Perillae Folium (PF), the leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is extensively used as a culinary vegetable and medicinal herb in many countries. Purple PF (P. frutescens var. arguta) and green PF (P. frutescens var. frutescens) are two of the main varieties. In this study, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS assisted with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) was applied for chemical characterization. In total, 82 metabolites, mainly phenolic acid derivatives were identified from PF. With the help of FBMN, five organic acid glucosides together with three N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids (NPAs) were identified in PF for the first time. Multivariate statistical methods were utilized for comprehensive comparison of purple and green PF profiles. 12 compounds with their relative contents varied significantly between purple and green PF were screened out. Overall, the present study offers valuable insights for chemical elucidation of PF which would be helpful for comprehensive utilization of PF resource.

The leaves of Artemisia argyi (AL) with fragrant smell were used as food material as well as traditional Chinese medicine. Processing methods such as stir-frying or stir-frying with vinegar significantly alter the types and contents of chemical components in AL which endow AL unique flavors and effects. However, it is still lack of standard procedure for production of stir-fried A. argyi leaves (SAL) and vinegar-processed A. argyi leaves (VAL) so far, making it hard to guarantee the quality of AL products. Furthermore, the specific mechanisms behind chemical changes remain unclear. In the present study, processing methods for SAL and VAL production were optimized using the Box-Behnken design-response surface method. The effects of these processing methods on both volatile and non-volatile components were investigated using HS-GC-MS and UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS, combined with a metabolomics approach. A total of 73 volatile components were identified and relatively quantified. 18 differential volatile metabolites were screened out with the contents of 15 of them decreased significantly after processing. Three volatile compounds, named 3,7-dimethyl-6-enol, trans-(-)-pinanol and 2-ethenylfuran, were detected in SAL and VAL but absent in AL. Formation of new compounds might be related to the Maillard reaction or pyrolysis induced by elevated temperature during processing. Further, 65 non-volatile metabolites were annotated with the contents of 31 of them significantly changed after processing. Hydrolyzation during processing resulted in a decline of flavonoid glycosides and organic acid glycosides while increase in their corresponding aglycones and organic acids. In conclusion, the optimized processing methods and the findings in chemical alteration of processed AL could provide data support for the application of AL and its processed materials in pharmaceutical products and functional foods.

Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (FS) is an important plant with high edible and medicinal values. The edible fruit of FS is a common traditional medicine in China, Japan and Korea. Compared to the research on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the fruits, study on the other parts of FS, such as leaves and flowers is still limited. In this study, an integrated strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), plant metabolomics and correlation analysis was established for comprehensively chemical characterization of fruits, leaves and flowers of FS, and discovery of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory metabolites. The plant metabolic profiling of fruits, leaves and flowers of FS was performed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and a total of 74 secondary metabolites, including 15 phenylethanoid glycosides, 20 lignans, 10 cyclohexanol derivatives, 11 organic acids, 9 flavonoids, 3 triterpenes, and 10 other compounds were identified. Then, 29 differential secondary metabolites that responsible to distinguish the fruits, leaves and flowers of FS were further screened out by multivariate statistical analysis. Meanwhile, the α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibition of different parts of FS were evaluated and compared by in vitro experiments. The results demonstrated that the leaves of FS showed the highest inhibition on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase with IC50 of 0.17 ± 0.04 mg/mL and 0.56 ± 0.33 mg/mL, respectively. Then, the correlation between differential metabolites and enzyme inhibitory activities were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis, and 12 potential α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitors were screen out. Additionally, the α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of five potential enzyme inhibitory components, including quercitrin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, pinoresinol-4-O-glucoside and phillyrin were further validated by in vitro assays and molecular docking analysis. The results showed that all the five potential inhibitors showed good inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, and the binding of the five inhibitors to enzymes mainly through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic force, and ionic bonding. This study provided a feasible strategy for comparison and discrimination of different parts of medicinal plant and discovery of bioactive components, and also provided useful information for future utilization of different parts of FS.

