Schisandra chinensis protein (SCP) and Schisandra sphenantherae protein (SSP) were extracted by alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation, and the amino acid compositions, structures, and physicochemical properties of the two proteins were analyzed to evaluate their functional properties. The effects of SCP and SSP on proliferation, protection, and anti-apoptosis of H2O2-treated HepG2 cells after oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that SCP had a higher content of essential amino acids (16.27 ± 0.76) than SSP. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, as well as substituent distribution in electrophoresis, revealed the structural differences between the two proteins; in particular, the disulfide bond content is higher in SCP, which was also found to be more stable in terms of heat tolerance (114.7 °C), solubility (47.18 %), emulsification (158.57 m2/g), emulsion stability (89.53 %), foaming (226 %), and foaming stability (90.32 %). In an in vitro experiment, SSP was more effective in protecting HepG2 cells from H2O2-treated oxidative damage, effectively inhibiting the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, maintaining the stability of cell membranes, promoting antioxidant mechanisms, and decreasing apoptosis by regulating the expression of genes and proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that both SCP and SSP are suitable as novel food additives, and that the excellent functional properties and thermal stability of SCP make it a potential nutritional resource in the food industry. In addition, SSP has potential as a protein resource with antioxidant activity.

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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Sanhuang ointment (SHO) has been widely used in the traditional Chinese medical system for 1500 years and has efficacy in clearing away heat and dampness, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. Hemorrhoids will damage the normal physiological function of the body, resulting in obstructed defecation, accompanied by massive hemorrhage and necrosis of tissues and cells, which is easy to breed bacteria and cause infection. SHO can promote lesion healing in hemorrhoid rats, but the pharmacological mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown. Aim: To evaluate the effect of SHO on experimental hemorrhoids in rats induced by croton oil and glacial acetic acid.Materials and methods: In this research, the effective components of SHO were analyzed in detail by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Hemorrhoids were induced by 6% balsam and glacial acetic acid respectively in the anorectal region of rats. SHO was administered externally to the anorectal region of rats at doses of 185 mg/g (crude drug/ointment), 370 mg/g (crude drug/ointment) and 740 mg/g (crude drug/ointment) for 11 days. Mayinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment (1 g/kg) and Taining cream (1 g/kg) were used as reference anti hemorrhoids drugs. On the 11th day, hemorrhoids were evaluated by measuring the biochemical parameters of hemorrhoids in rats and the histology of anorectal tissues.Results: Using high performance liquid chromatography liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, 41 compounds, including phenylpropionic acids and alkaloids, were identified. the fingerprints of 18 common peaks were identified. In Hemorrhoids like rats, acetic acid induced inflammation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner during SHO treatment. In addition, the detailed experimental results show that SHO can effectively improve hemorrhoids by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines in serum, reversing the downregulation of vanillin subtype 1 (TRPV1), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) levels of pain related genes in anal tissues, and the up regulation of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of vascular growth related genes.Conclusion: The results showed that SHO could alleviate the edema caused by the exudation of anorectal tissue fluid in rats by anti-inflammatory effect and reducing the Vascular permeability of rats. The study validates the traditional use of SHO in the treatment of hemorrhoids and demonstrates its anti-hemorrhoidal potential.

Semen Astragali Complanati (SAC) as a legume is rich in protein. However, due to the lack of investigation into its protein composition and functional properties, SAC protein remains underutilized. The aim of this study was to determine potential applications of SAC protein in the food industry. Albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin were obtained for the first time from defatted SAC powder by using an Osborne extraction and chemical and cellular antioxidant methods, and their physicochemical and functional properties, and antioxidant activity were determined. In terms of functional properties, glutelin showed the best characteristics overall among the four proteins. In terms of physicochemical properties, the low molecular weight glutelin was observed to have a smoother surface under scanning electron microscopy and a higher solubility and emulsifying capacity at different pH values among the four protein fractions. The main secondary structures of the protein fractions were alpha-helices and beta-sheets, and the crystallinity ranged from 14.28% to 33.76%, indicating amorphous internal structural features. The antioxidant results showed that glutelin demonstrated better free radical scavenging ability. In conclusion, the glutelin in SAC demonstrated notable functional properties and antioxidant activities, and it is promising for future development and application in functional foods and health foods.

