通过查阅历代相关本草、医籍、方书,笔者对经典名方中所用荆芥的名称、分类、基原、药用部位、性味、产地、品质评价、栽培采收及加工方法等进行了考证.结果表明荆芥以"假苏"之名首载于《神农本草经》,而"荆芥"一名则首见于《吴普本草》,后世多沿用"荆芥"为正名.假苏之名源于其气味,而荆芥则源自读音.荆芥主流来源为唇形科植物荆芥Schizonepeta tenuifolia的带穗全草,其道地产区为江苏、河北等地.近代以来总结荆芥品质以茎细、穗多色绿、气香者为佳.在临床应用上,荆芥多为生品入药,炒炭入药主要用于止血.经典名方槐花散、当归饮子原方均以荆芥穗入药,因此建议使用唇形科植物荆芥S.tenuifolia的干燥花穗;而凉血地黄汤则以荆芥炭入药,建议可采用2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》荆芥炭的炮制方法.

Background Ephedrae Herba (EH) is the terrestrial stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., or E. equisetina Bge, which has been used as a diaphoretic, antiasthmatic, and diuretic. Honey-processed EH (HEH) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, and has a better effect of dispersing lung qi and relieving asthma and a lower effect of dispelling cold than raw EH (REH). Objective To understand the differences in volatile oils and primary metabolites between REH and honey-processed HEH, and to provide a reference for elucidating the mechanism behind the effect of this processing. Methods A system data acquisition and mining strategy was designed to investigate the differences in volatiles and primary metabolites between the REH and HEH, based on GC-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Results Overall, 15 volatile oils and 14 primary metabolites were shown to be potential characteristic markers differentiating REH and HEH. Conclusion The results may provide a scientific foundation for comprehensively revealing the honey-processing mechanism of EH.

This research was used with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), combined with information entropy-response surface method(RSM) to investigate the ethanol concentration, extraction time, liquid-to-material ratio. Taking the content of four chromogens as evaluation indexes, the weight coefficients of each index were given, and the comprehensive score was calculated to optimize the extraction process. Then, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin was used as the reference, the relative calibration factors(RCFs) of cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol and sec-O-glucosylhamaudo to prim-O-glucosylcimifugin were calculated respectively. The contents of four components in Saposhnikoviae Radix were determined by both external standard method(ESM)and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method, and the results were compared. At last, combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to evaluate the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. The optimal extraction process parameter of the Saposhnikoviae Radix was as follows: liquid-to-material ratio is 60∶1(mL·g~(-1)), extraction time is 35 min, and ethanol concentration is 70%. The repeatability of the RCFs was perfect, and the results calculated by the QAMS were consistent with the results from the ESM. The stoichiometric results indicate that there are obvious differences in the distribution of Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas, and cimifugin and prim-O-glucosylcimifugin are the characteristic compounds that cause this difference. In this study, the optimal extraction process is stable and feasible, and the method of QAMS is accurate and reliable. From the perspective of four chromogens, there are differences in the quality of the Saposhnikoviae Radix in different production areas. Therefore, the established extraction process combined with the method of QAMS can be used to evaluate the quality of Saposhnikoviae Radix and provide a scientific basis for the quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

The chemical fingerprints of American ginseng were established by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) coupled with similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditionanl Chinese medicine. The results were analyzed with use of stoichiometry methods(cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis), and meanwhile, a preliminary study on the antioxidant and anti-proliferation activity of colorectal cancer cells was conducted. By comparing the fingerprints of American ginseng before and after processing, the contents of five components in the eight ginseno-sides quantified in this paper increased, including ginsenoside Rc, Rg_2, Rb_2, Rb_3 and Rd, respectively, and a new component was produced after steaming. The activity study showed that steamed American ginseng had better antioxidant activity and anti-proliferation activity of colorectal cancer cells than raw American ginseng. The research results show that the steaming method of American ginseng used in this experiment has good stability and reproducibility, and the steaming of American ginseng produces similar changes as artificial red ginseng, which provides a certain reference for expanding the application range of American ginseng.

目的:考察不同生长期黄芩茎、叶中化学成分的动态变化规律,探讨黄芩茎、叶最佳采收期.方法:采用超声提取,建立高效液相色谱法对不同生长期黄芩茎、叶中野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、木犀草素、汉黄芩苷4个黄酮类化学成分的含量测定方法,依据测定结果结合聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析等化学计量学方法以及统计学方法分析其在黄芩生长过程中的动态积累与分布规律.结果:不同生长期黄芩茎、叶中以上4个黄酮类成分含量呈动态变化,大致趋势均为先升高,至5月份到达最大值,后逐渐降低并有微小浮动;在黄芩茎、叶各个生长期中均为野黄芩苷含量最高,且同一时期的野黄芩苷在叶中含量大于茎中含量.研究结果表明黄芩茎、叶最佳采收期应为5月份,此时野黄芩苷含量和4个黄酮类成分总含量均最高.结论:本研究为揭示黄芩茎、叶中4个黄酮类成分的动态积累规律及确定其药材的适宜采收期提供科学依据,同时为黄芩茎、叶的质量控制提供可靠方法.

