expression ratios of RANKL/OPG in BMSCs in fluoride group,aluminum group and fluoride combined with aluminum group [(193.98 ± 137.93)％,(326.11 ± 176.78)％,(599.84 ± 275.82)％] were higher than that in the control group[(100.00 ± 56.02)％,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusions Both fluoride and aluminum can cause increase in the number of osteoclasts in vitro and promote cell differentiation and bone resorption activity,which may be related to increased expression ratio of RANKL/OPG mRNA in BMSCs.The stimulating effects of fluoride on osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption is enhanced by aluminum.

Objective To determine the effects of fluoride on osteoclasts's quantity and bone resorption function in vitro and its mechanisms. Methods The osteoclasts and bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) isolated from long bone of new born rats were cultured respectively in TC199 medium (containing 10% fetal bovine serum) with fluoride. The osteoclasts were inoculated in 96-well culture plate and ivory slice, BMSCs were inoculated in 6- well culture plate, respectively, medium were changed after 2 hours incubation. They were divided into control group, low-dose fluoride, medium-dose fluoride and high-dose fluoride groups, the doses of sodium fluoride were 0,2.5 × 10-5,5.0 × 10-5,10.0 × 10-5 mol/L, respectively. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) staining positive cells were counted under light microscope after TRAP staining on the 2nd and the 5th day and the pit formed in ivory slices were measured by histomorphometry after staining with toludine blue. The expression of receptor activator of NK-κβ ligand(RANKL) and osteoprotegerin(OPC) was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative (337.5 ± 70.5), (447.5 ± 43.4), (472.9 ± 34.8), (475.3 ± 24.3)/well in the control group, the low-dose, mediumdose and high-dose fluoride groups, respectively. The differences were statistically significant between these groups and the control group (all P < 0.05). After in vitro culture for 5 days, the numbers of osteoclasts were (92.5 ± 22.1), (123.0 ± 26.4), (135.5 ± 22.2), (136.9 ± 23.0) per well in the control group, the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose fluoride groups, respectively. The differences were statistically significant between these groups and the (0.088 ± 0.030), (0.100 ± 0.018), (0.152 ± 0.015), (0.242 ± 0.031 )mm2 per piece in the control group, the lowdose, medium-dose and high-dose fluoride groups, respectively. The values of medium-dose and high-dose fluoride BMSCs in the control group, the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose fluoride groups were 100.00 ± 56.02, 144.95 ± 97.21,223.25 ± 184.48,193.98 ± 137.93, respectively. The values of medium-dose and high-dose fluoride groups were significantly higher than that of control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Fluoride can cause increase in the number of osteoclasts in vitro and promote their cell differentiation and bone resorption activity, which may be related to increased expression ratio of RANKL/OPG mRNA in BMSCs.

本文通过了解当代大学生脂肪性肝病的现状及相关危险因素,提高大学生身体素质,为在大学里广泛开展健康教育提供依据。得出结论:在大学里广泛开展健康教育活动,倡导健身运动,指导大学生合理膳食,形成良好的、健康的生活行为方式,对于降低脂肪性肝病的发病率,提高大学生这一特殊群体的身体素质有现实意义。

现行五年制大专<物理学>教材第十四章"实践教学"中实验4:"液体粘滞系数测定"是学生在学习过程中必做的实验之一.本实验所用的主要仪器是奥氏粘度计,实验原理是根椐泊肃叶公式V=S2△pt/8πηL,用间接比较法推出公式为η2=ρ2t2/ρ1t1η1,然后根椐某温度下水和待测液体(乙醇)的密度ρ1、ρ2,水的粘滞系数η1和测出的2种液体液面流经A、B刻线所用的时间t1、t2代入上式,计算出乙醇在该温度下的粘滞系数η2(实验装置见图1).

本文选择电源工作时的几种关系曲线,定性地分析了电源在工作过程中各物理量的变化规律.采用图线方法分析电源工作时的物理过程,具有形象、直观的特点,便于学生从整体上把握各相关物理量的变化规律及相互制约关系.