Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) and its re-emergence is a potential global threat. The number of human MPX-positive cases reported by some coutries was increasing since it was detected in the UK on May 7, 2022, which has become a public health emergency and attracted global attention. Understanding the virological characteristics, route of transmission, pathogenic mechanism, vaccines and antiviral drugs of MPX is of great significance for the prevention and control of monkeypox. This paper briefly described the etiological characteristics and the prevention and control measures for MPX.

近年来,免疫疗法在肿瘤治疗领域取得了重大突破,通过阻断免疫细胞表达的抑制性受体与肿瘤细胞表达的抑制性配体的相互作用,刺激宿主自身免疫系统对肿瘤抗原的反应能力来增强抗肿瘤活性. 这种肿瘤靶向疗法又称免疫检查点靶向治疗[1]. 该疗法是当前肿瘤治疗领域研究的热点,如靶向程序性死亡受体 1 ( programmed cell death-1, PD-1)/程序性死亡配体 1 ( programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1)或细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4 ( cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)在肿瘤免疫治疗中取得了显著的临床疗效,但整体应答率有限[2].

2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV)具有高度传染性。随着2019-nCoV在世界范围内的持续传播，病毒已出现多种变异株，其中，阿尔法(Alpha)、贝塔(Beta)、伽马(Gamma)、德尔塔(Delta)和拉姆达(Lambda)变异株表现出更高的传播性和致病性，严重威胁着人类生命健康。现对2019-nCoV的结构特征、变异机制，以及上述5种主要变异株的相关特性和流行病学进行阐述。