目的 通过对乌梢蛇骨骼的微性状鉴别,寻找一种乌梢蛇快速鉴别的手段,为乌梢蛇的鉴别提供依据.方法 采用3D景深合成技术、3D大图拼接技术以及科学摄影技术进行微性状鉴别,观察乌梢蛇及其混淆品的顶骨、鼻骨和不同部位的椎骨的形态并随机选取乌梢蛇及其混淆品椎骨(n=100)对其棘突高度和整个骨骼高度进行测量,用SPSS22.0软件进行统计学分析,并用分子学手段对其结果进行验证.结合重金属含量测定和醇溶性浸出物测定综合评价乌梢蛇的品质.结果 乌梢蛇及其混淆品头骨、体前部和尾部椎骨的微性状特征有较大的区别,体中部椎骨无明显差异.乌梢蛇椎骨棘突高度明显高于其它伪品椎骨的棘突高度,具有统计学意义.市售乌梢蛇砷含量易超标,醇溶性浸出物基本合格.结论 骨骼鉴别特征稳定,不易随外界条件发生变化,使用3D景深合成技术可以快速、准确的对乌梢蛇及其混伪品进行鉴别,适用于在基层进行推广.

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for a long time. Qiai is one of the top-geoherb of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Qiai contains various bioactive constituents, such as volatile oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Phytochemical studies demonstrated that volatile compounds are the main bioactive constituents in Qiai. Try to investigate dynamic changes of volatile components of Qiai from different harvest time and explore the optimum harvest time of Qiai, in this study, the contents of total volatile oils in Qiai collected from five different harvest time were analyzed by steam distillation method. The results showed that the contents of volatile oils of Qiai were higher in the third harvest time(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is basically consistent with the traditional harvest time. Furthermore, a sensitive method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was established for qualitative analysis of volatile compounds in Qiai, and a total of thirty volatile compounds were identified. Chemometrics methods including principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied to explore chemical markers and dynamic changes of volatile components in Qiai from different harvest time, and the results indicated that there were obvious differences in the relative contents of volatile compounds of Qiai samples from different harvest time. Eight volatile compounds, including α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, D-camphor, trans-carveol, α-copaene, isobornylisobutyrate, humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential chemical markers. Among the eight chemical markers, the relative contents of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, α-copaene and caryophyllene oxide were higher in the third harvest period(around the Dragon Boat Festival), which is consistent with the contents of total volatile oils. The present study could provide the basis for investigating the optimum harvest time of Qiai, and might be useful for the quality control of this herbal medicine.

目的:研究响应面法优化超声辅助提取六神曲中总黄酮的工艺条件.方法:以六神曲为原料,以总黄酮提取率为响应值,通过单因素法考察提取时间、料液比和溶剂浓度对六神曲提取效果的影响.根据Box-Be-hnken原理,采用3因素3水平响应面试验设计进行优化.结果:溶剂浓度对六神曲的提取效果影响最大,其次是提取时间和药材重量.响应面法优化得六神曲中总黄酮超声提取工艺的最适条件为:超声时间28 min、乙醇浓度77％、料液比13 g:30 mL,在此条件下六神曲中总黄酮提取率为0.046％,模型预测值为0.049％,二者相对偏差小于5％.结论:方程拟合良好,说明响应面优化所得的六神曲提取工艺稳定、可行.

In order to confirm the tradition that bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix could not be used as medicine,the content of four chromone components in the cortex and wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC),and the chemical fingerprints were established,12 common peaks were calibrated. The similarity analysis found that the similarity between batches was 0. 115-0. 995,it indicates that the cortex and wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix have certain differences. On this basis,systematic clustering analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were carried out with the content of four chromone components and whether they met the pharmacopoeia criteria as the original variables. The results showed that the content of the four components in the cortex of Saposhnikoviae Radix was much higher than that in the wood,and the four components detected were able to distinguish the cortex and the wood of Saposhnikoviae Radix. The results of the study reveal the tradition that bolting Saposhnikoviae Radix should not be used as medicine dut to decreased quality.

A method for determination of 9 isoflavones in Puerariae Lobatae Radix was established and the accuracy and feasibility of the method were verified. The relative correction factors of eight isoflavonoids,3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarinapioside,3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin 6″-O-xyloside,daidzin,genistin,formononetin and daidzein were determined by HPLC method with puerarin as the internal standard. The contents of 9 isoflavonoids in 11 batches of samples were determined by external standard method and QAMS.The accuracy and feasibility of the methods were evaluated by comparison of the quantitative results between external standard method and QAMS. The reproducibility of the relative correction factors was good under different experimental conditions,and there was no significant difference between the external standard method of the 9 compounds and the content of QAMS method. The results showed that using puerarin as an internal standard to simultaneously determine the 8 isoflavonoids mentioned above is accurate and feasible. Thus,it can be used as quality control of Puerariae Lobatae Radix.

