BACKGROUND:Reducing the carbon footprint of rice production is critical for achieving carbon neutrality targets and advancing sustainable agriculture. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the impacts of different rotation treatments on carbon emissions remain poorly understood. This study conducted field experiments comparing rice-fallow (RF) and rice-biomass (RB) rotations were combined with an environmentally extended input-output life cycle assessment to quantify carbon emissions and evaluate their impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration. RESULTS:The RB system reduced the paddy ecosystem global warming potential by 32.88%, with methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions decreasing by 42.34% (from 268.32 to 154.71 kg ha-1) and 4.36% (from 9.41 to 9.00 kg ha-1), respectively. Total carbon emissions declined by 30.26% compared to the RF system, and carbon emission intensity fell from 1.46 to 1.04 kg CO₂kg-1. Soil organic carbon content increased from 15.12 to 18.22 g kg-1, indicating strong carbon sequestration. Reduced emissions were primarily driven by improvements in soil physicochemical properties, highlighting the dual benefits of RB rotation in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing soil carbon storage. CONCLUSION:Overall, the RB rotation system effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced soil carbon storage, demonstrating a feasible and efficient green cultivation practice for achieving carbon sequestration, emission reduction and productivity improvement in rice production. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biochar acts as a rhizosphere interface engineer, reshaping physical, chemical, and biological gradients across the root–soil–microorganism continuum. Physically, it enhances aggregation by 13.9–18.9 Highlights

CONTEXT: Paddy fields are an important source of agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs), and optimizing rice rotation is a promising strategy for GHGs mitigation. However, the mechanisms by which different rotation regimes regulate methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the effects and underlying mechanisms of typical rice rotation systems on soil GHGs emissions, soil fertility and microbial properties, to support the coordination of rice productivity and environmental sustainability in subtropical rice cropping regions. METHODS: A two-year field experiment was conducted with three rotation treatments: rice-fallow (RF), rice-- wheat (RW), and rice-Chinese milk vetch (RV). We measured CH4 and N2O fluxes, soil nutrient status, and soil microbial community and functional gene abundance to explore the regulatory mechanisms of GHG emissions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The RV system reduced integrated global warming potential (GWP) by 37.74%- 39.03% relative to RF and RW systems, owing to simultaneous reductions in both CH4 and N2O emissions. Rotation regimes regulated CH4 emissions mainly via residue C/N ratio and soil nutrient availability, while soil microbial community structure and functional genes showed negligible effects. Conversely, N2O emissions are regulated through a synergistic interplay among rotation regimes, alterations in soil nutrients, and N-cycling functional genes abundances (e.g., AOB-amoA and nirS). Rotation markedly reshaped soil microbial communities, with bacteria more sensitive than fungi. However, shifts in community structure were not closely linked to GHGs fluxes. SIGNIFICANCE: The RV rotation system simultaneously mitigates GHGs emissions, improves soil fertility, and maintaining rice yield. It represents a climate-smart and ecologically sustainable cropping strategy for low-carbon rice production in southern China.

[Objective]This paper aimed to investigate the characteristic of soil microorganisms and soil function under long-term strawberry continuous cropping and to clarify the effects of long-term strawberry continuous cropping on soil bacterial and fungal community structure and carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism gene abundance,so as to provide the scientific basis for improving the soil microecological balance and soil function of continuous cropping in the future.[Method]The real-time PCR,Miseq sequencing and high-throughput chip technologies were applied to determine soil bacteria,fungi and function under strawberry cultivated for 1,3 and 10 year.[Result]The strawberry continuous cropping reduced the soil pH,but increased the soil nutrient content,in which the soil organic matter content increased from 21.2 g·kg-1 to 32.4 g·kg-1.The bacterial abundance in rhizosphere and bulk soil was increased and then decreased as the years of cultivation.The abundance of bulk soil fungi was similar to the trend of bacteria,but its abundance was significantly reduced in the rhizosphere,indicating that bacteria and fungi response differently to continuous cropping.Continuous cropping had no significant effect on bacterial diversity,but significantly reduced fungal diversity and significantly changed soil microbial composition.Based on UniFrac distance,it was found that the fungal community UniFrac distance(0.64-1.36)was much higher than the bacteria(0.028-0.111),indicating that the influence of continuous cropping on fungal community structure was higher than that of bacteria.Correlation analysis showed that bacterial community structure was significantly correlated with soil pH,while fungal community structure was significantly correlated with soil nutrient status(such as soil available P,alkali-hydrolysable,and soil organic matter).Long-term continuous cropping of strawberry changed the metabolic function gene abundance of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus,which significantly reduced the soil carbon fixation gene accA,while the nitrogen fixation gene nifH and phosphorus metabolism related functions(phoD,phoX and pqqC genes)first increased and then decreased.The partial least squares path model(PLS-PM)analysis showed that the fungal community structure(abundance,diversity and composition)caused by long-term strawberry continuous cropping had a higher impact on soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism gene abundance than the bacterial community structure.[Conclusion]This study showed that soil function gene abundance changed caused by long-term strawberry continuous cropping was mainly caused by the changes of fungal community structure.Thus,the soil fungal community structure should be regulated to improve the health status of long-term continuous cropping soil.

