Simultaneous measurement of dispersed and continuous phases in multiphase flows remains a fundamental challenge. This Letter proposes holographic background-oriented schlieren (HoloBOS), and it enables numerical refocusing of both the background pattern and dispersed-phase particles from a single acquisition, thereby allowing simultaneous characterization of both phases. The method is demonstrated in a gas flame experiment with an effective distance of 45 mm and is further applied to a multiphase propellant combustion plume to characterize dispersed agglomerates and flow structures. The results support the feasibility of HoloBOS for the simultaneous extraction of particle morphology, size, and three-dimensional position, as well as the line-of-sight integral of the refractive-index gradient in the continuous phase, indicating its potential as a practical tool for complex multiphase diagnostics.

Abstract The source□sink attenuation hypothesis suggests that plants regulate carbon fixation in response to fluctuations in sink demands. Many evergreen trees exhibit flushing growth patterns, where new shoot development generates a strong, transient demand for both carbon and nitrogen that may influence the function of mature leaves. This study examined the source–sink attenuation hypothesis in the context of vegetative sink growth by investigating the photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen dynamics in mature citrus leaves across three stages of flush development. In contrast to expectations, photosynthesis declined as flush growth progressed. Early flush initiation induced stomatal limitation in mature leaves, whereas as sink demand from further shoot growth continued carboxylation capacity and Rubisco abundance declined, despite relatively stable total leaf nitrogen. These results suggest that mature leaves undergo selective protein retooling under prolonged sink demand, constraining CO□ fixation while maintaining C export. Overall, this study revealed that under strong combined N and C sink demands, mature citrus leaves function primarily as regulated carbon conduits rather than dynamically upregulating photosynthesis, providing new insight into source–sink coordination in woody perennial species. Highlight Citrus flush growth shows that mature leaves suppress photosynthesis through stomatal and biochemical regulation while reallocating carbon and nitrogen to support new shoot development, challenging classic source–sink theory.

The aluminum agglomerate surfaces serve as the essential interfaces for heat and mass transfer processes during combustion, with the attached oxide cap exerting a significant effect on the asymmetrical spatial distribution of agglomerate physical properties. Therefore, understanding the surface characterization and its dynamic evolution during aluminum combustion is important. However, significant challenges exist in visualizing and measuring agglomerate surfaces due to the micrometer-scale size, extremely rapid dynamic evolution, asymmetric three-dimensional morphology, and complex combustion behaviors. Traditional methods are limited in providing three-dimensional, in situ measurements of agglomerate surfaces under the propellant-burning environment. Thus, a panoramic vision analysis method is proposed to achieve 360-degree visualization and measurement of agglomerate surfaces. A high-speed panoramic microscopic imaging system up to 30 kHz is established, composed of two high-speed cameras positioned opposite each other to capture the panoramic view of agglomerates. A data processing pipeline, incorporating an artificial intelligence segmentation algorithm and an ellipsoid geometric model, is developed to reconstruct three-dimensional models of agglomerates with varying diameters over time. The oxide cap distributions and dynamic behaviors, such as rotation and drift on the droplet surface, are visualized. Quantitative measurements of oxide cap and droplet areas are also obtained, with oxide cap area ratios ranging from 10% to 40%. This study provides a method for visualization and quantitative measurement of agglomerate surfaces, offering a tool for further research on the mechanism of oxide cap dynamics on surfaces.Novelty and significance statementThe novelty of this work lies in proposing a 360-degree panoramic vision analysis method, which enables three-dimensional surface visualization and quantitative measurement of burning droplets and oxide caps. A high-speed panoramic microscopic imaging system, operating at up to 30 kHz, is established by positioning two high-speed cameras opposite each other to capture the front and back sides of the agglomerates simultaneously. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is competent in reconstructing three-dimensional models of agglomerates with varying diameters over time, allowing for visualizing the evolution of the oxide cap distribution and drift on the droplet surface. Quantitative measurements of the oxide cap and droplet areas are obtained, with the oxide cap area ratio ranging from 10% to 40%. This method provides technical support for deeper insights into the analysis of oxide cap dynamics.

