Behcet’s disease (BD) involves multiple immune cells, but the mechanism by which interferon α-2a (IFNα-2a) exerts therapeutic effects on BD through immune cell modulation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of CD4 + IFN-I-related T cells in BD with active uveitis during IFNα-2a therapy. A single-cell atlas of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was constructed from BD patients with active uveitis, post-4-month IFNα-2a therapy BD patients, active BD patients, and healthy controls (HCs) by integrating in-house and public scRNA-seq data. Bulk mRNA sequencing of CD4 + T cells from active BD patients and HCs was performed for validation. Cell-cell interaction, in vitro coculture, and inhibitor experiments were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. CD4 + IFN-I-related T cells (characterized by high interferon-related gene expression) were significantly decreased in active BD patients but restored after IFNα-2a therapy. The LLT1-CD161 interaction intensity between CD4 + IFN-I-related T cells and NK cells was reduced in active BD and recovered post-therapy. CD4 + IFN-I-related T cells inhibited NK cell activation and IFN-γ secretion via the CD161 receptor. IFNα-2a therapy reverses the decreased frequency of CD4 + IFN-I-related T cells in active BD, which in turn inhibits the inflammatory phenotype of NK cells through LLT1-CD161 interaction, providing new insights into the therapeutic mechanism of IFNα-2a in BD.

Idiopathic pediatric uveitis (IPU) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in children; however, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this condition remain unclear. Herein, trio-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in 28 affected families and targeted sequencing was performed in 1953 sporadic cases from a Han Chinese cohort. A rare missense mutation, A773E in intraflagellar transport 122 (IFT122), was identified in one trio and absent from sporadic cases. Functional assays showed that deleterious IFT122-A773E increased inflammatory factor secretion and exacerbated barrier function damage both in vivo and in vitro. Further studies using proteomics demonstrated that IFT122-A773E increased AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FRA1) expression. The IFT122-A773E substitution enhanced the interaction with IFT43 and up-regulated calcium channels, and in turn led to activation of the MEK/ERK signaling axis. Collectively, our findings suggest that IFT122-A773E may increase susceptibility to IPU through activation of the MEK/ERK/FRA1 axis.

Biochar acts as a rhizosphere interface engineer, reshaping physical, chemical, and biological gradients across the root–soil–microorganism continuum. Physically, it enhances aggregation by 13.9–18.9 Highlights

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of irreversible blindness, and current therapies do not restore photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Human embryonic stem-cell-derived RPE (hESC-RPE) transplantation represents a potential regenerative strategy, but immune rejection limits durable engraftment. Here, we combine immune profiling of blood, aqueous humor, and retinal tissue with allogeneic co-cultures and humanized models to define determinants of graft vulnerability and assess a graft-directed intervention. We identify a Th1-skewed, IFN-γ-rich immune milieu across the circulation and eye and show that IFN-γ-JAK1 signaling promotes an immunogenic state in hESC-RPE, marked by increased HLA expression and antigen presentation features. Brief ex vivo conditioning with ruxolitinib attenuates this response while preserving epithelial properties. In humanized retinal degeneration models, conditioned grafts show reduced T/natural killer (NK)-cell infiltration, prolonged survival, and improved visual function without chronic systemic immunosuppression, supporting ex vivo JAK inhibition as a feasible adjunct to RPE cell therapy.