ObjectiveEphedra, widely used in clinical practice as a medicinal herb, belongs to the genus Ephedra in the family Ephedraceae. However, the presence of numerous Ephedra varieties and variants requires differentiation for accurate identification.MethodsIn this study, we employed headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) for chemical component identification. Chemometric analysis was used to analyze the differential components. Metabolic analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment were utilized to explore the synthesis pathways of different components.ResultA total of 83 volatile and 79 non-volatile components were identified in Ephedra species. Differential analysis revealed that among the eight Ephedra stems, 18 volatile and 19 non-volatile differential compounds were discovered, whereas Ephedra roots exhibited 21 volatile and 17 non-volatile markers. Volatile compounds were enriched in four synthetic pathways, while non-volatile components were enriched in five pathways among the differentiated components.ConclusionThis study is the first to conduct a comparative analysis of chemical components in different Ephedra species and parts. It provides a foundational reference for authenticating Ephedra herbs, evaluating medicinal resources, and comparing quality in future studies.

Euphorbiae pekinensis Radix (EPR) is a traditional Chinese herb commonly used to treat edema, pleural effusion, and ascites. However, counterfeit and adulterated products often appear in the market because of the homonym phenomenon, similar appearance, and artificial forgery of Chinese herbs. This study comprehensively evaluated the quality of EPR using multiple methods. The DNA barcode technique was used to identify EPR, while the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique was utilized to analyze the chemical composition of EPR. A total of 15 tannin and phenolic acid components were identified. Furthermore, UPLC fingerprints of EPR and its common counterfeit products were established, and unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition models were developed using these fingerprints. The backpropagation artificial neural network and counter-propagation artificial neural network models accurately identified counterfeit and adulterated products, with a counterfeit ratio of more than 25%. Finally, the contents of the chemical markers 3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, ellagic acid, 3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4'-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, and 3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid were determined to range from 0.05% to 0.11%, 1.95% to 8.52%, 0.27% to 0.86%, and 0.10% to 0.42%, respectively. This proposed strategy offers a general procedure for identifying Chinese herbs and distinguishing between counterfeit and adulterated products.

Seven flavanones, including two new compounds coupled with styryl units, communins C (1) and D (2), as well as five known compounds, were isolated from Polytrichum commune Hedw. The planar structures of all compounds were determined using extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of two new compounds were assigned by comparing experimental ECD with calculated ECD. The cytotoxicity of all isolates against HCT-116, BGC803, MCF7 and PANC-1 cell lines was evaluated. Communin D exhibited significant cytotoxic activity on BGC803 cells with an IC50 value of 9.3 μM.

目的 对台湾拟金发藓Polytrichastrum formosum全草的化学成分及其细胞毒活性开展研究,为其进一步开发提供科学依据.方法 采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶、MCI-Gel树脂柱色谱、半制备型RP-HPLC等多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,运用波谱方法对所分离的化合物进行结构鉴定,采用MTT法测试化合物对人肝癌HepG2细胞和人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞的细胞毒活性.结果 从台湾拟金发藓植物中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为2"-(1-苯甲酰基-2-羟基-4-苯氧基)-N-(2""-羟基-乙基)-乙酰胺(1)、(2-羟基-4-甲氧基-苯基)-苯基-甲酮(2)、(2,4-二甲氧基-苯基)-苯基-甲酮(3)、(2,4-二羟基-苯基)-苯基-甲酮(4);部分化合物显示出了一定的细胞毒活性.结论 化合物1为新化合物,命名为金发藓酮B;化合物2～4为新天然产物,首次从金发藓科植物中分离得到;化合物1对人肝癌HepG2细胞具有较强的细胞毒活性,其半数抑制浓度(median inhibition concentration,IC50)值为38.14 μmol/L.