Long-term continuous cropping of strawberry induces soil degradation, which reduces strawberry growth and yield. Agricultural waste and microorganisms have great potential in improving soil health. The aim of this study was to identify the potential mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis containing agricultural waste to improve soil health. Soil that had been cropped continuously for more than 10 years was flooded with water for approximately 28 days. After flooding, agricultural waste fermented with microorganisms was applied to improve soil health. Microbial biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization were also determined. Different agricultural waste coupled with pre-flooding resulted in a significant increase of strawberry biomass by 33.0%-98.4% compared with control and changes in soil properties. The application of agricultural waste also significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, with the Shannon index increased by 2.37%-6.11% compared with control, and changed the bacterial community composition. The promotion of plant growth was linked with detectable shifts in the soil bacterial taxa after pre-flooding and B. velezensis containing agricultural waste usage. Most importantly, random forest and correlated analyses showed that taxa affiliated with Pseudomonas may be important in strawberry growth after treatment. Subsequent bacterial isolation and pot inoculation experiments validated that co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and B. velezensis significantly promoted strawberry growth by 21.7% and 31.4%, respectively, compared with inoculation of only P. fluorescens or only B. velezensis, thus confirming the beneficial effect on strawberry plant growth in continuous cropped soils. Our results also indicate that co-culture of P. fluorescens and B. velezensis could enhance biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization, which may be essential in promoting plant growth. B. velezensis containing agricultural waste could stimulate indigenous Pseudomonas and promote plant growth by enhancing biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization.

Plant rotation is a common practice in upland rice production. However, the effects of plant rotation on the interactions between rice plants, soil and underground ecosystems need to be studied further. Here, quantitative PCR and high-throughput pyrosequencing of the ITS region was applied to investigate the fungal abundance, diversity, and composition of fungal functional guilds in rice field soils and after different rotation practices ((rice-fallow (RF), rice-Chinese milk vetch (RV) and rice-wheat (RW)) and their relationship with rice yields. The results showed that the six-year RV and RW rotations increased fungal abundance by 42.7 %–69.2 % relative to RF, but decreased the soil bacterial-to-fungi ratio and fungal diversity. For the functional guilds, RV rotation significantly increased the relative abundance of soil saprotrophs and pathotrophs by 73.30 % and 32.94 %, respectively, while that of symbiotrophs was decreased by 35.96 %, compared to RF. RW rotation was found to significantly decrease all three fungal functional guilds, but increased the symbiotroph-saprotroph ratio. A structure equal model analysis indicated that the diversity of saprotrophs was significantly and negatively correlated with rice yield. Altogether, this work provides a detailed description of how the soil fungal community, including saprotrophic, symbiotrophic and pathotrophic functional guilds, responded to different upland rice rotation practices after eight years of application.