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are a unique class of flavonoids naturally present without attached sugar molecules and with a lack of exposed hydroxyl groups. This structural difference results in higher bioavailability. This study investigated the metabolism and tissue distribution of PMFs following oral administration of orange peel extract to mice. Tissue samples were subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Our findings indicate that PMFs are efficiently absorbed and distributed, with their accumulation patterns directly related to their chemical structures. Specifically, a less bulky A-ring structure was found to be crucial for PMF distribution in different tissues. The absence of a methoxy group at the C-5 position enhanced penetration into the brain, while the presence of methoxy groups near the hydrogen bond region (C-4/5) decreased the accumulation of hydroxylated PMFs in the liver. Based on key-ion filtering strategies, a total of 87 PMF metabolites, including demethylated forms and conjugates with glucuronate and sulfate were identified using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS. This study is the first to report on the practical distribution of PMFs in various tissues after the administration of a natural orange peel extract.

PURPOSE:We report herein a phase Ib trial to determine the safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity of erdafitinib, a pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with fulvestrant and palbociclib in patients with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancers (NCT03238196). PATIENTS AND METHODS:Thirteen patients were enrolled on the escalation phase in a traditional 3 + 3 trial design to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Subsequently, 22 patients were treated at the established MTD during the expansion phase. All patients had received prior treatment with cyclin-dependent kinase-4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy, and 29 showed FGFR pathway alterations in their tumors. RESULTS:The MTD of erdafitinib was 6 mg taken orally once daily when combined with palbociclib and fulvestrant. The triple combination showed clinically manageable tolerability. Most common adverse events were neutropenia, likely attributable to palbociclib, and oral mucositis and hyperphosphatemia, attributable to erdafitinib. Three patients showed a partial response, one of them lasting more than 2.5 years, despite lacking detectable FGFR1 to FGFR4 somatic alterations. FGFR1 amplification was not associated with response to FGFR inhibition, but high FGFR1 protein expression, measured by IHC, correlated with longer progression-free survival within the FGFR1-amplified cohort. There was no correlation between FGFR1 copy number and FGFR1 protein levels in specimens from metastatic sites, potentially highlighting the need for a more recent metastatic tumor biopsy for biomarker evaluation. CONCLUSIONS:The trial endpoint was met establishing the MTD of erdafitinib at 6 mg. Whereas the triplet regimen may pose tolerability challenges, alterative doublets with selective FGFR1 inhibitors in patients with FGFR1-dependent tumors, possibly administered in sequence, are worthy of further investigation.

The mechanism of ligament breakup events in sprays significantly impacts both daily life and industry, particularly with regard to swirl sprays in aero-engines. Specifically, three critical challenges must be addressed: tracking the trajectories of ligaments across frames, elucidating the relationships between parent and daughter ligaments, and capturing the spatial and temporal information of breakup events. This study introduces an intelligent pipeline for the quantitative analysis of ligament breakup events. The integration of Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM 2) enables automatic segmentation, producing ligament masks from low signal-to-noise ratio holographic videos. To effectively provide prompt information, four techniques are proposed: YOLO detection for initial bounding box prompts, box post-processing, video clip generation, and prompt giving. Based on the preliminary masks generated by SAM 2, the grayscale values of the masked pixels are utilized for refined segmentation through clustering of K-means, accurately delineating the internal structures and edges of the ligaments. A manually curated validation dataset is established, and three evaluation metrics (precision, recall and F1 score) are used to assess the segmentation performance of seven different methods, demonstrating the superior efficacy of the proposed approach. The influences of frame rate and image quality are also discussed. Subsequently, the centroids and areas of connected regions within the segmentation results are extracted. A light flow field is utilized to initiate ligament trajectory matching. To determine the relationship between parent and daughter ligaments during the breakup process, the stability of relative horizontal positions between connected regions before and after the breakup is analyzed, significantly reducing the calculation time. Finally, breakup lengths, ligament lengths, and breakup times are calculated to represent the statistical characteristics of breakup events.

