OBJECTIVES:To optimize the extraction process of the active components of Radix Paeoniae Alba and assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pigmentation-reducing effects of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract (BST). Methods Molecular docking identified gallic acid, liquiritin, and paeoniflorin as potential tyrosinase inhibitors, and their contents in BST were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based on the contents of the 3 inhibitors, their tyrosinase-inhibiting activity, and DPPH radical scavenging capacity calculated using entropy weight method, the extraction conditions were optimized for solvent ratio, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction time, and particle size. The inhibitory effects of BST on tyrosinase activity and melanin were assessed in α‑MSH-treated B16F10 cells, and its effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated in H₂O₂-treated HaCaT cells. In a mouse model of melanogenesis induced by UVB radiation, the effect of BST gavage (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) were evaluated by assessing skin conditions of the mice, Fontana-Masson staining, and detecting serum levels of cytokines related to melanogenesis, melanosome transport, metabolism, and inflammation. RESULTS:The optimized parameters for BST extraction included 50% ethanol, liquid-to-solid ratio of 15:1, extraction time of 1 h, and 20-mesh particle size. BST exhibited strong free radical-scavenging activity and significantly reduced melanogenesis and increased tyrosinase protein in B16 cells, and lowered ROS production in HaCaT cells. In the mouse models of melanogenesis, BST significantly suppressed the melanogenic enzymes and inflammatory responses by reducing the levels of tyrosinase and TNF-α, thereby effectively reversed UVB-induced photoaging and hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSIONS:The optimized BST extraction process is stable and predictable. BST shows good skin-whitening effect, which is mediated possibly by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways.

Ethnopharmacological relevance : : Gastric ulcer (GU) is a common gastrointestinal disorder associated with a substantial disease burden. Although acid-suppressive agents are widely used in clinical practice, their therapeutic action is relatively target-specific, and long-term treatment may be constrained by adherence issues and adverse effects. The compound Dendrobium officinale formula (TPSH), a clinically used prescription developed from classical traditional Chinese medicine concepts, has shown potential for protecting the gastric mucosa; however, its pharmacodynamically active constituents and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently defined.Aim of the study:This study aimed to clarify the bioactive material basis of TPSH against ethanol-induced GU and to delineate the underlying molecular pathways.Materials and m ethods: high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), network pharmacology, and molecular docking were integrated to characterise the chemical profile and putative bioactive components of TPSH. An ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury model in rats and an ethanol-challenged GES-1 cell model were then used to evaluate the protective effects of TPSH and verify the predicted mechanisms.Results: LC/MS analysis identified hesperidin/hesperetin-related flavonoids, naringin, salvianolic acid B, and caffeic acid as representative constituents of TPSH. Network-based screening suggested that these constituents may act on targets involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and mucosal repair. Docking analysis further indicated favourable binding of the principal compounds to proteins associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, inflammatory signalling, and apoptosis regulation. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that TPSH markedly alleviated ethanol-induced gastric injury. Its protective effects were accompanied by reduced inflammatory activation, enhanced antioxidant defences, improved mucosal barrier function, and suppression of apoptosis. Importantly, pharmacological blockade of Nrf2 weakened the cytoprotective activity of TPSH, supporting a key role for Nrf2-dependent antioxidant signalling. Conclusion: TPSH exerts antiulcer activity through the coordinated regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, barrier integrity, and apoptotic responses, with activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway representing a central underlying mechanism. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting further development and clinical use of TPSH in gastric mucosal injury.