The managements of reducing phosphorus (P) fertilization and/or straw application have been demonstrated to effectively enhance nutrient use efficiency by modulating root-microbe interactions. Given that microorganisms play a predominant role in N2O production pathways, investigating microbial communities and root traits in soils subjected to diverse management practices involving low P fertilization and/or straw application would yield crucial insights for minimizing N2O emissions. A series of field experiments with four successive Brassica chinensis were conducted under greenhouse condition to test crop productivity and N2O emission with different P fertilizer and straw managements. Results indicated that the high P fertilization treatment (HP) led to the largest cumulative N2O emission with 13.33 kg N2O/ha across the all treatments. Compared with HP treatment, the low P fertilization treatment (LP) and no P fertilizer treatment (NP) significantly decreased the cumulative N2O emission by 34.06 % and 29.71 %, respectively. Correlation analysis indicating that the reduction of N2O emission was positively correlated with the ratio of (nirS + nirK)/Nitrobacter. The combination of low P fertilization with straw addition (LPS) stimulated the elongation of B. chinensis roots with large specific length, thereby increasing the uptake of P and N by crops compared with those in LP treatment. The LPS treatment alleviated the total N2O emissions by 20.86 % compared with HP treatment, despite the fact that the inclusion of the straw addition enhanced the total N2O emission in low P soil. The increasing of N2O emissions from straw-amended soils was likely attributed to the abundant presence of soil bacteria and fungi, as well as highly enriched microorganisms harboring functional genes (nirS, nirK and nosZ) encoding for denitrification. Therefore, low P fertilization combined with straw addition is recommended for greenhouse vegetable fields due to its remarkable efficiency in enhancing crop nutrient acquisition and mitigating N2O emissions.

Human activities, including agricultural practice, have a significant effect on soil biodiversity and function. However, little is known about the influence of agricultural practice on the microbial CO2 fixation potential. We applied stable isotope, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and high-throughput sequencing to study the atmospheric CO2 fixation rates and the composition of autotrophic cbbL-gene-harboring bacterial and accA-gene-harboring archaeal communities in response to a dozen years of agricultural practice (including rice-upland rotation, fertilization, and tillage). Fertilizer additions significantly increased CO2 fixation rates by 14.9–40.5%, with the highest rates found for combined nitrogen and manure treatments. Rice-fallow increased soil CO2 fixation rates by 26.8% and 15.6% compared with rice-wheat and rice-Chinese milk vetch rotation, respectively, while no-tillage treatments increased it by 24.7% than traditional tillage treatments. Different agricultural practices significantly affected the cbbL-harboring bacterial diversity but not accA-harboring archaeal diversity, suggesting that cbbL-harboring bacteria are more sensitive to agricultural practices than are the accA-harboring archaea. The principal coordinated analysis revealed that agricultural practices affected both cbbL-harboring bacterial and accA-harboring archaeal communities. Partial least squares path models further revealed that the modified cbbL-harboring bacterial communities and accA-harboring archaeal communities directly or indirectly affected the CO2 fixation rate. Both random forest and correlation analyses revealed that CO2 fixation potential was attributed to Rhodobacteraceae, Oscillochloridaceae, and Dokdonella, and that soil available phosphorus was the most important factor shaping autotrophic microbial composition. Our study shows that a dozen years of agricultural practice modifies soil microbial CO2 fixation and the composition of autotrophic microorganisms. It also highlights the role of no-tillage and rice-fallow treatments in increasing soil organic carbon sequestration.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can form symbiotic associations with many terrestrial plants, are critical for crop yields and agroecosystem sustainability. In this study, we assessed the influence of rice-upland crop rotations on soil AMF diversity and composition. We also explored the mechanisms of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-upland crop rotations that affect AMF using trait-based guild methods. We found that rotations of rice with different plants differentially influenced soil AMF. Rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (RW) and rice-Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) (RV) rotations significantly altered the soil AMF composition, with RW and RV significantly increasing and decreasing AMF diversity, respectively, compared with the rice-fallow treatment. In addition, RW and RV affected AMF abundance in intra- and extra-radical portions in different ways. For example, both the RW and RV treatments increased AMF spore density, but decreased AMF colonization rate. Different AMF guilds showed different responses to rice-upland crop rotations. The RW treatment increased the rhizophilic guild by 4.9% and decreased the edaphophilic guild by 27.9%, whereas the RV treatment produced opposite trends. Thus, rice-upland crop rotations changed soil AMF diversity, AMF composition, and trait-based guilds in different ways, and rice yield was mainly correlated with AMF colonization rate.