CONTEXT: Paddy fields are an important source of agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs), and optimizing rice rotation is a promising strategy for GHGs mitigation. However, the mechanisms by which different rotation regimes regulate methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the effects and underlying mechanisms of typical rice rotation systems on soil GHGs emissions, soil fertility and microbial properties, to support the coordination of rice productivity and environmental sustainability in subtropical rice cropping regions. METHODS: A two-year field experiment was conducted with three rotation treatments: rice-fallow (RF), rice-- wheat (RW), and rice-Chinese milk vetch (RV). We measured CH4 and N2O fluxes, soil nutrient status, and soil microbial community and functional gene abundance to explore the regulatory mechanisms of GHG emissions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The RV system reduced integrated global warming potential (GWP) by 37.74%- 39.03% relative to RF and RW systems, owing to simultaneous reductions in both CH4 and N2O emissions. Rotation regimes regulated CH4 emissions mainly via residue C/N ratio and soil nutrient availability, while soil microbial community structure and functional genes showed negligible effects. Conversely, N2O emissions are regulated through a synergistic interplay among rotation regimes, alterations in soil nutrients, and N-cycling functional genes abundances (e.g., AOB-amoA and nirS). Rotation markedly reshaped soil microbial communities, with bacteria more sensitive than fungi. However, shifts in community structure were not closely linked to GHGs fluxes. SIGNIFICANCE: The RV rotation system simultaneously mitigates GHGs emissions, improves soil fertility, and maintaining rice yield. It represents a climate-smart and ecologically sustainable cropping strategy for low-carbon rice production in southern China.

[Objective]This paper aimed to investigate the characteristic of soil microorganisms and soil function under long-term strawberry continuous cropping and to clarify the effects of long-term strawberry continuous cropping on soil bacterial and fungal community structure and carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism gene abundance,so as to provide the scientific basis for improving the soil microecological balance and soil function of continuous cropping in the future.[Method]The real-time PCR,Miseq sequencing and high-throughput chip technologies were applied to determine soil bacteria,fungi and function under strawberry cultivated for 1,3 and 10 year.[Result]The strawberry continuous cropping reduced the soil pH,but increased the soil nutrient content,in which the soil organic matter content increased from 21.2 g·kg-1 to 32.4 g·kg-1.The bacterial abundance in rhizosphere and bulk soil was increased and then decreased as the years of cultivation.The abundance of bulk soil fungi was similar to the trend of bacteria,but its abundance was significantly reduced in the rhizosphere,indicating that bacteria and fungi response differently to continuous cropping.Continuous cropping had no significant effect on bacterial diversity,but significantly reduced fungal diversity and significantly changed soil microbial composition.Based on UniFrac distance,it was found that the fungal community UniFrac distance(0.64-1.36)was much higher than the bacteria(0.028-0.111),indicating that the influence of continuous cropping on fungal community structure was higher than that of bacteria.Correlation analysis showed that bacterial community structure was significantly correlated with soil pH,while fungal community structure was significantly correlated with soil nutrient status(such as soil available P,alkali-hydrolysable,and soil organic matter).Long-term continuous cropping of strawberry changed the metabolic function gene abundance of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus,which significantly reduced the soil carbon fixation gene accA,while the nitrogen fixation gene nifH and phosphorus metabolism related functions(phoD,phoX and pqqC genes)first increased and then decreased.The partial least squares path model(PLS-PM)analysis showed that the fungal community structure(abundance,diversity and composition)caused by long-term strawberry continuous cropping had a higher impact on soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism gene abundance than the bacterial community structure.[Conclusion]This study showed that soil function gene abundance changed caused by long-term strawberry continuous cropping was mainly caused by the changes of fungal community structure.Thus,the soil fungal community structure should be regulated to improve the health status of long-term continuous cropping soil.

Accumulating data implicate Type u2162 interferons (IFN-u03BBs) in autoimmune disorders, prompting our exploration of their role in uveitis pathogenesis. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) and active Behu00E7etu2019s disease (BD) were analyzed for IFN-u03BB expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) was induced in IFNLR1u2212/u2212 mice to evaluate disease severity, inflammatory responses, and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity. RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify related genes and associated signaling pathways. IFN-u03BB levels were significantly elevated in active VKH and BD patients and effectively distinguished them from healthy controls. Compared with wild-type mice, IFNLR1u2212/u2212 mice developed more severe EAU, characterized by increased Th1/Th17 responses, reduced Treg frequency, and disrupted blood-retinal barrier integrity, which was evidenced by decreased tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin. Both retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from IFNLR1u2212/u2212 mice and human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with silenced IFNLR1 secreted higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1u03B2, and MCP-1, which were suppressed by recombinant IFN-u03BB1 and IFN-u03BB2. RNA sequencing revealed an enrichment of T-cell and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways in IFNLR1u2212/u2212 EAU mice. Consistent with this transcriptional profile, the expression of NLRP3 and NLRP1 was upregulated in RPE cells. Knockdown of these inflammasomes reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and upregulated the tight junction proteins. These results suggest that IFN-u03BBs may alleviate uveitis by targeting RPE cells, primarily through downregulation of NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thereby attenuating inflammatory responses and preserving BRB integrity.