目的:建立蛇床子饮片HPLC指纹图谱、多成分定量与化学计量学整合分析方法,评价不同来源蛇床子饮片的质量属性与差异.方法:采用Thermo C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL,检测波长220 nm.建立不同来源蛇床子饮片的HPLC指纹图谱,结合聚类分析(CA)、偏最小二乘-判别分析(PLS-DA)以及主成分分析(PCA)对25批蛇床子饮片进行质量评价.同时测定其中7个香豆素类成分花椒毒酚、香柑醇、花椒毒素、佛手柑内酯、欧前胡素、蛇床子素、异欧前胡素的含量.结果:指纹图谱及含量测定的方法学验证均良好,25批蛇床子饮片的HPLC指纹图谱相似度均大于0.90,选取了 19个色谱峰作为指纹图谱共有峰,指认了其中5个色谱峰,通过聚类分析可按产地进行大体分类,PCA与CA结果基本一致,产自山东的S16、S17、S18号样品的质量较优;定量分析的上述7个香豆素类成分线性关系、精密度、稳定性、重复性、加样回收率试验结果均良好;上述 7 个成分的含量范围分别为 0～1.221、0～0.724、7.925～28.784、15.330～39.118、59.173～156.662、74.108～189.682、0～4.141 mg·g-1,其中花椒毒酚、香柑醇及异欧前胡素在部分批次中未检测到.结论:不同产地蛇床子饮片存在一定质量差异.基于统一色谱分析条件的指纹图谱定性与香豆素类成分定量分析操作方便、准确可靠,可为蛇床子饮片的质量标准建立及质量评价提供依据.

目的:比较蛇床子炒制前后化学成分差异,为其质量标准制定提供参考.方法:采用指纹图谱和花椒毒酚、花椒毒素、佛手柑内酯、欧前胡素、蛇床子素、异欧前胡素6个成分同时含量测定进行样品分析,结合层次聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)等化学模式识别分析法对指纹图谱进行研究.结果:建立的蛇床子生品和炒制品指纹图谱分别标定11、20个共有峰,其中9个为生品与炮制品的共有峰;化学模式识别分析结果表明炒制前后样品聚成2类,并筛选出贡献较大的成分,分别为色谱峰4、8(花椒毒酚)、15(欧前胡素)、16(蛇床子素)、21、22号;含量测定结果表明炒制后佛手柑内酯、欧前胡素、蛇床子素含量降低,而花椒毒酚与异欧前胡素含量升高.结论:蛇床子炒制前后大部分化学成分含量变化显著,建立的指纹图谱结合多成分含量测定方法可靠,可用于蛇床子炒制前后的质量控制.

中药炮制学独具传统文化特色，是联系中医学与中药学的桥梁，也是一门技术性和实践性很强的专业课程。但以往的教学大多注重基本理论知识与专业操作技能的传授与培养，缺乏思想政治教育的主动设计，导致思政教育元素无法融入。从课程的性质特点出发，在“课程思政”先进理念的基础上，分别从教学目标、教学设计、教学方法、教学内容和教学评价等几方面进行教学实践与初步探讨，力求将专业课程与思政教育有机地结合，践行“立德树人、全程育人、全方位育人”的课程教育目标。

在2020年的新冠肺炎疫情影响之下,全国大、中、小学校延期开学,在教育部"停课不停学"的号召下,河北中医学院中药鉴定学课程,利用网络平台积极开展教学并保障教学顺利进行,在机遇与挑战并存的条件下,多重手段并重,为其他院校相关课程开展提供经验.

为了进一步推进中医药类专业课程的课程思政建设,本文以中药学专业基础课中药商品学为例,结合自身学科的特点和知识点,开展了课程思政的改革与探索.本文以章节为基本单位,深入挖掘了其中的课程思政元素,为同类科目的 课程思政教育改革提供了参考,为更好地在课堂中教书育人,培养具备社会主义核心价值观、德才兼备的中药学人才提供保障.