Objective:To obtain the optimal enzyme and preparation process for Schisandra chinensis protein peptides and investigate its in vitro antioxidant activity.Methods:Seven proteases were used to hydrolyze Schisandra chinensis protein.Based on the degree of hydrolysis,free radical scavenging activity,polypeptide yield and content of different hydrolysates of Schisandra chinensis protein and the comprehensive evaluation of molecular weight in SDS-PAGE,the optimal protease was screened.The DPPH free radical scavenging rate was used as the index,and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process was determined by single factor test combined with response surface analysis.The scavenging ability of O2-·,·OH,DPPH·,ABTS+·,Fe2+chelating ability and Fe3+reducing ability of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides were analyzed and compared with Schisandra chinensis protein.Results:The optimum enzyme for the preparation of Schisandra chinensis protein peptides was alkaline protease.The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis parameters were as follows:substrate concentration 5％,enzyme-to-substrate ratio 1％,enzymatic hydrolysis time 3 h,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55 ℃,pH9.0.Under these conditions,the polypeptide content was 88.61％,the degree of hydrolysis was 24.21％,and the DPPH·scavenging rate was 86.96％.The free radical scavenging ability and reducing ability of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides were better than those of Schisandrae chinensis protein.Conclusion:This study determined the optimum enzyme and hydrolysis process of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides,and pointed out that Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides had better antioxidant activity in vitro and could be used as a natural antioxidant.

目的 探讨复方前列康胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎的活性作用研究.方法 采用高效液相色谱法对复方前列康胶囊提取物进行成分分析;通过分析复方前列康胶囊提取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基和O2-·的清除能力来测定体外抗氧化活性;通过建立角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀模型观察其抗炎作用;应用ELISA法检测前列腺组织中白细胞和卵磷脂小体数目、促炎因子COX-2、iNOS及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、PEG2的含量;利用qRT-PCR方法检测前列腺组织中PI3K、Akt、RAGE mRNA表达.结果 化学成分分析表明主要含有芦丁、槲皮素、黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱等成分.抗氧化实验结果表明复方前列康胶囊提取物具有优良的体外抗氧化能力.抗炎实验表明,复方前列康胶囊提取物可以抑制角叉菜胶所致的小鼠足肿胀.前列腺炎活性实验结果表明,复方前列康胶囊提取物可以明显的降低大鼠前列腺液中白细胞数目,提高卵磷脂小体密度,降低大鼠前列腺组织中促炎因子COX-2、iNOS及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、PEG2的含量.qRT-PCR结果显示,复方前列康胶囊提取物可以下调大鼠前列腺组织中PI3K、Akt、RAGE mRNA表达含量.结论 复方前列康胶囊提取物可能通过PI3K-Akt和AGE-RAGE两条通路、多成分协同作用的方式抑制炎症因子的生成以及减轻氧化应激反应,进而对慢性前列腺炎起到治疗作用.

We investigated the structural properties, foaming capacity and foaming stability, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition of Kudzu protein (KP) and Kudzu protein hydrolysate (KPH). The peptide sequence of KPH was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the binding ability of the peptide sequence to Keap1 was predicted through molecular docking simulations. The electrophoresis and molecular weight distribution analysis results showed that the molecular weight of KPH was significantly lower than that of KP, with a mean molecular weight of approximately 2000-5000 Da. The structures and properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, relative fluorescence, and circular dichroism. The results showed that KP exposed a large number of hydrophobic groups after enzymatic hydrolysis, and its structure changed from α-helical to random coils. KPH has a higher foaming capacity (200%) and foaming stability (97.5%) than KP, which may be related to the change in structure. These results indicate that moderate hydrolysis can improve the functional properties of KP, providing a new opportunity for its application as a food ingredient. The antioxidant assay results showed that KP and KPH had a good hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacity and a high reducing capacity. KPH exerted better antioxidant effects than KP. The scavenging rates for DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions were 89.31%, 93.14%, 85.74%, and 58.29%, respectively, and its reducing capacity was 2.191, which may be related to the increase in amino acids with antioxidant activity after enzymolysis. In vitro, KP and KPH could significantly repair H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, reduce the apoptosis rate, activate the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway, reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde after oxidative damage, increase the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and increase the content of GSH and the total antioxidant capacity. Twenty-one peptide components were identified in KPH using UPLC-MS/MS, and the binding ability of 21 peptide components to Keap1 was analyzed through molecular docking technology. The results showed that all 21 peptides in KPH had good antioxidant activity, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to further explain the high antioxidant activity of KPH at the genetic level. These results show that KP and KPH are suitable for preparing antioxidant foods and related health foods to prevent oxidation-related diseases. KPH has more beneficial effects than KP.