Non-infectious uveitis is a group of complex inflammatory eye diseases shaped by genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, and environmental cues. Among these, the mucosal microbiome-including gut, oral, and ocular surface microbial communities-has emerged as a key player in modulating systemic and ocular immune responses. Recent evidence supports a gut-eye axis wherein microbial dysbiosis alters intestinal barrier function, perturbs T cell homeostasis, and drives systemic immune activation that can breach ocular immune privilege. Specific taxa, such as Prevotella and Faecalibacterium, as well as microbial metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, have been implicated in promoting or mitigating ocular inflammation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, notably HLA-B27 and HLA-A29, influence both microbiome composition and disease phenotype, suggesting a gene-microbiome-immunity triad of interaction in uveitis pathogenesis. Drawing on insights from metagenomics, metabolomics, in vitro and in vivo experimental and murine models, this review delineates four key mechanisms-immune imbalance, antigenic mimicry, epithelial barrier disruption, and bacterial translocation-that underpin the key roles of microbiome in uveitis. We combine current literature and integrate findings from our research programs to highlight diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Microbiome-informed strategies, such as rational probiotic design, dietary modulation, and targeted microbial therapies, hold promise for complementing existing immunosuppressive regimens. Translating these insights into clinical practice requires robust multi-omic studies, longitudinal cohorts, mechanistic studies, and precision-guided intervention trials. By framing uveitis within a mucosal immunological context, this review proposes a future precision medicine roadmap for integrating microbiome science into ocular inflammatory disease management.

Behcet's uveitis (BU) is one of the most vision-threatening uveitis entities with male-biased incidence and severity. Neutrophil dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, their proteomic changes are not completely understood. We performed proteomic analysis on peripheral neutrophils from patients with active BU and identified 82 up-regulated and 516 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) compared to healthy controls (HCs). We further performed functional analysis on these DEPs and found that the pathway involved in neutrophil extracellular trap formation was activated, whereas nucleotide metabolism and apoptosis were suppressed. Compared with female patients, male patients presented enhanced pathways associated neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses and suppressed apoptosis. Additionally, integrative analysis of proteomic profiles and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data revealed that these sex differences might be related to the enhanced inflammatory response in primed inflammatory and inflammatory neutrophils as well as deficiencies in apoptosis and nucleotide metabolism in ROS-responsive neutrophils. Collectively, our data revealed the proteomic profiles of neutrophils from patients with BU, and their functional changes may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of this disease and its sex differences.

Accumulating data implicate Type III interferons (IFN-λs) in autoimmune disorders, prompting our exploration of their role in uveitis pathogenesis. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) and active Behçet's disease (BD) were analyzed for IFN-λ expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) was induced in IFNLR1-/- mice to evaluate disease severity, inflammatory responses, and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity. RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to identify related genes and associated signaling pathways. IFN-λ levels were significantly elevated in active VKH and BD patients and effectively distinguished them from healthy controls. Compared with wild-type mice, IFNLR1-/- mice developed more severe EAU, characterized by increased Th1/Th17 responses, reduced Treg frequency, and disrupted blood-retinal barrier integrity, which was evidenced by decreased tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin. Both retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from IFNLR1-/- mice and human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with silenced IFNLR1 secreted higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and MCP-1, which were suppressed by recombinant IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2. RNA sequencing revealed an enrichment of T-cell and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways in IFNLR1-/- EAU mice. Consistent with this transcriptional profile, the expression of NLRP3 and NLRP1 was upregulated in RPE cells. Knockdown of these inflammasomes reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and upregulated the tight junction proteins. These results suggest that IFN-λs may alleviate uveitis by targeting RPE cells, primarily through downregulation of NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thereby attenuating inflammatory responses and preserving BRB integrity.

Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells that first respond to insults in circulation. Although associative evidence suggests that differences in neutrophils may be linked to the sex-specific vulnerability of inflammatory diseases, mechanistic links remain elusive. Here, we identified extensive sex-specific heterogeneity in neutrophil composition under normal and auto-inflammatory conditions at single-cell resolution. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, neutrophil-specific genetic knockouts and transfer experiments, we discovered dysregulation of two unconventional (interferon-α responsive and T cell regulatory) neutrophil subsets leading to male-biased incidence, severity and poor prognosis of auto-inflammatory Behçet’s uveitis. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and exosome study revealed that male-specific negative effects of both genetic factors and circulating exosomes on unconventional neutrophil subsets contributed to male-specific vulnerability to disease. Collectively, our findings identify sex-specifically distinct neutrophil subsets and highlight unconventional neutrophil subsets as sex-specific therapeutic targets to limit inflammatory diseases.

Long-term continuous cropping of strawberry induces soil degradation, which reduces strawberry growth and yield. Agricultural waste and microorganisms have great potential in improving soil health. The aim of this study was to identify the potential mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis containing agricultural waste to improve soil health. Soil that had been cropped continuously for more than 10 years was flooded with water for approximately 28 days. After flooding, agricultural waste fermented with microorganisms was applied to improve soil health. Microbial biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization were also determined. Different agricultural waste coupled with pre-flooding resulted in a significant increase of strawberry biomass by 33.0%-98.4% compared with control and changes in soil properties. The application of agricultural waste also significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, with the Shannon index increased by 2.37%-6.11% compared with control, and changed the bacterial community composition. The promotion of plant growth was linked with detectable shifts in the soil bacterial taxa after pre-flooding and B. velezensis containing agricultural waste usage. Most importantly, random forest and correlated analyses showed that taxa affiliated with Pseudomonas may be important in strawberry growth after treatment. Subsequent bacterial isolation and pot inoculation experiments validated that co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and B. velezensis significantly promoted strawberry growth by 21.7% and 31.4%, respectively, compared with inoculation of only P. fluorescens or only B. velezensis, thus confirming the beneficial effect on strawberry plant growth in continuous cropped soils. Our results also indicate that co-culture of P. fluorescens and B. velezensis could enhance biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization, which may be essential in promoting plant growth. B. velezensis containing agricultural waste could stimulate indigenous Pseudomonas and promote plant growth by enhancing biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization.

Plant rotation is a common practice in upland rice production. However, the effects of plant rotation on the interactions between rice plants, soil and underground ecosystems need to be studied further. Here, quantitative PCR and high-throughput pyrosequencing of the ITS region was applied to investigate the fungal abundance, diversity, and composition of fungal functional guilds in rice field soils and after different rotation practices ((rice-fallow (RF), rice-Chinese milk vetch (RV) and rice-wheat (RW)) and their relationship with rice yields. The results showed that the six-year RV and RW rotations increased fungal abundance by 42.7 %–69.2 % relative to RF, but decreased the soil bacterial-to-fungi ratio and fungal diversity. For the functional guilds, RV rotation significantly increased the relative abundance of soil saprotrophs and pathotrophs by 73.30 % and 32.94 %, respectively, while that of symbiotrophs was decreased by 35.96 %, compared to RF. RW rotation was found to significantly decrease all three fungal functional guilds, but increased the symbiotroph-saprotroph ratio. A structure equal model analysis indicated that the diversity of saprotrophs was significantly and negatively correlated with rice yield. Altogether, this work provides a detailed description of how the soil fungal community, including saprotrophic, symbiotrophic and pathotrophic functional guilds, responded to different upland rice rotation practices after eight years of application.