Tumor genomic profiling has uncovered many cancer drivers whose implications in terms of tumor biology and therapeutic actionability remain understudied. Hotspot mutations in SF3B1 induce widespread transcriptomic alterations and occur across multiple cancer types. Despite this, the biological and clinical consequences of SF3B1 mutations remain elusive. Characterization of the largest SF3B1 mutant breast cancer clinical cohort to date identifies SF3B1 driver mutations in approximately 2.5% of HR+ HER2- breast cancer, with strong enrichment of K700E substitutions, substantial variation in variant allele fraction (VAF), and significantly improved overall survival due to enrichment in Luminal A disease. In vitro and in vivo studies in representative cell models suggest several of the most prevalent SF3B1 mutations have deleterious effects on cell growth, leading to selective loss of the mutation over time, providing a rationale for the low frequency and low VAF of SF3B1 mutations in breast cancer. Though all introduced hotspot mutations limit growth and are reverted to wildtype (WT) over time, mutations at position R625 have a more pronounced phenotype than K700E, providing an explanation for the clinically observed skew in mutation frequencies. RNA and DNA sequencing analyses were used to identify characteristic pathway-level transcriptomic changes in SF3B1-mutant cells and identify copy number alterations as a mechanism of both improved mutation tolerability and a means to eliminate the mutation over time. These data suggest that while SF3B1 mutations are enriched in some clinical contexts, their role in breast tumorigenesis is highly complex and dependent on secondary events that overcome their deleterious effects on cell growth and survival.

PurposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used to treat advanced malignancy but can induce immune-related adverse events (irAE). The mechanisms behind these sporadic and sometimes life-threatening irAEs remain largely unexplored. Here, we present a case report and in-depth molecular analysis of an erythema nodosum (EN) like irAE occurring in a melanoma patient with isolated brain metastasis, aiming to explore the potential mechanism of this irAE.MethodsWe performed RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on the patient’s resected brain metastasis and biopsy of EN-like irAE. Single cell RNA/TCR sequencing was conducted on the patient’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at baseline, 3 weeks after ipilimumab and nivolumab combination therapy, during EN toxicity and after resolution.ResultsThe site of EN-like irAE showed a distinct accumulation of pro-inflammatory immune cells, accompanied by the upregulation of inflammatory and interferon response signatures. In addition, clonal expansion and activation of irAE-associated CD8 T cells and upregulation of monocyte-specific interferon signatures occurred concurrently with irAE onset.ConclusionThe unique immune landscape at the EN-like irAE could indicate that this irAE is distinct from anti-tumor immune and analogous non-ICI autoimmune milieus. Our data also suggests that systemic immune activation induced by ICI treatment, as reflected in PBMC, may help monitor the patient’s treatment response and access irAE risk.

The Letter delves into an approach to holographic image denoising, drawing inspiration from the generative paradigm. It introduces a conditional diffusion model framework that effectively suppresses twin-image noises and speckle noises in dense particle fields with a large depth of field (DOF). Specific training and inference configurations are meticulously outlined. For evaluation, the method is tested using calibration dot board data and droplet field data, encompassing gel atomization captured via inline holography and aviation kerosene swirl spray through off-axis holography. The performance is assessed using three distinct metrics. The metric outcomes, along with representative examples, robustly demonstrate its superior noise reduction, detail preservation, and generalization capabilities when compared to two other methods. The proposed method not only pioneers the field of generative holographic image denoising but also highlights its potential for industrial applications, given its reduced dependency on high-quality training labels.

This study aims to investigate the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy on cardiac-related adverse events in patients with advanced or metastatic lung cancer. We conducted a detailed search in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochran, and Embase for articles on the application of immunotherapy for lung cancer and report cardiac-related adverse events with respect to myocardial ischemia, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and electrophysiology. The dichotomous variables were assessed by relative risk (RR) and 95

The first complete plant genome sequence, Arabidopsis thaliana, was reported and published in 2000, marking the beginning of the plant genome era. Over the past 20 years, draft or reference genomes of approximately 800 plant species have been sequenced and the number continues to grow exponentially. The release of these plant genomes has dramatically advanced studies in various disciplines of plant biology. With tremendous advances in sequencing technology and the initiation of many genome sequencing and updating projects, improving the accuracy of the genome annotation stage remains challenging. This is because only a few genomes are available as annotation standards achieved through enormous investments in human curation efforts. Therefore, high-quality genome annotation, as one way of summarizing the existing knowledge of the genomic characteristics of an organism, will be one of the principal research focuses for the plant genome. In addition, genome annotation will play an essential role in some challenging fields in the future, i.e., dissecting information from plant pan-genomes. Here, we summarize the progress of plant genome annotation and the challenges of annotating more complex plant genomes and present state-of-the-art tools and databases for this process.