The disposal of fresh waste grape berries restraining the sustainable development of vineyards. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of different exogenous probiotic inoculants on the fermentation of fresh waste grape berries. In the fermentation process, the variations of pH and EC value, chemical characteristics of the fermentation products, as well as the microbial communities' composition were simultaneously observed. In addition, the feasibility of using the fermentation products as chemical fertilizer substitute in agricultural production also has been verified in this study. The results indicated that the different probiotic inoculants has shown clear impacts on the variation trends of pH and EC value in the grape waste fermentation. Lactobacillus casei and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are ideal probiotics for the fermentation of waste grape, which enhanced the contents of free Aa and other nutrients in fermentation products. Compared with Fn treatment (without exogenous inoculants), the total free Aa contents in Fs (inoculation with Z. rouxii) and Fm (inoculation with L. casei and Z. rouxii mixture) treatments have improved by 199.1% and 325.5%, respectively. The microbial communities' composition during the fermentation process also been greatly influenced by the different inoculants. At the genus level, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas were the dominant bacteria, while Saccharomyces and Candida were the dominant fungi in the fermentation. Using the fermentation products as chemical fertilizer substitute has enhanced the quality of Kyoho grape. Compared with traditional chemical fertilization treatment (T1), application with fermented grape waste (T2) has significantly improved VC and soluble solid contents in grape berries by 16.89% and 20.12%, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation with suitable probiotics was an efficient approach for the disposal and recycling of fresh waste grape in vineyards.

Organic and bioorganic fertilizers were increasingly used for agricultural soil. However, little is known on what kind of organic fertilizer application strategies can promote grape production well and how appropriate fertilization strategies improve soil properties and shift microbial community. This study investigated the improvement in soil physicochemical properties as well as their relations with microbial community structure and grape quality under different fertilization strategies. Our results found that (bio)organic fertilizer (CF1, CF2, and BF) especially combined application of organic and bioorganic fertilization (CBF) had smaller effects on electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, while it improved soil nutrients including N, P, K, and organic matter (OM) well, thereby promoting the grape quality comparing to the group without any fertilizer (CK) and with chemical fertilizer (NPK). Especially, the concentrations of Cr, Hg, Zn, and Cu were reduced by 13.63%, 12.50%, 12.52%, and 11.75% in CBF, respectively. Additionally, CF1, CF2, and BF, especially CBF, optimized the communities' composition and increased the abundance of some plant probiotics such as Solirubrobacter and Lysobacter. Nevertheless, excessive application of organic fertilizer derived from livestock manure could cause the accumulation of heavy metals such as Zn and Cu in soil and leaves, which could further influence the grape quality. Additionally, the structure of microbial communities was also changed possibly because some bacterial genera showed distinct adaptability to the stress of heavy metals or the utilization capacity of N, P, K, and OM. Our results demonstrated that combined application of organic and bioorganic fertilization showed a great influence on soil physicochemical properties, whose positive changes could further optimize microbial communities and facilitate the promotion of grape quality.

Continuous monocropping degrades soil physicochemical properties, leads to the accumulation of toxic compounds and changes soil microbial community composition. Pre-flooding the soil is a promising strategy to improve its productivity; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) pot experiments were conducted with soil that had been used for continuous monocropping. The treatments were pre-flooding alone, with rice straw added and with rice straw plus a biofertilizer (mainly contained Bacillus velezensis) amendment, and the impacts of the treatments on soil physicochemical properties, bacterial diversity and composition and the integrated plant-soil-microbe responses were tracked. The strawberry biomass significantly increased after pre-flooding treatments. Pre-flooding increased the soil pH and the available P and K concentrations, while it decreased soil electrical conductivity. The bacterial diversity and abundance significantly increased after pre-flooding treatments. A Mantel test showed that soil pH and salinity were the two most important factors in shaping bacterial composition, but they exerted opposite effects. The increased strawberry biomass after pre-flooding was significantly correlated with bacterial composition and soil salinity in long-term continuous strawberry monocropping systems.

The high productivity and efficient nutrient utilization in rice-fish integrated farming system are well reported. However, the characteristics of soil bacterial communities and their relationship with soil nutrient availability in rice-fish field remain unclear. In this study, we selected three paddy fields, including a rice monoculture field and two rice-fish fields with different planting years, to investigate the soil bacterial community composition with Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. The results indicated that the soil properties were significantly different among different rice farming systems. The soil bacterial community composition in the rice-fish field was significantly different from that in the rice monoculture field. Five of the top 15 phyla were observed with significant differences and Nitrospirae was the most significant one. However, no taxa observed with significance between the rice planting area and aquaculture area no matter in the 1st or 5th year of rice-fish field. RDA analysis showed that the soil bacterial community differentiation in the 5th year of rice-fish field was positively correlated with soil properties, such as AN and OM contents, EC and pH value. Although the rice yields in rice-fish field decreased, the net economic benefit of the rice-fish system enhanced obviously due to the high value of aquaculture animals.