To investigate the effect of plasma-derived exosomal proteins on neutrophil hyperactivation in Behcet's uveitis (BU), we treated neutrophils from healthy controls with plasma-derived exosomes from active BU patients, and determined the level of neutrophil activation by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and cytokine detection assay. The results revealed that exosomes from active BU patients could activate neutrophils as shown by increasing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IL-6), chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1), and NETs (MPO and ELANE). Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of plasma-derived exosomes from patients and healthy controls found a remarkably distinct protein profile and identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the two groups. The results of GO, KEGG, and GSEA enrichment analysis showed that DEPs were enriched in innate immune-mediated and neutrophil hyperactivation-related signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis determined that SHP2 was a downregulated key hub protein in the exosomes of active BU patients. Knockdown of SHP2 in human neutrophil cell lines (NB4 cells) was shown to promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and NETs. The converse effects were observed following SHP2 overexpression. In conclusion, we highlighted a pathogenic role of plasma-derived exosomal SHP2 deficiency in facilitating neutrophil activation and suggested that SHP2 might be an immunoprotective factor in BU pathologic process.

4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates the nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling. In the current work, we investigated whether 4-OI could affect the production of proinflammatory cytokines in Behcet’s uveitis (BU) and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of active BU patients and healthy individuals with in vitro 4-OI treatment were performed to assess the influence of 4-OI on the proinflammatory cytokine production. EAU was induced and used for investigating the influence of 4-OI on the proinflammatory cytokine production in vivo . The flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISA were performed to detect proinflammatory cytokine expression. NRF2 signaling activation was evaluated by qPCR and western blotting (WB). Splenic lymphocyte transcriptome was performed by RNA sequencing. The NRF2 expression by BU patients-derived PBMCs was lower than that by healthy individuals. After treatment with 4-OI, the proportion of Th17 cells, along with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6) by PBMCs, were downregulated, and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) expression was upregulated, although IFN-γ expression was unaffected. The EAU severity was ameliorated by 4-OI in association with a lower splenic Th1/Th17 cell proportion and increased nuclear NRF2 expression. Additionally, 4-OI downregulated a set of 248 genes, which were enriched in pathways of positive regulation of immune responses. The present study shows an inhibitory effect of 4-OI on the proinflammatory cytokine production in active BU patients and EAU mice, possibly mediated through activating NRF2 signaling. These findings suggest that 4-OI could act as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment and prevention of BU in the future study.

Human activities, including agricultural practice, have a significant effect on soil biodiversity and function. However, little is known about the influence of agricultural practice on the microbial CO2 fixation potential. We applied stable isotope, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and high-throughput sequencing to study the atmospheric CO2 fixation rates and the composition of autotrophic cbbL-gene-harboring bacterial and accA-gene-harboring archaeal communities in response to a dozen years of agricultural practice (including rice-upland rotation, fertilization, and tillage). Fertilizer additions significantly increased CO2 fixation rates by 14.9–40.5%, with the highest rates found for combined nitrogen and manure treatments. Rice-fallow increased soil CO2 fixation rates by 26.8% and 15.6% compared with rice-wheat and rice-Chinese milk vetch rotation, respectively, while no-tillage treatments increased it by 24.7% than traditional tillage treatments. Different agricultural practices significantly affected the cbbL-harboring bacterial diversity but not accA-harboring archaeal diversity, suggesting that cbbL-harboring bacteria are more sensitive to agricultural practices than are the accA-harboring archaea. The principal coordinated analysis revealed that agricultural practices affected both cbbL-harboring bacterial and accA-harboring archaeal communities. Partial least squares path models further revealed that the modified cbbL-harboring bacterial communities and accA-harboring archaeal communities directly or indirectly affected the CO2 fixation rate. Both random forest and correlation analyses revealed that CO2 fixation potential was attributed to Rhodobacteraceae, Oscillochloridaceae, and Dokdonella, and that soil available phosphorus was the most important factor shaping autotrophic microbial composition. Our study shows that a dozen years of agricultural practice modifies soil microbial CO2 fixation and the composition of autotrophic microorganisms. It also highlights the role of no-tillage and rice-fallow treatments in increasing soil organic carbon sequestration.