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-associated phenomenon which is known to increase the risk for hematologic malignancy and cardiovascular disease. The most commonly mutated gene in CH is de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A. R882H and R882C are the most common hotspot mutations in this gene, and these mutations are commonly grouped together in interpretation of clinical data even though in vitro experiments suggest divergence in their biochemical consequences. Here, we used CRISPR knock-in of primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) along with population data from the UK Biobank (UKB) to evaluate the extent to which R882H and R882C differentially predispose to inflammatory phenotypes. Using two homology donor (HD) templates with distinct self-cleaving fluorescent tags, we used FACS to isolate homozygous R882H- or R882C-mutant cells from six unique samples of cord blood HSPCs. We subsequently cultured these isogeneic mutant cells and their mock-electroporated wild-type (WT) controls in monocyte differentiation media and evaluated their transcriptomes via bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and production of secreted cytokines in a Luminex-based assay. Analysis of transcripts using differential expression for repeated measures (Dream) revealed that, when compared to WT, the mutants demonstrated many shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) but also exhibited many DEGs unique to each variant. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of Hallmark pathways revealed common enrichment of cell cycle related pathways in both variants, but found that R882H displayed greater enrichment of inflammation-related pathways than either WT or R882C (Figure 1A). Rank-order GO and KEGG pathway enrichment comparison of R882H vs R882C showed further evidence of bias in inflammation-related pathways among the most upregulated gene sets (e.g., GO:0019882, Antigen Processing & Presentation and KEGG:hsa04145, Phagosome). IL-6 is significantly regulated by R882 genotype in our model; levels of IL-6 for R882H (13,065 ± 2,446; mean ± s.e. in pg/mL) but not R882C (10,340 ± 2,446) were significantly different than WT (6,281 ± 1,730; p = 0.014). We next sought to better understand if this biased inflammatory priming would also be observed for heterozygous mutations and across different cell types, so using mutant and WT HD templates we performed single cell RNAseq on CRISPR'd heterozygous mutants and knock-in WT controls. Comparing R882H to R882C in this context demonstrated upregulation of numerous inflammation-related genes, including CXCL8 (IL-8), S100A8, and S100A9. GSEA of Hallmark pathways revealed enrichment of inflammatory pathways (e.g., Inflammatory Response & TNFA Signaling via NFKB) in monocytic cells but also in progenitor cells. We then investigated whether these transcriptional differences between R882H and R882C might be due to divergent patterns of DNA (hypo)methylation. Employing 5-letter next-generation sequencing (A, C, G, T, methyl-C), we compared the methylation landscape of three isogeneic donors with homozygous R882H, R882C, or mock-electroporated WT genotypes. As expected, comparison of either mutant to WT showed a global hypomethylation. Comparison of R882H to R882C revealed no systematic bias in methylation of gene promoters but a pervasive hypomethylation of gene bodies. A gene set of the 50 most upregulated genes from our single cell RNAseq experiment was significantly enriched in rank order analysis of R882H vs R882C hypomethylation of gene bodies (NES = 1.47, p = 0.036) but not promoters (NES = -0.86, p = 0.71). Finally, we asked if there were differences in patient phenotypes for those with R882H or R882C clonal hematopoiesis. Here, we used our previously published UKB clonal hematopoiesis cohort (Vlasschaert et al. 2023, Blood). In Cox proportional hazards models controlling for basic demographics (N = 451K) or demographics plus cardiovascular-relevant covariates (N = 390K), we found that R882H but not R882C was associated with significantly greater incidence of heart failure and of a composite measure consisting of death or coronary artery disease (Figure 1B). In conclusion, our study found evidence in experimental models and patient data that DNMT3A R882H may pose a greater risk for inflammatory phenotypes than R882C.