Hydrogels have found extensive applications in the medical field owing to their designability, biocompatibility, and self-supporting characteristics. Natural products, possessing multiple pharmacological activities and relatively low toxicity compared to chemical drugs, exhibit unique advantages in the field of hydrogel-related therapy. This review examines three major design strategies for natural product-based hydrogels from the perspective of how natural products interact with hydrogel networks: self-assembly of natural small molecules, physical encapsulation of natural products, and chemical conjugation of natural products to polymer matrices. These strategies determine the forms in which natural products are incorporated into hydrogels. Natural products may be encapsulated as bioactive components, participate in gelation behavior as matrices or crosslinking agents, or form nanoparticles embedded within the hydrogels. This review further analyzes the effects of these design strategies on hydrogel mechanical properties, retention of biological activity and drug-release behavior, and summarizes their application characteristics in biomedical fields. Finally, the advantages, limitations, and development prospects of the different design strategies are discussed. This review aims to provide guidance for the rational design, synthesis, and application of natural product hydrogels according to the properties of natural products and specific biomedical requirements.

Peony seed meal (PSM), a byproduct of peony seed oil processing, is rich in protein but is currently used primarily as animal feed in the livestock industry, leaving its protein resources largely underutilized. Herein, PSM was used as the raw material, and a combination of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration was employed to prepare a naturally active peptide fraction (PSMPH) from PSM protein (PSMP). Compared with PSMP, PSMPH demonstrated superior structural characteristics and antioxidant activity. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, bioactivity prediction, and molecular docking analyses, the peptide AT-8 (APGGYGGT) was identified as a potential antioxidant candidate from PSMPH and subsequently synthesized using solid-phase synthesis. Safety evaluation further confirmed that AT-8 produced no cytotoxic side effects in five normal somatic cell lines. In H2O2-induced oxidative damage in LO2 hepatocytes, AT-8 significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde levels while upregulating the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase compared with PSMPH. Pathway-specific validation further demonstrated that AT-8 exerts hepatoprotective effects through a cascade mechanism involving Nrf2-HO-1 activation, enhanced antioxidant defense, and indirect inhibition of Bax/caspase-3. This study identified AT-8 as an antioxidant hepatoprotective peptide derived from PSM and systematically elucidated its molecular mechanism of action, thereby providing a scientific basis for the high-value utilization of PSM.

Schisandra chinensis protein (SCP) and Schisandra sphenantherae protein (SSP) were extracted by alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation, and the amino acid compositions, structures, and physicochemical properties of the two proteins were analyzed to evaluate their functional properties. The effects of SCP and SSP on proliferation, protection, and anti-apoptosis of H2O2-treated HepG2 cells after oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that SCP had a higher content of essential amino acids (16.27 ± 0.76) than SSP. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, as well as substituent distribution in electrophoresis, revealed the structural differences between the two proteins; in particular, the disulfide bond content is higher in SCP, which was also found to be more stable in terms of heat tolerance (114.7 °C), solubility (47.18 %), emulsification (158.57 m2/g), emulsion stability (89.53 %), foaming (226 %), and foaming stability (90.32 %). In an in vitro experiment, SSP was more effective in protecting HepG2 cells from H2O2-treated oxidative damage, effectively inhibiting the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, maintaining the stability of cell membranes, promoting antioxidant mechanisms, and decreasing apoptosis by regulating the expression of genes and proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that both SCP and SSP are suitable as novel food additives, and that the excellent functional properties and thermal stability of SCP make it a potential nutritional resource in the food industry. In addition, SSP has potential as a protein resource with antioxidant activity.

Background:Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, a perennial vine native to China, has significant medicinal and edible value. Its roots are used as medicine and are known as kudzu (Chinese: Gegen) and were first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. In addition, its roots and powder can be made into food. Aim of the study:To integrate information on the source of Pueraria lobata (PL), summarize the evolution of its medicinal and edible value, and generalize its chemical composition, biosynthetic pathways, metabolism, and biological activity. Materials and Methods:A comprehensive literature search (1975-2025) was conducted across ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WFO (www.worldfloraonline.org), MPNS (https://mpsn.kew.org), Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Library collections, and SciFinder. Ancient applications were validated through analysis of classic Chinese medical literature. Results:PL is predominantly found in Asia, Europe, and America, with significant populations in China's Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces. The plant comprises flavonoids, triterpenoids, and coumarins, including isoflavonoids like daidzein and puerarin, which are synthesized via diverse pathways. Metabolites produced from liver or intestinal reactions are crucial to PL's effectiveness. Key components include puerarin, daidzein, genistein, biochanin A, and formononetin. In China, PL is incredibly versatile, being used in a wide range of foods, teas, preservatives, dairy products, etc. Conclusion:Its extensive biological activities benefit the human body, with particular emphasis on liver protection, anti-osteoporosis, and anti-diabetic effects. These attributes highlight the potential for developing health foods, revealing PL's promising prospects in the pharmaceuticals and nutritional healthcare industries.

Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease often referred to as the “incurable cancer,” characterized by a long disease course, high recurrence rate, and inability to achieve complete cure. It not only severely impacts patients' quality of life but also faces challenges such as high treatment costs and side effects with current therapeutic approaches. The primary active component of pine pollen (PP) extract (PPE) is dihydroquercetin (DHQ), which possesses various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects. To date, however, the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of DHQ remain uncharacterised, and further evidence is required to substantiate its efficacy in treating psoriasis. Objective This study sought to examine the anti-psoriatic properties of PPE, determine its principal active component, and clarify its mechanisms of action along with its therapeutic prospects. Method This study elucidated the anti-psoriatic mechanism of PPE. Bioactivity-directed purification afforded a PPE enriched with DHQ. Subsequent phytochemical analysis employing UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS and HPLC identified DHQ and 17 additional active constituents. The mechanism of action was predicted through an integration of network pharmacology and molecular docking, with predictions subsequently validated by RT-qPCR. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, a 24-hour intervention with PPE modulated levels of ROS, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell migration, and inflammatory responses. In a 5% IMQ-induced murine psoriasis model, seven-day oral administration of PPE conferred therapeutic efficacy, as assessed by PASI scoring, histological and immunohistochemical examination, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Results PPE treatment significantly reduced PASI scores, skin thickness, splenic index, and inflammatory cell infiltration. It also reversed intestinal barrier damage, ameliorated small intestinal villus atrophy, and suppressed serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. PPE alleviated psoriasis by inhibiting macrophage-driven inflammation. Integrated UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS and HPLC analyses, combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking, identified DHQ as the primary active constituent of PPE. Consistent with Western blot and immunohistochemical findings, molecular analyses confirmed that PPE ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis and modulated Th17-related gene expression—including IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and keratins. These results suggest that PPE exerts its therapeutic effect by modulating the IL-17 signalling pathway, mediated by HO-1/Nrf2, NF-κB, and JAK1/STAT3, which may represent critical targets in PPE-mediated treatment. Conclusion This study presents the first comprehensive investigation into the anti-psoriatic effects of PPE, wherein the complex mechanisms underlying its therapeutic action are elucidated. It is demonstrated that psoriatic inflammation and oxidative stress are alleviated by PPE, while immune function is modulated through regulation of the IL-23/Th17 axis and the Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB, and JAK1/STAT3 signalling pathways. By extending beyond the specific compound and disease model under investigation, novel insights are provided that support the establishment of a new research paradigm for developing more effective clinical therapies.

Developing bioactive peptides from natural plant sources into functional foods and immunomodulators is becoming an attractive approach. In this study, the protein hydrolysates (APH) of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bge seed was prepared by alkaline protease digestion method, and components with less than 3KDa were obtained by ultrafiltration (UAPH). The peptide sequence of UAPH was identified by UPLC-MS/MS. silico analysis screened 46 peptides with biological activity. Cell experiments and molecular docking results showed that UAPH can regulate the immune activity of RAW264.7 cells by enhancing cell phagocytic activity and ROS generation, upregulating the expression of TNF -α, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4. Peptides DWVSLPG, WVSLPGVP, and FTSIVGNVF are expected to contribute to the immune regulatory activity of UAPH. This study first discovered that the hydrolyzed protein of A. membranaceus seed is a source of immunomodulatory agents, revealing the potential of A. membranaceus seed peptides in developing novel and effective immunomodulatory functional foods.