红参为人参常用炮制品之一,其化学成分主要有皂苷类、挥发油类、糖类、氨基酸类、微量元素等;药理作用研究发现红参主要具有增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗疲劳、抗糖尿病、抗肝肾毒性作用等.红参在加工过程中会产生多种成分,如人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Rh1、人参皂苷Rh2、人参炔醇、精氨酸双糖苷、麦芽酚等,这会使得红参的某些药理作用增强.本文则系统整理了2010-2020年红参的化学成分及药理活性的研究进展,以期为红参的质量控制、临床应用提供理论依据.

以中药专业中药炮制学课程为例,探讨课程思政的具体实施策略,为推进高等中医药院校课程思政工作提供思路.

目的:探索古代妇科医籍中痛经方剂的组方配伍规律与传承发展.方法:深入文献研究建立痛经方药数据库,以SPSS22.0统计软件统计分析古代不同朝代痛经方剂的配伍规律,探究其传承与发展脉络.结果:发现从宋代到清代以气滞血瘀型痛经最多,气血不足型次之;治疗以养血活血、行气化瘀为要,常用方以四物汤、八物汤、交加散、温经汤、归脾汤、琥珀散类方为主,用药以当归、地黄、白芍、川芎、甘草、香附、元胡、生姜为核心药物,使用最多的药物为当归.结论:古代妇科医籍中对痛经从证型到治疗的认识、从方剂到药物的选用都有清晰的传承与发展脉络.

目的 通过微性状鉴别的方法鉴定水蛭及其混伪品,结合DNA鉴别佐证微性状鉴别的准确性,并对市售水蛭药材的重金属含量和酸碱度进行测定,综合评价市售水蛭药材的质量.方法 采用3D景深合成技术和3D大图拼接技术对市售水蛭进行微性状鉴别,查阅相关文献比对鉴别,并测定其Cytb序列进行结果验证.采用ICP-MS法测定其重金属的含量及酸碱度.结果 通过微性状鉴别可以区分水蛭及其混淆品,其不同品种的水蛭体背颜色及纹理、颚齿的形态、生殖孔所在的环节等微性状特征有明显区别.共鉴定出正品宽体金线蛭Whitmania pigra Whitman、伪品菲牛蛭Poecilobdella ma-nillensis和Erpobdella bscur.DNA鉴别结果与微性状鉴别结果一致.市售水蛭的砷(As)含量容易超标,酸碱度一般均符合规定.结论 微性状鉴别可以准确的鉴别水蛭及其混伪品,该方法操作简便、快捷.

目的 应用显微鉴别和基于ITS2序列差异的可视化探针杂交技术鉴别阳春砂、疣果砂仁、海南假砂仁.方法 采用徒手切片法对砂仁及其混淆品的种子进行制片并观察其显微生物.然后提取阳春砂、疣果砂仁、海南假砂仁的总基因组DNA,PCR扩增其ITS2序列,回收PCR产物并连接T载体,筛选阳性质粒并测序,根据测序所得ITS2序列设计阳春砂的专属荧光探针,并取探针1 ng与砂仁及其混淆品的ITS2 PCR扩增产物进行液相杂交.反应条件:95℃变性5 min,70℃退火30 s,在489 nm荧光下进行激发检测.结果 阳春砂与其混淆品的显微结构区别主要在于色素层的层数和外胚乳细胞的形状.所设计的专属探针仅与阳春砂ITS2PCR产物特异性结合,而不与其混淆品结合.亦可以通过荧光的强弱来定量鉴别中成药中砂仁的掺伪现象.结论 通过显微鉴别和基于ITS2序列差异的可视化探针杂交技术能够很好地鉴别砂仁的真伪,且不要求中药的具体形式,方法简便快捷、成本低、技术门槛低,开拓了更加便捷、准确的砂仁药材的鉴别方法.