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Background Fiber is a potential therapeutic to suppress microbiota-generated uremic molecules. This study aimed to determine if fiber supplementation decreased serum levels of uremic molecules through the modulation of gut microbiota in adults undergoing hemodialysis. Methods A randomized, double-blinded, controlled crossover study was conducted. Following a 1-week baseline, participants consumed muffins with added pea hull fiber (PHF) (15 g/d) and control muffins daily, each for 4 weeks, separated by a 4-week washout. Blood and stool samples were collected per period. Serum p -cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS), phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), and trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) were quantified by LC–MS/MS, and fecal microbiota profiled by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and specific taxa of interest by qPCR. QIIME 2 sample-classifier was used to discover unique microbiota profiles due to the consumption of PHF. Results Intake of PHF contributed an additional 9 g/d of dietary fiber to the subjects’ diet due to compliance. No significant changes from baseline were observed in serum PCS, IS, PAG, or TMAO, or for the relative quantification of Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium, or Roseburia, taxa considered health-enhancing. Dietary protein intake and IS ( r = −0.5, p = 0.05) and slow transit stool form and PCS ( r = 0.7, p < 0.01) were significantly correlated at baseline. PHF and control periods were not differentiated; however, using machine learning, taxa most distinguishing the microbiota composition during the PHF periods compared to usual diet alone were enriched Gemmiger , Collinsella, and depleted Lactobacillus , Ruminococcus , Coprococcus, and Mogibacteriaceae. Conclusion PHF supplementation did not mitigate serum levels of targeted microbial-generated uremic molecules. Given the high cellulose content, which may be resistant to fermentation, PHF may not exert sufficient effects on microbiota composition to modulate its activity at the dose consumed.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common gastrointestinal disease of preterm infants with high morbidity and mortality. In survivors of NEC, one of the leading causes of long-term morbidity is the development of severe neurocognitive injury. The exact pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental delay in NEC remains unknown, but microbiota is considered to have dramatic effects on the development and function of the host brain via the gut-brain axis. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of microbiota of NEC, the impaired neurological outcomes, and the role of the complex interplay between the intestinal microbiota and brain to influence neurodevelopment in NEC. The increasing knowledge of microbial-host interactions has the potential to generate novel therapies for manipulating brain development in the future.