Semen Ziziphi Spinosae protein (SZSP) is a new plant protein resource with good food functional properties and health care function. However, the biological activity of SZSP has not been further studied, which greatly limits the development and utilization of SZSP in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of SZSP on immunosuppressed mice and its inhibitory effect on immune-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that SZSP remarkably improved the immunomodulatory secretion in serum (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interferon-γ, immunoglobulin-A, immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-M) and primary macrophages (nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, TNF-α) and promoted the NK-cell killing activity of primary splenocytes in CTX-induced immunosuppression mice. Immunohistochemical analysis results indicated that the secretion of CD 4 + and CD 8 + in the spleen and thymus can be regulated by SZSP, leading to inhibition of the damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Meanwhile, in order to clarify the immunomodulatory mechanism of SZSP, we showed that SZSP significantly inhibited the secretion of NO, interleukin-6, and TNF-α and reduced the phosphorylation expression of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-IκBα in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effect of SZSP may be related to the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Based on the above studies, the preliminary purification of SZSP was continued, and S1F2G1 with immunomodulatory activity was obtained. Taken together, SZSP has an immunoregulatory effect in vivo and in vitro and may be a favorable candidate of functional food raw material for regulating immune responses.

The genus Acorus, a perennial monocotyledonous-class herb and part of the Acoraceae family, is widely distributed in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Acorus is rich in biological activities and can be used to treat various diseases of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, epilepsy, hyperlipidemia, and indigestion. Recently, it has been widely used to improve eutrophic water and control heavy-metal-polluted water. Thus far, only three species of Acorus have been reported in terms of chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previously published reviews have not further distinguished or comprehensively expounded the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Acorus plants. By carrying out a literature search, we collected documents closely related to Acorus published from 1956 to 2022. We then performed a comprehensive and systematic review of the genus Acorus from different perspectives, including botanical aspects, ethnic applications, phytochemistry aspects, and pharmacological aspects. Our aim was to provide a basis for further research and the development of new concepts.

Objective: This study aimed to reveal the composition differences and antioxidant activities of kernel and peel from raw and fried semen from Ziziphi spinosae. Methods: Using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide anion radical (O-2·), 2,2'-amino-di (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) free radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) to determine the antioxidant activity of peel, kernel and jujube benevolence from different semen. Moreover, the components of peel, kernel and jujube benevolence were also studied by UV spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that the peel, kernel, and jujube benevolence of all the semen had certain antioxidant effects, and the order of their antioxidant capacity was peel＞ jujube benevolence＞ kernel. The composition study showed that the contents of total flavonoids, total saponins and total phenolic acids in the semen peel were higher than those in jujube benevolence and kernel, and there was no significant difference in the content of total polysaccharides among samples. Therefore, the pharmacodynamic material basis of antioxidant activity in the peel was verified to be flavonoids, saponins and phenolic acids. However, there was no significant difference in antioxidant activity, total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenolic acids and total polysaccharides between the raw and fried semen. Conclusion: The peel, kernel and jujube benevolence of raw and fried Ziziphi spinosae semen all have antioxidant activity, and this provides a theoretical basis for the further development and market application of Z. spinosae semen.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease accompanied with itchy and scaly rash. Compound traditional Chinese medicine dermatitis ointment (CTCMDO) consists of a mixture of extracts from five plants, which had been used in AD treatment due to good anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) were performed to analyze the active ingredients of CTCMDO in detail and to establish its HPLC fingerprint. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antipruritic activities of CTCMDO were studied in the treatment of DNCB-induced AD in mice. A total of 44 compounds including phenylpropionic acid compounds, alkaloid compounds, curcumin compounds and lignans were identified via combined HPLC and LC/MS. A fingerprint with 17 common peaks was established. In AD-like mice, DNCB-induced scratching behavior had been suppressed in the treatment of CTCMDO in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the detailed experimental results indicated that the AD can be effectively improved via inhibiting the production of Th1/2 cytokines in serum, reversing the upregulation of substance P levels of itch-related genes in the skin, and suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 in the skin. This work indicated that CTCMDO can significantly improve AD via attenuating the pathological alterations of Th1/2 cytokines and itch-related mediators, as well as inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).

