Purpose The effects of air pollution on human health have long been a hot topic of research. For respiratory diseases, a large number of studies have proved that air pollution is one of the main causes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of hospitalization of children with respiratory system diseases (CRSD) caused by six pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 , CO, and O 3 ) in Hefei City, and further calculate the disease burden. Method In the first stage, the generalized additive models were combined with the distributed lag non-linear models to evaluate the impact of air pollution on the inpatients for CRSD in Hefei. In the second stage, this study used the cost-of-illness approach to calculate the attributable number of hospitalizations and the extra disease burden. Result Overall, all the six kinds of pollutants had the strongest effects on CRSD inpatients within lag10 days. SO 2 and CO caused the highest and lowest harm, respectively, and the RR values were SO 2 (lag0-5): 1.1 20 (1.053, 1.191), and CO (lag0-6): 1.002 (1.001, 1.003). During the study period (January 1, 2014 to December 30, 2020), the 7-year cumulative burden of disease was 36.19 million CNY under the WHO air pollution standards. Conclusion In general, we found that six air pollutants were risk factors for CRSD in Hefei City, and create a huge burden of disease.

Summary Background Macrosomia has increased rapidly worldwide in the past few decades, with a huge impact on health. However, the effect of PM 2.5 and extreme high‐temperature (EHT) on macrosomia has been ignored. Objective This study aimed to explore the association between maternal exposure to EHT, PM 2.5 and macrosomia based on the Seventh Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in 14 countries of Africa. Methods The study included detailed demographic information on 106 382 births and maternal. Satellite inversion models estimated monthly mean PM 2.5 and mean surface temperature of 2 m (SMT 2m ). Macrosomia was defined as the birth weight ≥ 4000 g. We used a Cox proportional risk regression model to estimate the association between PM 2.5 , EHT and macrosomia. We further explored the susceptibility of exposure to EHT and PM 2.5 at different pregnancy periods to macrosomia, and plotted the expose‐response curve between PM 2.5 and macrosomia risk using a restricted cubic spline function. In addition, the Interplot model was used to investigate the interaction between EHT and PM 2.5 on macrosomia. Finally, some potential confounding factors were analysed by stratification. Results There was the positive association between EHT, PM 2.5 and macrosomia, and the risk of macrosomia with the increase in concentrations of PM 2.5 without clear threshold. Meanwhile, EHT and PM 2.5 had a higher effect on macrosomia in middle/later and early/middle stages of pregnancy, respectively. There was a significant interaction between EHT and PM 2.5 on macrosomia. Conclusions Maternal exposure to EHT, PM 2.5 during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia in Africa.

A chronic disease, hypertension (HTN) is prevalent among the elderly. Exploring the factors that influence HTN and blood pressure (BP) changes is of great public health significance. However, mixed exposure to multiple serum metals has had less research on the effects on BP and HTN for the elderly. From April to August 2019, 2372 people participated in the community physical examination program for the elderly in Tongling City, Anhui Province. We measured BP and serum levels of 10 metals and collected basic demographic information. We analyzed the relationship between metal levels and changes in BP and HTN by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression model, and generalized linear model. In multiple models, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were still significantly associated with HTN occurrence after adjusting for potential confounders (Pb: ORquartile 4 VS quartile 1 = 1.20, 95

The prevalence of overweight or obesity increased rapidly over the past decades in most countries, including China. However, little evidence exists about the effects of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 components on overweight or obesity, particularly in developing countries. We measured different weight stages according to body mass index (BMI), and investigated the effects of exposure to PM 2.5 components (ammonium [ NH_4^+ ], sulfate [ SO_4^2- ], nitrate [ NO_3^- ], black carbon and organic matter) on different BMI levels in middle-aged and elderly people of China. Our study explored the effects of single and multiple air pollution exposures on overweight and obesity by using the Generalized Linear Model and Quantile g-Computation model (QgC). This study found a significantly positive association between five PM 2.5 components and overweight/obesity. In the QgC model, there was still a positive association between multiple exposure to PM 2.5 components and overweight when all PM 2.5 components were considered as a whole. In addition, males, the elderly, and urban residents were also more sensitive to five PM 2.5 components.

Obesity has caused a huge burden of disease. Few studies have explored individuals' environmental exposure level and the impact of multiple environmental exposures on obesity. The aim of this study was to explore individual air pollution exposure evaluation, and the association between and multiple environmental factors and obesity among adult residents in rural areas of China. In this study, 8400 residents of 14 districts and counties in eastern of China were selected by multistage stratified cluster sampling, and a total of 8377 residents were included in the final analysis. We adopted BMI (Body Mass Index) > 28 kg/m2 as the definition of obesity. First, an individual air pollution evaluation model was established based on the monitoring data of air pollution stations closest to residential address, different demographic characteristics of residents and daily living habits using generalized linear model and random forest model. Then, we used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and Quantile gComputation (QgC) models to explore multiple environmental exposures on obesity. The results showed that six air pollutants were significantly positively associated with obesity, and green space had a significant protective effect on obesity. The BKMR model showed that the effects of different air pollutants on obesity were significantly enhanced by each other, while green space significantly reduced the positive effect of air pollution on obesity. The QgC model showed a significant positive association with obesity when all environmental factors were exposed as a whole, especially in males, higher household incomes and young people. It suggested that relevant authorities should improve regional air quality and green space to reduce the burden of disease caused by obesity.