Purpose: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the standard of care for many breast cancer patients, is known to have systemic immunologic effects and is increasingly being used in clinical trials in combination with immunotherapeutics. Currently, there are few biomarkers to predict NAC or immunotherapy response. Biomarkers are needed to identify patients who will benefit from combination therapy compared to those who are likely to respond to NAC alone, and thus avoid the added risk of toxicity and financial burden. Peripheral blood is an attractive site of biomarker development due to the relative ease of longitudinal sampling. We have previously shown that high expression of a cytotoxicity gene signature in the blood following NAC is associated with presence of residual disease (RD) and future breast cancer recurrence, demonstrating the feasibility of using blood-based transcriptional biomarkers. Methods: We used RNA sequencing to profile the peripheral blood of 53 breast cancer patients prior to definitive surgery (n=23 RD; 9 pathologic complete response (pCR); 21 no NAC). DESeq was used to identify differentially expressed genes and gene set enrichment analysis to identify differentially expressed pathways using the Molecular Signatures Database hallmark gene sets. CIBERSORTx was used to deconvolute cell type abundance. To extend the cell type abundance data to a larger cohort, we used a de-identified electronic medical record to collect clinically measured cell type abundance data on breast cancer patients treated with NAC (n=110; 35 pCR; 75 RD). Results: We identified 1,238 (FDR corrected q-value <0.1) differentially expressed genes between pCR and RD samples. Interferon (IFN)-γ Response (q-value <0.0001; normalized enrichment score (NES)=3.32), IFNα Response (q-value <0.0001; NES=3.14), and Complement (q-value<0.001; NES=2.29) pathways were significantly enriched in the blood of patients experiencing pCR vs. RD. We combined expression of the unique leading-edge genes from each pathway into a 60-gene IFN/Complement score. Interestingly, expression of the IFN/Complement score was independent of expression of our previously published cytotoxicity score. Using single cell RNA sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we localized expression of the IFN/Complement genes to monocytes whereas the cytotoxicity score was confined to CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. A combination peripheral immunologic response score (PIRS; IFN/Complement score - Cytotoxic score) had improved predictive power compared to either signature alone. PIRS was highest in patients with pCR and lowest in patients with RD who experienced a breast cancer recurrence with 3 years. Using CIBERSORTx, we further identified relative monocyte abundance as higher in samples with pCR compared to those with RD. Clinically measured post-NAC, but not pre-NAC, monocytes were significantly higher in patients with pCR compared to those with RD. Using the synthetic derivative medical record, we further identified 110 breast cancer patients treated with NAC. In this cohort, relative monocytes were also statistically significantly higher in patients with pCR compared to those with RD (p=0.0367). Conclusions: Peripheral blood gene expression scores and cell type abundance may be useful biomarkers of NAC response and outcome in breast cancer. We identified an immunologic gene signature that was highest in patients with the best outcomes (pCR) and lowest in those with the worst outcome (RD with recurrence). We further identified monocyte abundance, which is routinely measured clinically, as highest in patients with pCR. Taken together, these results suggest that peripheral blood biomarkers following NAC may be useful in predicting long-term outcome. Future work will explore the utility of peripheral blood biomarkers in predicting immunotherapy response. Citation Format: Margaret L Axelrod, Yu Wang, Yaomin Xu, Cosmin A. Bejan, Xiaopeng Sun, Paula I Gonzalez-Ericsson, Riley E Bergman, Joshua Donaldson, Sara Nunnery, Melinda Sanders, Chiara Massa, Barbara Seliger, Ingrid A Mayer, Justin M Balko. Peripheral immunity predicts therapeutic outcomes in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-34.

Polyphenols are one of the most important metabolites in tea due to their unique biological activities and health benefits, arousing great attention of researchers to investigate biochemical mechanisms of polyphenols during tea plant growth, development and tea processing. Although omics has been used as a major analytical platform for tea polyphenol research with some proven merits, a single-omics strategy remains a considerable challenge due to the complexity of biological system and functional processes of tea in each stage of tea production. Recent advances in multi-omics approaches and data analysis have enabled mining and mapping of enormous number of datasets at different biological scales from genotypes to phenotypes of living organisms. These new technologies combining genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and/or metabolomics can pave a new avenue to address fundamental questions regarding polyphenol formation and changes in tea plants and products. Here, we review recent progresses in single- and multi-omics approaches that have been used in the field of tea polyphenol studies. The perspectives on future research and applications for improvement of tea polyphenols as well as current challenges of multi-omics studies for tea polyphenols are also discussed.

It is difficult to measure fuel droplets in cylindrical combustors under combustion conditions, but of significance, since fuel behavior is related to combustion performance. In this study, digital off-axis holography and corre-sponding data treating algorithms are applied to quantify irregular spray droplets in combustion field inside a thick silica flame tube. The analytical expression of an off-axis hologram passing through a pipe is derived based on optic matrix theory and Fresnel diffraction transform. The interference fringes and phase distribution show consistency with the experimental results under the same condition. A modified convolution reconstruction method facing off-axis holography is proposed to locate and quantify the particles in a pipe. The theoretical sim-ulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method can obtain a clear reconstructed droplet. The image field of view does not change with the reconstruction distance. The particle field obtained through this method has distortion due to the refraction of the curved surface, and can be corrected through ABCD transfer matrix. The calibration method and modified results reveal that the overall droplet size error is lower than 1-pixel width, and real and locating errors after correction are lower than 1-pixel width. The depth position error is also discussed through experimental validation. The visualization and quantification results of fuel droplets in the real turbulent spray flame in a circular flame tube prove the feasibility of the proposed theoretical analysis and the reconstruction method.