Purpose:To explore the potential role of plasma-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) cell imbalances in Behçet's uveitis (BU).Methods:The exosome treatment was conducted to evaluate the effects of plasma exosomes from patients with active BU and healthy controls on the Treg/Th17 cell balance. miRNA sequencing analysis of plasma exosomes was conducted to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between patients with active BU and healthy controls. miRTarBase analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to identify the target genes of miR-19b-3p. CD4+T cells were transfected with miR-19b-3p mimic or inhibitor to evaluate its regulation of the Treg/Th17 cell balance. The Treg/Th17 cell balance in CD4+T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Exosomes from patients with active BU promoted Th17 cell differentiation and inhibited Treg cell differentiation. MiRNA sequencing analysis revealed 177 upregulated and 274 downregulated miRNAs in plasma exosomes of patients with active BU. Among them, miR-19b-3p was significantly elevated, and its target genes were identified as being involved in T-cell differentiation. miR-19b-3p overexpression downregulated CD46 expression and the Treg/Th17 cell ratio in CD4+T cells from healthy controls, whereas miR-19b-3p inhibition reversed these regulatory effects and restored the Treg/Th17 cell balance of CD4+T cells from patients with active BU.Conclusions:Plasma-derived exosomes from patients with active BU showed a markedly differential miRNA expression in comparison to healthy controls. Highly expressed miRNA-19b-3p could induce a Treg/Th17 cell imbalance, probably by downregulating CD46 expression.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can form symbiotic associations with many terrestrial plants, are critical for crop yields and agroecosystem sustainability. In this study, we assessed the influence of rice-upland crop rotations on soil AMF diversity and composition. We also explored the mechanisms of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-upland crop rotations that affect AMF using trait-based guild methods. We found that rotations of rice with different plants differentially influenced soil AMF. Rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (RW) and rice-Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) (RV) rotations significantly altered the soil AMF composition, with RW and RV significantly increasing and decreasing AMF diversity, respectively, compared with the rice-fallow treatment. In addition, RW and RV affected AMF abundance in intra- and extra-radical portions in different ways. For example, both the RW and RV treatments increased AMF spore density, but decreased AMF colonization rate. Different AMF guilds showed different responses to rice-upland crop rotations. The RW treatment increased the rhizophilic guild by 4.9% and decreased the edaphophilic guild by 27.9%, whereas the RV treatment produced opposite trends. Thus, rice-upland crop rotations changed soil AMF diversity, AMF composition, and trait-based guilds in different ways, and rice yield was mainly correlated with AMF colonization rate.

The disposal of fresh waste grape berries restraining the sustainable development of vineyards. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of different exogenous probiotic inoculants on the fermentation of fresh waste grape berries. In the fermentation process, the variations of pH and EC value, chemical characteristics of the fermentation products, as well as the microbial communities' composition were simultaneously observed. In addition, the feasibility of using the fermentation products as chemical fertilizer substitute in agricultural production also has been verified in this study. The results indicated that the different probiotic inoculants has shown clear impacts on the variation trends of pH and EC value in the grape waste fermentation. Lactobacillus casei and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are ideal probiotics for the fermentation of waste grape, which enhanced the contents of free Aa and other nutrients in fermentation products. Compared with Fn treatment (without exogenous inoculants), the total free Aa contents in Fs (inoculation with Z. rouxii) and Fm (inoculation with L. casei and Z. rouxii mixture) treatments have improved by 199.1% and 325.5%, respectively. The microbial communities' composition during the fermentation process also been greatly influenced by the different inoculants. At the genus level, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas were the dominant bacteria, while Saccharomyces and Candida were the dominant fungi in the fermentation. Using the fermentation products as chemical fertilizer substitute has enhanced the quality of Kyoho grape. Compared with traditional chemical fertilization treatment (T1), application with fermented grape waste (T2) has significantly improved VC and soluble solid contents in grape berries by 16.89% and 20.12%, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation with suitable probiotics was an efficient approach for the disposal and recycling of fresh waste grape in vineyards.