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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Sanhuang ointment (SHO) has been widely used in the traditional Chinese medical system for 1500 years and has efficacy in clearing away heat and dampness, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. Hemorrhoids will damage the normal physiological function of the body, resulting in obstructed defecation, accompanied by massive hemorrhage and necrosis of tissues and cells, which is easy to breed bacteria and cause infection. SHO can promote lesion healing in hemorrhoid rats, but the pharmacological mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown. Aim: To evaluate the effect of SHO on experimental hemorrhoids in rats induced by croton oil and glacial acetic acid.Materials and methods: In this research, the effective components of SHO were analyzed in detail by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Hemorrhoids were induced by 6% balsam and glacial acetic acid respectively in the anorectal region of rats. SHO was administered externally to the anorectal region of rats at doses of 185 mg/g (crude drug/ointment), 370 mg/g (crude drug/ointment) and 740 mg/g (crude drug/ointment) for 11 days. Mayinglong musk hemorrhoids ointment (1 g/kg) and Taining cream (1 g/kg) were used as reference anti hemorrhoids drugs. On the 11th day, hemorrhoids were evaluated by measuring the biochemical parameters of hemorrhoids in rats and the histology of anorectal tissues.Results: Using high performance liquid chromatography liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, 41 compounds, including phenylpropionic acids and alkaloids, were identified. the fingerprints of 18 common peaks were identified. In Hemorrhoids like rats, acetic acid induced inflammation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner during SHO treatment. In addition, the detailed experimental results show that SHO can effectively improve hemorrhoids by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines in serum, reversing the downregulation of vanillin subtype 1 (TRPV1), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) levels of pain related genes in anal tissues, and the up regulation of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of vascular growth related genes.Conclusion: The results showed that SHO could alleviate the edema caused by the exudation of anorectal tissue fluid in rats by anti-inflammatory effect and reducing the Vascular permeability of rats. The study validates the traditional use of SHO in the treatment of hemorrhoids and demonstrates its anti-hemorrhoidal potential.

Introduction Ginseng and Schisandra are traditional Chinese plants that have been used in culinary practices and are renowned for their immune-boosting properties. In Chinese medicine, Ginseng and Schisandra are frequently used together as a clinical pair to mutually enhance their effect, producing a synergistic effect when consumed in combination. However, the underlying mechanism of their synergistic effect remains uncertain. Therefore, this study investigates the synergistic effect of Ginseng-Schisandra in terms of macromolecular proteins.Methods We used a dual-protein research methodology combined with co-extraction techniques to obtain the co-extracted protein of ginseng and Schisandra. We then compared the physicochemical and functional properties and antioxidant activities of co-extracted protein (COP), simple mixed protein (SMP), Ginseng protein (PGP), and Schisandra protein (SCP).Results Generally, PGP and SCP are considered as functional food with antioxidant activity. COP are composite proteins with a shared internal structure that are combined by Ginseng and Schisandra proteins, while SMP are simple mixtures of PGP and SCP. Free radical scavenging experiments indicated that COP exhibited the highest scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals (98.89%), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (85.95%), and 2,2 '-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+) radicals (42.69%). In vitro, COP significantly reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while increasing intracellular levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in HepG2 cells.Discussion The comparative results of the macromolecular proteins reveal that COP contributes to the synergistic effect of Ginseng-Schisandra and indicate the advantages of co-extraction in protein production, suggesting the potential application of COP in the food industry.

Semen Astragali Complanati (SAC) as a legume is rich in protein. However, due to the lack of investigation into its protein composition and functional properties, SAC protein remains underutilized. The aim of this study was to determine potential applications of SAC protein in the food industry. Albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin were obtained for the first time from defatted SAC powder by using an Osborne extraction and chemical and cellular antioxidant methods, and their physicochemical and functional properties, and antioxidant activity were determined. In terms of functional properties, glutelin showed the best characteristics overall among the four proteins. In terms of physicochemical properties, the low molecular weight glutelin was observed to have a smoother surface under scanning electron microscopy and a higher solubility and emulsifying capacity at different pH values among the four protein fractions. The main secondary structures of the protein fractions were alpha-helices and beta-sheets, and the crystallinity ranged from 14.28% to 33.76%, indicating amorphous internal structural features. The antioxidant results showed that glutelin demonstrated better free radical scavenging ability. In conclusion, the glutelin in SAC demonstrated notable functional properties and antioxidant activities, and it is promising for future development and application in functional foods and health foods.