A network model with a reverberatory mechanism is proposed for biological pacemakers. The reverberatory circuit is to be a bundle of interacting loops instead of a single loop. Random amplitude variations are accounted for by a “beat” phenomenon between two bundles. Moreover, a mechanism is proposed for the transformation of a quasi-periodic pattern into a quasi-noise pattern when external stimuli are applied. Finally, a section is devoted to a detailed analysis of loop interaction within a bundle.

AbstractWild jujube seed protein (WJSP) as one kind of functional food material has attracted much attention due to its highly nutritive and medicinal value in anti‐inflammatory and improving immunomodulatory ability. However, owing to its large molecular weight and complex structure, biological activities of WJSP were greatly limited and cannot be fully utilized by the human body. Therefore, how to improve the bioavailability of WJSP and develop promising WJSP nutritious materials is a great challenge. In this work, wild jujube seed protein hydrolysates (WJSPHs) were prepared from WJSP via enzymatic hydrolysis method, and their physico‐chemical properties, antioxidant activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro have been investigated for the first time. SDS–PAGE electrophoresis and size–exclusion chromatographic results indicate that WJSPHs have lower molecular weight distribution (< 5,000 Da) than WJSP. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results illustrated that random coil is the main secondary structure of WJSPHs. Antioxidant experiments indicate that WJSPHs exhibit high radicals‐scavenging ability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (94.60%), 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS+) radicals (90.84%), superoxide radicals (44.77%), and hydroxyl radicals (47.77%). In vitro, WJSPHs can significantly decrease the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in HepG2 cells. Moreover, ACE activity was found that can be significantly inhibited by WJSPHs (73.02%). Therefore, all previously mentioned results suggest that WJSPHs may be a promising antioxidant food to prevent oxidative‐related diseases in future.Practical ApplicationThis study shows that WJSPHs exhibit high antioxidant activity and ACE inhibitory activity in vitro, which provide potential application value as antioxidant peptides to prevent oxidative‐related diseases.

Abstract Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), as the first choice of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of insomnia, has attracted extensive attention. However, the current studies on improving sleep mechanism of ZSS are mainly focused on the role of single component, to further reveal the potential mechanism of ZSS in multi-constituents is necessary. In this study, ZSS extract (ZSSE) was extracted from ZSS via detailed modern extraction, separation and purification technologies. The chemical constituents of ZSSE were analyzed by HPLC-MS. In vivo experiments, rat’s model induced by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) has been established to investigate the potential effect and corresponding mechanism of ZSSE on improving sleep. HE stains experimental results indicated that the drug group showed fascinating advantages over model group in improving sleep. Moreover, the levels of GABA, Glu, 5-HT and DA factors of insomnia rats in brain were also monitored via ELISA method to further study the improving sleep mechanism of ZSSE. The results indicate that sleep could be improved effectively via up-regulation of GABA and 5-HT, and down-regulation of Glu and DA, respectively. In addition, molecular mechanisms of ZSSE in improving sleep were also studied by immunohistochemical analysis. The results indicate sleep could be improved by regulating the expression levels of GABAARα1 and GABAARγ2 receptors in hypothalamus and hippocampus tissue sections. Therefore, this work not only identifies the active ingredients of ZSSE, but also reveals the potential pharmacological mechanism of ZSSE for the improving sleep, which may greatly stimulate the prospective development and application of ZSSE.

Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chow [Rhamnaceae; Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS)] has attracted extensive attention as the first choice of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of insomnia. However, recent studies on the sleep-improving mechanism of ZSS have mainly focused on the role of single components. Thus, to further reveal the potential mechanism of ZSS, an assessment of its multiple constituents is necessary. In this study, ZSS extract (ZSSE) was obtained from ZSS via detailed modern extraction, separation, and purification technologies. The chemical constituents of ZSSE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). For in vivo experiments, a rat model of insomnia induced by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) was established to investigate the potential effect and corresponding mechanism of ZSSE on improving sleep. Hematoxylin–eosin staining (HE) results revealed that the drug group showed prominent advantages over the model group in improving sleep. Moreover, the brain levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) were monitored via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to further study the sleep-improving mechanism of ZSSE. We found that sleep was effectively improved via upregulation of GABA and 5-HT and downregulation of Glu and DA. In addition, molecular mechanisms of ZSSE in improving sleep were studied by immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that sleep was improved by regulating the expression levels of GABA receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABAARα1) and GABA acid receptor subunit gamma-2 (GABAARγ2) receptors in the hypothalamus and hippocampus tissue sections. Therefore, this work not only identified the active ingredients of ZSSE but also revealed the potential pharmacological mechanism of ZSSE for improving sleep, which may greatly stimulate the prospective development and application of ZSSE.

