1 病例介绍 病例1 女,49岁,因“左乳包块4d”入院.体检:左乳内上扪及2.0 cm ×1.5 cm包块,质中、边界清、形态欠规则、活动可.双侧腋窝未扪及肿大淋巴结.甲状腺及双颈侧区检查未见明显异常.乳腺彩超:左乳11点钟方向探及一大小约15 mm×11 mm异常回声,边界清,形态不规则,以低回声为主,回声欠均匀,加彩后未见血流信号.乳腺钼靶示双乳腺增生.甲状腺彩超:甲状腺左叶多个异常回声,最大约16 mm×15 mm,位于上缘,边界欠清,形态欠规则,以低回声为主,内回声不均质,其内见多个点状强回声,加彩后其内及周边见丰富血流信号;左侧颈部Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区探及数个异常回声,最大约26mm×9 mm,边界清,形态欠规则,以低回声为主,其内见多个点状强回声,加彩后其内及周边见点状血流信号.甲状腺超声造影检查提示左甲状腺癌可能.入院后行左乳低回声包块超声定位下穿刺活检,穿刺后有少许淡黄色液体流出,包块消失,复查彩超示包块消失.考虑囊肿可能.标本经重庆医科大学病理检测中心诊断:左乳腺增生.完善术前准备后行甲状腺手术,术中冰冻切片病理检查示左甲状腺乳头状癌,Ⅳ、Ⅵ淋巴结转移,遂行甲状腺癌根治术及左侧颈淋巴结清扫术.术后病检:左甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC),左颈侧淋巴结转移(6/10).术后恢复可,顺利出院,1个月后行131Ⅰ治疗.此后长期口服左旋甲状腺素片(优甲乐),门诊定期随访.

Metabolic syndrome has been previously identified as a risk factor for breast cancer and is increasingly a public health concern. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among primary breast cancer and control population. The clinical data of metabolic syndrome and its components in the breast cancer (605 cases) and control population (3212 cases), from Breast Cancer Center and Physical Examination Center of Chongqing, China, from July 2015 to February 2017, were collected for comparative analysis. This study was prospectively registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/, number: ChiCTR-OOB-15007543). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer (32.6%) was obviously higher than that in control population (18.2%) (p<0.001; OR: 2.173, 95%CI: 1.793 to 2.633). With age stratification, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer group aged below 60 years (24.9%, p<0.001; OR: 2.216, 95%CI: 1.744 to 2.816) and equal/above 60 years (58.3%, p<0.001; OR: 2.291, 95%CI: 1.580 to 3.322) were also statistically higher than those (13.0% & 37.9%) in control population, respectively. Breast cancer women were more likely to have preobese (BMI 25.0-29.9) or obesity (BMI ≥30.0), broader waist circumference, lower HDL-C level, higher systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure and higher fasting blood glucose level compared to the control population, corresponding prevalence were 31.7%vs.19.4%, 76.0%vs.29.6%, 37.4%vs.30.4%, 34.2%/27.3%vs.27.6%/14.2% and 25.0%vs.20.1%, respectively (p<0.01). In summary, there is high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Chinese breast cancer women, and metabolic syndrome is closely related with breast cancer. Therefore, screening and prevention strategy of metabolic syndrome should be carried out in the management of breast cancer.

1临床资料55岁,女性,因"右乳包块7d"入院。体检:右乳外上象限扪及一约3.5 cm×3.0 cm肿块,质中、无压痛、边界欠清、活动度差。乳腺彩超:右乳外上象限探及一大小约32 mm×27 mm异常回声,边界不清,外形不规则。钼靶示:右乳外上毛刺状肿块,约36 mm×33 mm,其内伴较多不规则微小钙化灶。既往有糖尿病病史。入院完善相关检查和积极术前准备后,行右乳腺癌改良根治术,术后重庆医科大学病理检测中心诊断:右乳浸润性导管癌,腋窝淋巴结见癌转移(1/11),原发灶免疫组

PURPOSE:Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is reported to be associated with early-onset breast cancer, while, as a hepadnavirus, hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is more common than HCV in China. In this article, it is aimed to study the relationship between HBV infection and risk of breast cancer in China.METHODS:The clinical data of 2452 cases of initially diagnosed breast cancer and 1926 cases of benign breast disease (as controls) with the consecutive reports of HBV serological markers and liver function tests, available in the Electronic Medical Records of the Breast Cancer Center of Chongqing, the southwest of China, from January 2011 to March 2015, were collected for analysis.RESULTS:The average age of the initially diagnosed breast cancer patients was 50.3±11.3 years with the age peaking about 40- 49yeaers (39.7%). The positive rate (8.2%) of hepatitis B surface antigen in breast cancer patients was relatively higher than that (7.8%) in controls (P>0.05). While, the positive rate (66.4%)of hepatitis B core antibody in breast cancer patients was significantly higher than that (53.7%) in controls (P<0.05), so were the similar results in the age groups of 40-49 years, after multiple layer analysis stratified by age and compare HBV markers adjusting age with binary logistic regression. Meanwhile, the status of albumin, aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase (41.4 g/L, 22.9 U/L, 22.0 U/L) in breast cancer patients were significantly poorer than those (44.1 g/L,16.8 U/L, 19.2 U/L) in controls (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to HBV infection may be a risk factor for breast cancer and may be also related to the earlier age onset of breast cancer (peaked around 40-49 years) among Chinese females.