Objective:This study aims to optimize the adsorption of enzymatic hydrolysis of Pueraria protein by macroporous resin and maximize the antioxidant properties in vitro.Methods:The Box-Behnken response surface method was used to determine the optimization of adsorption of enzymatic hydrolysis of Pueraria protein.Using VC as a control,the antioxidant activity of Kase was determined before and after purification under the optimal purification process.Results:The optimal adsorption-desorption process of macroporous resin is:the mass concentration of the sample solution was 10.0 mg/mL,the flow rate of the eluent was 2.6 mL/min,and the volume fraction of ethanol in the eluent was 74％.After adsorption,the content of enzymatic hydrolysis of Pueraria protein increased to 37.19％.The scavenging rate of DPPH,ABTS+,and hydroxyl radicals of Pueraria Mirifica protease after adsorption was stronger than before adsorption.Conclusion:This study shows that enzymatic hydrolysis of Pueraria protein after adsorption of macroporous resin has good antioxidant effect,which can be used as a potential protein polypeptide in food,providing data reference for further research of enzymatic hydrolysis of Pueraria protein.

A long-wavelength triggered cationic iridium(III) complex, Ir5, and its corresponding nanoparticles with the ability to generate type I and type II reactive oxygen species have been synthesised. The complex targets mitochondria and achieves an excellent photodynamic therapy effect in hypoxic cancer cells.

Objective:The differences in antioxidant activity of different polar parts of panax ginseng were investigated to screen the best active parts.Method:In this study,the water extract of Panax ginseng was extracted by petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate and n-butanol in turn.The contents of total phenolic acids,total saponins,total polysaccharides,total flavonoids,ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rb1 in different polar parts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and ultraviolet-visible(UV)spectrophotometer.The in vitro antioxidant activity of different polar parts was determined by DPPH free radical,ABTS+ free radical,hydroxyl radical,superoxide anion free radical and cell oxidative damage model.Combined with entropy weight method and grey relational analysis,the quality evaluation model of different polar parts of Panax ginseng was established.By weighting twelve quality characteristic indexes of different polar parts of Panax ginseng,the best antioxidant polar part of Panax ginseng was ultimately selected.Results:The differences in the components and antioxidant activity of different polar parts of Panax ginseng were obvious.Among them,the content of total phenolic acid,total flavonoids and ginsenoside Rb1 in n-butanol part was higher than that in other parts.The n-butanol part had the best antioxidant activity,and had certain scavenging ability to DPPH free radical,ABTS+ free radical,hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion free radical,and the corresponding IC50 values were 0.14,0.57,0.92 and 0.75 mg/mL,respectively.In addition,combined with the quality evaluation model,the relative correlation degrees of range of different polar parts of Panax ginseng was 0.352～0.618,and the relative correlation degree of n-butanol part was the highest(0.618),which further indicated that the antioxidant activity of n-butanol part was the strongest.Conclusion:Based on the evaluation results of entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis,the n-butanol part was preliminarily selected as the most ideal antioxidant part of Panax ginseng,which would provide a theoretical basis for the research of Panax ginseng as a natural antioxidant and the development and application of Panax ginseng antioxidant food.