Filipendula palmata (Pall.) Maxim. remains unexplored and underutilized resources with a high potential to improve human health. In this study, a new ursane-type triterpenoid, namely, 2α, 3β-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-aldehyde (compound 10), and other 23 known compounds were isolated. 5 triterpenoids (compounds 6, 8, and 10–12), 11 flavonoids (compounds 13–15 and 17–24), 6 phenolic compounds (compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, and 16), 2 sterols (compounds 3 and 7) were isolated from the aqueous solution extract of the aerial parts of F. palmata. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by the use of extensive spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The solvent extractions of ethyl acetate fraction were evaluated for antioxidant activities using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) methods. The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines MCF-7, HeLa, 4T1, and A549 was determined by MTT assay. As a result, compounds 10, 11, and 12 exhibited better antioxidant activity compared to the other compounds. Compounds 8–24 had different inhibitory effects on the release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The new compound has shown a significant inhibiting effect on cancer cells, and the cell inhibition rate increased in a dose-dependent manner. Further research to elucidate the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of F. palmata is of major importance towards the development and foundation of clinical application of the species.

Whitening cosmetics have a large market scale and broad development prospects, while whitening products of traditional Chinese medicine have always been a research hotspot. In this study, the whitening active extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGE) was isolated and purified for the first time, and the whitening activity mechanism and chemical composition of PGE were elucidated. A total of 45 components were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, including arbutin, syringin, chlorogenic acid, platycoside E, platycodin D3, baicalin, platycodin D, and luteolin. The scavenging rates of PGE toward DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 98.03% and 84.30%, respectively. The inhibition rate of PGE toward tyrosinase was up to 97.71%. The PGE had significant anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and had significant inhibition effects on tyrosinase and melanin generation of B16F10 cells stimulated by α-MSH. The results showed that the PGE achieved a synergistic whitening effect by inhibiting the activation of oxygen free radicals on tyrosinase, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory effect, enzyme activity, and melanin generation. As a whitening agent extracted from natural plants, PGE has great potential in the research and development of plant whitening cosmetics, which lays a foundation for the further development and utilization of Platycodon grandiflorum resources and also provides a theoretical basis for the development of green and organic whitening cosmetics.

Background: Ginseng Antler Yam Tang (GAYT), believe to invigorate “Qi” (vital energy), nourish “Blood” (body circulation) and engender “liquid” (body fluid), is a traditional Chinese medicine formula derived from the traditional prescription and Chinese traditional medicine partner theory. Methods: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of GAYT and its mechanisms are related to oxidative stress signaling using GAYT composition, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, and biochemical index detection. Chemical components analysis of GAYT was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). Results: The results show that the GAYT is rich in protein, total flavonoids, total polysaccharide and saponin. The mice model was treatment by GAYT (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6g/kg) for 4 weeks. GAYT treatment enhanced antioxidant activities. GAYT significantly enhances the exercise performance in weight-loaded swimming, rotating rod, and forced running test. Biochemical index levels showed that these effects were closely correlated with inhibiting the depletion of glycogen, blood lactic acid (LD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores, regulating oxidative stress-related parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and malonaldehyde (MDA)) in serum and liver of mice. Moreover, the results show that the effects of GAYT may be related with its regulation on the activations of AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B in liver of mice. Conclusions: GAYT can induce recovery from fatigue in mice via the activation of the AMPK and AKT/mTOR pathways. Provide a theoretical basis for the study of GAYT's anti-fatigue effect

The glycoprotein fromSchisandra chinensiswas obtained with alkali extraction and acid precipitation, purified with DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Superdex G-75 column. The molecular composition structure and antifatigue activities of glycoprotein were studied. SCGP's molecular weight was approximately 10 KDa, and it consisted of a carbohydrate component (52.94%) and protein component (47.06%). SCGP comprised mannose, galactoside, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose, its molar ratio was 2.14 : 1.43 : 1.59 : 8.17 : 8.99 : 3.18 : 18.51 : 1, and it contained 16 kinds of amino acids. SCGP could obviously extend the swimming time in mice by increasing LDH, SOD level, GSH-Px activity, and liver glycogen and decreasing the contents of BUN and MDA. The antioxidant activity of SCGP is a potential mechanism of its antifatigue effect. In vitro antioxidant test showed that SCGP scavenged DPPH and OH radicals in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 was 0.91 mg/ml and 0.72 mg/ml).