The flooded paddy field ecosystem is an important source of CH4 and N2O emissions from agricultural lands. Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC), a process-based model, was used in this study to evaluate the effects of different field management practices on CH4 and N2O emissions from flooded paddy fields in Shanghai, China. The results indicated that the predicted seasonal patterns of CH4 (R-2 = 0.76, ME = 0.71) and N2O (R-2 = 0.71, ME = 0.67) emissions were in line with the observations from our experimental paddy field under traditional management practices. The total CH4 and N2O fluxes from paddy fields in the Shanghai region in the 2013 rice season reached 32,300 and 175 tons, respectively, and varied widely across 101 simulated rice-cultivating towns. A sensitivity analysis indicated that CH4 emissions were positively correlated with the organic fertilizer rate, the straw returned fraction, the tillage depth and the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and negatively correlated with the soil clay fraction. N2O emissions had a positive relationship with precipitation, the urea rate, the tillage depth and the SOC content and a negative relationship with the soil pH and the clay fraction. Based on the sensitivity analysis, four field management variables, including the fertilization rate, the irrigation method, the straw returned fraction and the tillage depth, were selected to construct several management scenarios for the DNDC scenario simulation tests. The simulated results indicated that reducing the rate of fertilization by 20% combined with moistening irrigation (keeping the paddy soil saturated with water but not covered with a layer of water) was the best practice for long-term sustainable management of paddy fields. This best management practice could reduce integrated emissions of CH4 and N2O (CO2-equivalent) by 33%, while maintaining optimal rice yields. However, straw returning and deep plowing increased CH4 emissions from paddy fields in Shanghai.

Contamination of soil with heavy metals seriously harms the growth of crops. Silicon fertilizer is known to promote growth of crops and alleviate heavy metals stresses in vegetables. However, little is known about the effects of silicon fertilizer on pakchoi vegetable growth and soil microbial community in soil contaminated with multiple heavy metals. In order to elucidate this question, current study was designed to analyze the impact of different silicon fertilizer doses on the growth of pakchoi, heavy metals accumulation in pakchoi, and diversity and composition of bacterial community in heavy metals contaminated soil. Results of the study showed that, silicon fertilizer application significantly improved the yield of pakchoi and reduced the content of heavy metals in pakchoi. Moreover, the silicon fertilizer led to the heterogeneity of bacterial community structure in soil. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) test showed the change of soil bacterial community structures under the higher silicon fertilizer doses (0.8–3.2%). Similarly, soil bacteria associated with heavy metal resistance and carbon/nitrogen metabolism showed a more active response to medium fertilizer dose (0.8% w/w). In addition, Mantel test and Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that both the soil bacterial community structures and pakchoi growth were significantly correlated with soil EC, available K and pH. Study suggested that the application of silicon fertilizer provided richer bacteria associated with heavy metal resistance and plant growth, and more favorable soil physicochemical environment for the growth of pakchoi under multiple heavy metal contamination, and the impact was dependent on fertilizing dose.

Nitrogen (N) loss from paddy fields is an important source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution and leads to widely existing water contamination issues. The current fertilization rate in paddy fields of Shanghai exceeds the actual demand of rice and leads to substantial N loss. The objective of this study is to optimize the current fertilization scheme in paddy fields of Shanghai with the combination of field observations and modeling approach. In this study, N loss from a typical flooded paddy field in a Shanghai suburb was observed with an embedded lysimeter system from 2009 to 2013 rice seasons. The denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) model was adopted to assist with the integration and upgrading of the observed data. During the experimental period, the observed paddy field generated a seasonal average N loss of 14.9 kg N.ha( -1) through runoff and leaching, which accounted for 5.0 % of the total fertilizer N. Surface runoff events that occurred shortly after fertilization largely contributed to the total N loss from the experimental paddy field. According to the validation test against observational data, the DNDC model simulated N loss from the experimental paddy field well both in terms of runoff and leaching. Sensitivity analysis and scenario simulations conducted with the DNDC model demonstrated that the current fertilization rate of 300 kg N.ha( -1) exceeded the actual crop demand at the experimental site. An application rate of 240 kg N.ha(-1) with the optimized fertilization time was the best fertilization scheme for the experimental paddy field, which significantly reduced total N loss by 31.6 % while maintaining the optimal rice yields. The mitigating efficiencies varied from 23.8%-37.2 % under different precipitation and clay content in Shanghai suburb. A combination of field experiments with the DNDC model is an efficient approach to optimize field management practices and transfer the field results to other regions, thereby achieving a balance between agricultural production and the surrounding environment.