Homogeneous controlled release of active ingredients, avoiding secondary damage of dressing changes would be considerable advance for transcutaneous drug delivery treatment. Here, a bio-degradable, self-stimulated herbal transdermal therapeutic dressing (irritability) driven by multi-ball nimble-rolling triboelectric nanogenerator (mbnr-TENG) is proposed that provided a stable and adjustable triboelectric field for controlling drug release. The mbnr-TENG deliver a periodic triboelectric field of 140V for herbal dressings by collecting human mechanical energy to enhance transdermal properties of total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in ss-HTTD by 310% and 147%. Following a therapeutic cycle using ss-HTTD, the secretion of inflammatory factors decreased by 50.35%, and wound healing rate increased by 24.98%, then completely degraded after 10 days. As a new drug delivery system, this work holds great potential in healing massive chronic wound, ss-HTTD is advantageous in controlling drug release, enhancing the activity and the long-term stability of herbal medicines.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pueraria lobata is essential medicinal and edible homologous plants widely cultivated in Asian countries. Therefore, P. lobata is widely used in the food, health products and pharmaceutical industries and have significant domestic and international market potential and research value. P. lobata has remarkable biological activities in protecting liver, relieving alcoholism, antioxidation, anti -tumor and antiinflammation in clinic. However, the potential mechanism of ethyl acetate extract of Pueraria lobata after 70% alcohol extraction (APL) ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been clarified. Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of P. lobata extract on human hepatoma cells and injury in rats, and to evaluate its therapeutic potential for ameliorating NAFLD. Methods: Firstly, the effective part of P. lobata extract was determined as APL by measuring its total substances and antioxidant activity. And then the in vitro and in vivo models of NAFLD were adopted., HepG2 cells were incubated with palmitic acid (PA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). In order to evaluate the effect of APL, Simvastatin and Vitamin C (VC) were used as positive control. Various parameters related to lipogenesis and fatty acid beta -oxidation were studied, such as intracellular lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Western Blot, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and the mechanism of APL improving NAFLD. The chemical components of APL were further determined by HPLC and UPLC-MS, and molecular docking was carried out with Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway related proteins. Results: APL significantly reduced lipid accumulation and levels of oxidative stress -related factors in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical , Western Blot and PCR analysis showed that the expressions of Nrf2 and HO -1 were up -regulated in APL treatment. The Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 can block the rescue by APL of cellular oxidative stress and lipid accumulation induced by H 2 O 2 and PA, demonstrating its dependence on Nrf2. UPLC/MS analysis showed that there were 3 ' -hydroxyl puerarin, puerarin, 3 ' -methoxy puerarin, daidzein, genistin, ononin, daidzin and genistein. Conclusion: This study further clarified the mechanism of P. lobata extract in improving NAFLD, which provided a scientific basis for developing new drugs to protect liver injury and laid a solid foundation for developing P. lobata Chinese herbal medicine resources.

Objective:To obtain the optimal enzyme and preparation process for Schisandra chinensis protein peptides and investigate its in vitro antioxidant activity.Methods:Seven proteases were used to hydrolyze Schisandra chinensis protein.Based on the degree of hydrolysis,free radical scavenging activity,polypeptide yield and content of different hydrolysates of Schisandra chinensis protein and the comprehensive evaluation of molecular weight in SDS-PAGE,the optimal protease was screened.The DPPH free radical scavenging rate was used as the index,and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process was determined by single factor test combined with response surface analysis.The scavenging ability of O2-·,·OH,DPPH·,ABTS+·,Fe2+chelating ability and Fe3+reducing ability of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides were analyzed and compared with Schisandra chinensis protein.Results:The optimum enzyme for the preparation of Schisandra chinensis protein peptides was alkaline protease.The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis parameters were as follows:substrate concentration 5％,enzyme-to-substrate ratio 1％,enzymatic hydrolysis time 3 h,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55 ℃,pH9.0.Under these conditions,the polypeptide content was 88.61％,the degree of hydrolysis was 24.21％,and the DPPH·scavenging rate was 86.96％.The free radical scavenging ability and reducing ability of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides were better than those of Schisandrae chinensis protein.Conclusion:This study determined the optimum enzyme and hydrolysis process of Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides,and pointed out that Schisandrae chinensis protein peptides had better antioxidant activity in vitro and could be used as a natural antioxidant.