Recently, the high prevalence of hypertension (HTN) has caused serious disease burden. Previous studies mostly focused on the separate association between outdoor or indoor air pollution and HTN, and did not explore their possible interaction with HTN. To explore this issue, this study investigated the relationship between indoor and outdoor air pollution and HTN and their possible interactions among adult residents in 14 rural areas in eastern China. The generalized linear model (GLM) and interplot model were used to evaluate the separate effects and potential interaction of outdoor or indoor air pollutants on HTN. In separate analyses, we found a significant positive association between outdoor and indoor air pollution and HTN, and a significant negative association between range hood use and HTN. In the interaction analysis, outdoor air pollution could significantly enhance the positive effects of indoor air pollution on HTN. In addition, PM2.5 and O3 could significantly reduce the protective effect of range hoods use on HTN. Finally, we found that females were more susceptible to both indoor and outdoor air pollution.

Recently, elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) have caused a huge burden of health loss. Previous studies used ambient air pollutants as a proxy for individual exposure, limiting the assessment of its multiple exposure to health effects. For the first time, this study constructed individual PM2.5 component (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OM, and BC) exposure model DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph), DAG-oriented generalized linear model and random forest model, and explored the effects of single and multiple exposures to PM2.5 components on BP at different stages by the generalized linear model (GLM) and Quantile g-Computation (QgC) model based on a large cohort study in China. We defined BP in four stages according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines. After excluding the lack of key information, the cohort analyses ultimately included 9031 participants. Our results showed that the individual PM2.5 component exposure model had good efficacy. Single or multiple exposure to PM2.5 components had significant positive effects on normal BP to elevated BP and elevated BP to stage 1 HTN. In addition, males, the elderly and urban residents were more sensitive to PM2.5 components. This study provided implications for environmental exposure assessment and control of particulate pollution in the future.

In the world, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as one of the critical public health problems, and the prevalence is higher in the elderly people. However, there are few studies on the association between exposure to multiple serum metal levels and CKD. A case–control study, we established, for elderly people in Anhui Province, China, to explore the effects of different metals and analyze the effect of mixed exposure on CKD. In this study, 287 cases of CKD and 287 controls were selected in the elderly health physical examination project in Tongling City, Anhui Province. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and blood collection were conducted. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to measure the concentration of serum metals. After selecting by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), 5 metals were brought into the multi-metal model. After adjusting all potential covariates additionally, the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) were significantly associated with CKD risk, whereas Pb, Se, and Cd had significant non-linearity with CKD. Besides, patients with highest quartiles of cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn) were 1.64, 1.39, and 0.64 times more possible to have CKD, respectively, as compared with the lowest levels. In the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model, cadmium (Cd) had a combined effect with lead (Pb) possibly. This study suggested that the CKD risk was associated with exposure of multiple metals in elderly people. The underlying mechanisms of serum metals and CKD need more experimental and prospective studies to elucidate.

Humans maybe simultaneously exposed to multiple-metals and indoor air pollution in daily life. However, limited prospective studies have assessed the interaction between multiple metals exposure and biomass fuels use on hypertension in China. The prospective cohort study in rural areas along the Yangtze River included 2625 adults in 2014–2015, and they were followed up till 2019. Among 1248 rural residents who were without hypertension at baseline, 377 hypertension events (30.21%) were observed after 4.5 years of average follow-up time. First-morning urine samples of residents were collected at baseline, the association between urinary metals level and hypertension were assessed using quantile g-computation. Additionally, we also examined the effect of biomass fuels use, fuels switching, and cookstove ventilation on the association of metals exposure with hypertension. Quantile g-computation analyses showed a positive joint effect of 17 metals on hypertension, with the odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 (95% CI: 0.89, 3.14) when increasing all seventeen metals by one quartile, and cadmium, lithium, copper contributed the largest positive weights. Biomass fuels use can interact with cadmium exposure on hypertension with OR for interaction of 1.28 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.73), and increase the association between copper, manganese and zinc exposure and systolic blood pressure, lithium exposure and diastolic blood pressure at the follow-up visit. Moreover, switching from biomass fuels to clean fuels during follow up, cookstove ventilation can alleviate the risk of higher blood pressure from metals exposure. In rural areas along the Yangtze River, China, biomass fuels use for cooking can interact with multiple-metals exposure on hypertension. Residents who switched from biomass fuels to clean fuels and who used ventilation had a lower risk of hypertension. Further cohort studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of combined effects of metals exposure and biomass fuels use on the human health.

目的 探讨集束化护理结合卧位康复训练对机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果.方法 采用方便抽样法,将2018年1月-12月入住我院IC U的276例机械通气患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组135例和试验组141例.对照组接受常规护理和集束化护理,试验组在对照组的基础上结合卧位康复训练.比较两组VAP发生率、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院天数及医疗费用.结果 试验组VAP发生率、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间及医疗费用均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 集束化护理结合卧位康复训练的方法可有效预防机械通气患者VAP的发生,还可缩短患者ICU住院时间,减低患者经济压力.