Cardiac injury is followed by fibrosis, characterized by myofibroblast activation. Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) impairs the plasticity of myocardium and results in myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Mangiferin is a xanthonoid derivative rich in plants mangoes and iris unguicularis, exhibiting the ability to ameliorate metabolic disorders. This study aims to investigate whether mangiferin attenuates cardiac fibrosis via redox regulation. The transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice induced cardiac fibrosis with impaired heart function. Oral administration of mangiferin (50 mg/kg, 4 weeks) inhibited myofibroblast activation with reduced formation of ECM. The impaired left ventricular contractive function was also improved by mangiferin. TGF-β1 stimulation increased glutaminolysis to fuel intracellular glutamate pool for the increased demands of nutrients to support cardiac myofibroblast activation. Mangiferin degraded Keap1 to promote Nrf2 protein accumulation by improving its stability, leading to Nrf2 activation. Nrf2 transcriptionally promotes the synthesis of antioxidant proteins. By activating Nrf2, mangiferin promoted the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in cardiac fibroblasts, likely due to the consumption of glutaminolysis-derived glutamate as a source. Meanwhile, mangiferin promoted the exchange of intracellular glutamate for the import of extracellular cystine to support GSH generation. As a result of redistribution, the reduced glutamate availability failed to support myofibroblast activation. In support of this, the addition of extracellular glutamate or α-ketoglutarate diminished the inhibitory effects of mangiferin on cardiac myofibroblast proliferation and activation. Moreover, cardiac knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated the cardioprotective effects of mangiferin in mice subjected to TAC. In conclusion, we demonstrated that activated myofibroblasts were sensitive to glutamate availability. Mangiferin activated Nrf2 and redistributed intracellular glutamate for the synthesis of GSH, consequently impairing cardiac myofibroblast activation due to decreased glutamate availability. These results address that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 could restrain cardiac fibrosis via metabolic regulation.

目的:建立蝉蜕药材的现场快速鉴别方法.方法:采用3D景深合成技术,从样品喙的长短、上唇的大小及明显程度、下唇突出的程度及其上横沟的颜色、足部主刺和侧刺的数量以及形态、腹部气门的明显程度、腹板数目、侧板的数目及形态、背板环数、尾器等方面对50批蝉蜕及其混淆品样品进行鉴别.结果:50批样品中,S1～S5、S26～S30、S36～S50为真品蝉蜕;S21～S25为真品蝉蜕增重后的混淆品;S31～S35为真品蝉蜕提取后的混淆品;S6～S20分别为焰螓蝉、山蝉、北京僚蝉蜕皮,均为混淆品.蝉蜕与其混淆品的主要鉴别特征为真品蝉蜕腹部腹面呈三角形,其余品种腹部腹面近平行;山蝉蜕皮气门明显,其余品种气门不明显;山蝉蜕皮尾器侧面观较其余品种尖锐;焰螓蝉蜕皮前足副刺和端刺呈锐角,北京僚蝉蜕皮前足副刺和端刺呈钝角.结论:该方法简便、可靠,可用于现场快速鉴别蝉蜕及其混淆品种.

目的 通过对乌梢蛇骨骼的微性状鉴别,寻找一种乌梢蛇快速鉴别的手段,为乌梢蛇的鉴别提供依据.方法 采用3D景深合成技术、3D大图拼接技术以及科学摄影技术进行微性状鉴别,观察乌梢蛇及其混淆品的顶骨、鼻骨和不同部位的椎骨的形态并随机选取乌梢蛇及其混淆品椎骨(n=100)对其棘突高度和整个骨骼高度进行测量,用SPSS22.0软件进行统计学分析,并用分子学手段对其结果进行验证.结合重金属含量测定和醇溶性浸出物测定综合评价乌梢蛇的品质.结果 乌梢蛇及其混淆品头骨、体前部和尾部椎骨的微性状特征有较大的区别,体中部椎骨无明显差异.乌梢蛇椎骨棘突高度明显高于其它伪品椎骨的棘突高度,具有统计学意义.市售乌梢蛇砷含量易超标,醇溶性浸出物基本合格.结论 骨骼鉴别特征稳定,不易随外界条件发生变化,使用3D景深合成技术可以快速、准确的对乌梢蛇及其混伪品进行鉴别,适用于在基层进行推广.