Background: Artemisia argyi and A. lavandulifolia are two morphologically similar herbal medicines derived from the Artemisia genus. Although the two Artemisia herbs have been used as herbal medicines for a long time, studies on their phytochemicals and bioactive compositions are still limited, and no research has been devoted to compare the volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia . Objective: To compare the volatile constituents in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia and to explore chemical markers for discrimination and quality evaluation of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Methods: A GC-MS-based metabolomic approach was employed to compare and discriminate A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia from the aspect of volatile compounds. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis, were applied to explore chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Results: Thirty volatile compounds were identified, and the chemical profiles of volatile compounds in A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia were quite similar. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis results indicated that the two Artemisia herbal medicines could be distinguished effectively from each other. Ten volatile compounds were selected as potential chemical markers for discrimination of the two Artemisia herbal medicines. Conclusions: The GC-MS-based metabolomics could be an acceptable strategy for comparison and discrimination of A. argyi and A. lavandulifolia as well as authentication of herbal medicines derived from other closely related species. Highlights: GC-MS based metabolomic approach was firstly applied to compare and discriminate Artemisia argyi and Artemisia lavandulifolia.

为对防风药材及其伪品进行鉴别,利用高效液相法(HPLC)对防风药材及其伪品中4个色原酮类成分(升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、升麻素、亥矛酚苷)的含量进行分析,并建立了其化学指纹图谱,标定了其中的9个共有峰,相似度分析结果发现各批次样品之间的相似度在0.087 ～0.997之间,说明防风及其伪品之间的差异性较大.在此基础上,以4个色原酮类成分作为原变量进行系统聚类分析和主成分分析,结果表明运用HPLC法可将正品防风和伪品防风进行鉴别.研究结果揭示了防风及其伪品在化学定量指标之间的差异,为防风药材质量和真伪进行客观综合评价提供新思路.

目的 基于指纹图谱和多成分含量测定对丹参药材皮部和木部的化学成分进行分析与比较,阐明丹参药材不同部位活性成分的分布规律.方法 采用高效液相色谱法对不同批次的丹参皮部和木部样品进行分析,分别建立丹参皮部和木部指纹图谱;在此基础上,对丹参皮部和木部样品中的丹参素、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、二氢丹参酮I、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮ⅡA 8个活性成分进行含量测定,并结合聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析等化学计量学方法对丹参皮部和木部化学成分进行比较.结果 建立了丹参药材皮部和木部化学指纹图谱,共标定了 10个共有峰;含量测定和化学计量学分析结果表明,丹参皮部和木部样品的化学成分存在差异,其中丹酚酸类成分差异不大,而丹参酮类成分差异较大,丹参皮部样品中丹参酮类成分明显高于丹参木部样品.结论 通过指纹图谱结合多成分含量测定方法,明确了丹参药材不同部位活性成分的分布差异,为丹参药材资源的开发和利用提供了科学依据.

目的 通过对不同商品规格防风中多糖成分的含量测定,阐明不同商品规格防风多糖成分的差异,为防风药材商品规格的划分提供依据.方法 采用回流提取法对防风中多糖的成分进行提取,并对多糖进行进一步的纯化,采用苯酚-硫酸法显色,利用紫外吸光光度法在488nm下测其含量,采用聚类分析法(HCA)进一步分析其结果.结果 18批防风药材中多糖含量有明显差异,防风药材的多糖含量与其商品规格的划分相关性较差.结论 不同商品规格防风药材中多糖的含量不同,防风药材多糖的含量与商品规格的相关性不大,推断仅凭借防风多糖的含量不能作为商品规格划分的依据.

Objective:To establish the gas chromatography fingerprint of volatile oils from Saposhnikoviae Radix and its adulterants. Methods:The volatile oils of Saposhnikoviae Radix were extracted by n-hexane,and the volatile oils of 33batches of Saposhnikoviae Radix were analyzed by gC.The chromatogram was analyzed by similarity evaluation system 2004Aof chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine.Results:The similarity between the samples was 0.030～0.990,which indicated that the volatile components of Saposhnikoviae Radix and its adulterants had great difference.Conclusion:The fingerprint of Saposhnikoviae Radix and its counterfeit has some reference value in identifying the true and false of Saposhnikoviae Radix,and it can be used as a supplement to the comprehensive quality evaluation system of Saposhnikoviae Radix.

Artemisiae Argyi Folium,the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi,has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for a long time. Qiai is one of the top-geoherb of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Trying to investigate dynamic changes of chemical components of Qiai in different harvest periods and explore the optimum harvest time of Qiai,in this study,the contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids of 36 batches of Qiai collected in 6 different harvest periods were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Furthermore,an HPLC method was applied for simultaneous determination of eight bioactive compounds including six phenolic acids( 5-caffeoylquinic acid,3-caffeoylquinic acid,4-caffeoylquinic acid,3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid,3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and two flavonoids( jaceosidin and eupatilin) in Qiai samples. The quantitative results indicated that there were some differences in the contents of total flavonoids,total phenolic acids and bioactive compounds of Qiai samples in different harvest periods. The dynamic changes of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids of Qiai in different harvest periods were consistent. The contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids of Qiai samples were higher in the third harvest period( around the Dragon Boat Festival),which is basically consistent with the traditional harvest periods. This present study can provide the basis for determining the suitable harvest time of Qiai,and might be useful for the quality evaluation of this herbal medicine.