Grafting is a common method of variety propagation in loquat breeding, the slow growth of rootstocks is a main factor limiting the expansion of this technique. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seven different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat rootstock seedlings, five water-soluble fertilizer formulas, as well as organic fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer were evaluated. An unfertilized control (CK) was also performed. Growth indicators including plant height, stem thickening and lignification, leaf area, root development, dry matter accumulation, spatial distribution of nutrient elements, and cross-sectional anatomy of stem were measured. The results showed that the addition of microelements in fertilizer could significantly delay the lignification process of the cambium, which exhibiting the greatest improvement in stem thickening. Phosphorus nutrition could significantly promote the occurrence of fibrous roots, while excessive phosphorus supply might disturb the absorption and utilization of nitrogen of roots, intensify the lignification process of the main stem, and then affect the growth of the aboveground part. The findings of this research could provide a theoretical basis for identifying an optimum fertilization formula and technique for promoting the rapid growth and accelerating the lignification process at different stages of loquat rootstock seedling growth.

Increased inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions expected in the future will endanger the biodiversity and stability of agricultural ecosystems. In this context, a long-term fertilizer experiment (37 years) was set up in the black soil of northeast China. We examined interaction impacts of elevated fertilizer and host selection processes on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities in wheat rhizosphere soil using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The soil samples were subjected to five fertilization regimes: no fertilizer (CK) and low N (N1), low N plus low P (N1P1), high N (N2), and high N plus high P (N2P2) fertilizer. Long-term fertilization resulted in a significant shift in rhizosphere soil nutrient concentrations. The N fertilization (N1 and N2) did not significantly change rhizosphere AMF species diversity, but N plus P fertilization (N1P1 and N2P2) decreased it compared with CK. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that the rhizosphere AMF communities in CK, N1, N2, N1P1 and N2P2 treatments were distinct from each other. The AMF communities were predominantly composed of Glomeraceae, accounting for 30.0-39.1% of the sequences, and the relative abundance of family Glomeraceae was more abundance in fertilized soils, while family Paraglomeraceae were increased in N1 and N2 compared with CK. Analysis shown that AMF diversity was directly affected by soil C:P ratio but indirectly affected by plant under long-term fertilization. Overall, the results indicated that long-term N and P fertilization regimes changed rhizosphere AMF diversity and community composition, and rhizosphere AMF diversity was both affected by soil C:P ratio and plant.

Soil nutrient characteristics are key factors that regulate grape growth and fruit quality. To investigate soil nutrient characteristics, 73 typical vineyards in Shanghai suburbs were selected for this study. The impacts of different planting areas, planting ages and grape varieties on soil characteristics were studied. The Agro Services International (ASI) analysis method was adopted to measure the levels of soil nutrients. The results indicated that soil nutrient characteristics varied greatly across the 73 selected vineyards in Shanghai suburbs. Planting area and planting age were the major factors that significantly affected soil nutrient characteristics. However, no significant differences were observed among the 5 major cultivated grape varieties. Significant differences in soil pH were only observed in different planting areas. Soil nutrients in the selected vineyards were mainly at a high level or extra-high level, which means that the current amount of fertilizer in these vineyards exceeds the actual demands of the grapevines and should be reduced. Meanwhile, the intermediate soil organic matter (OM) content indicated that more organic fertilizer should be applied to the soil in these vineyards. Optimized fertilization based on soil nutrient levels plays an essential role in sustaining production resources, increasing economic benefits and improving environmental conditions of vineyards.

In order to select a good bio-fertilizer to improve the peach growth and fruit quality, effects of 4 common bio-fertilizers on peach fruit quality and soil microbes were investigated on a Shanghai peach production base.The result showed that application of 10 mL GEM was the best, improving the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,readily available potassium and organic matter contents and the peach leaves' total phosphorus,total potassium and total nitrogen contents as well as the soluble solids,fruit weight and TSS-acid ratio and reducing the titratable acid content.Except the bio-fertilizer treatment of 250 mL BIO + 250 mL K + 250 mL ZK,the other 3 bio-fertilizer treatments increased the quantities of soil bacteria and fungi.Except the bio-fertilizer treatment of 250 mL BIO,the other 3 bio-fertilizer treatments cut down the quantity of soil actinomyces.