We performed a case-control study to investigate the prevalence and clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China. The clinical data for 2,796 female patients with newly diagnosed, primary breast cancer were evaluated. A total of 234 breast cancer patients with HBV infection (the case group; positive for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]) and 444 breast cancer patients without HBV infection (the control group; negative for HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B envelope antigen, hepatitis B envelope antibody, and hepatitis B core antibody) were selected for study. Analysis of the clinicopathological features revealed that the metastatic axillary lymph node ratio was lower in the case group than the control group, as was the proportion of patients with pathological T stage ≥T2. No differences in the expression levels of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, p53, or Ki67 were observed between the case and control groups. These data indicate that the rate of HBV infection is high among female breast cancer patients in China, and that HBsAg-positive breast cancer patients were generally diagnosed at an earlier stage and had fewer lymph node metastases.

Breast cancer and thyroid diseases are common diseases in women.It is reported that breast cancer and thyroid diseases have some relevance.Breast cancer patients have relatively high incidence of thyroid dysfunction,thyroid node and thyroid cancer,which are easily misdiagnosed for lacking of obvious clinical manifestations and will affect the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.In breast cancer patients,screening and diagnosis of thyroid function and disease through thyroid function detection and ultrasound examination should be strengthened.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains an inseparable part of systemic therapy for hormone receptor positive (HR+) advanced breast cancer. However, efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this subtype of patients is inferior to its hormone receptor negative counterpart. Several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that it was growth rate rather than hormone receptor status that determined sensitivity to chemotherapy. In addition, estrogen was proved to recruit more HR+ breast cancer cells into actively dividing phase according to various studies. For premenopausal females, sexual hormone like estradiol fluctuates with menstrual cycle. When menstruation occurs, women have the lowest level of estradiol, which is resemble to pharmaceutical effect of endocrine therapy. If chemotherapy is given to females during menstruation, it’s almost equal to concurrent use of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, which is not recommended by guideline. Accordingly, chemotherapy would attain best efficacy applied at the peak of estradiol, because more tumor cells being in actively dividing phase recruited by comparatively high level of estradiol would help cytotoxic agents function better given that majority of chemotherapeutic drugs are cellular phase dependent. We name this rhythmic mode of chemotherapy for premenopausal HR+breast cancer females, giving chemotherapy to patients when estradiol rises and avoiding prescription at menstruation, tidal chemotherapy. It’s postulated that tidal chemotherapy would improve efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal HR+breast cancer females, achieve more pathologic complete response and in the long run improve prognosis.

We performed a study to investigate the status of thyroid nodules and thyroid functions in Chinese breast cancer women. The clinical data of female patients with breast cancer or benign breast diseases and normal populace were evaluated. The thyroxine(T4) level in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients were significantly higher than those in benign breast diseases patients (7.68±1.51 vs 7.29±1.52ug/dl, p<0.001), while the TSH levels were slightly lower than in benign breast diseases patients(3.23±4.59 vs 3.60±6.74uIU/ml, p=0.302). The overall incidence of hypothyroidism in initially diagnosed breast cancer and benign breast diseases patients were 28.65% and 32.74%(p=0.195). During chemotherapy, the T4(7.08±1.69ug/dl), fT3(2.87±0.48pg/ml) and fT4(0.83±0.15ng/dl) levels were significantly lower than in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients(7.68±1.51ug/dl, 3.07±0.50pg/ml, 0.88±0.20ng/dl, p<0.05). The incidence of thyroid nodules in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients, benign breast diseases patients and healthy population were 56.17%, 43.64%, 34.49%(p<0.001). The incidence of TI-RADS≥4 TN in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients and benign breast diseases patients were significantly higher than in normal population(7.27% vs 9.45% vs 2.87%, p<0.001). The incidence of TI-RADS≥4 thyroid nodules in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was significantly higher than in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients(11.71% vs 7.27%, p<0.05). These data indicate that the incidence of thyroid disease in breast disease patients is higher than in normal population in China, and the breast diseases, especially breast cancer, might be related to the high incidence of thyroid nodules.

In metastatic breast cancer (MBC), hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor negative (HER2−) subtype accounts for the majority. With various new modalities available to prolong life span in this group of patients, the effect is distant from optimum. Prevalent strategy of treating postmenopausal HR+ HER2− MBC is application of chemotherapy (CT) after progression of disease on endocrine therapy (ET) of several lines. Generally, ET targets HR+ ingredients and CT works better with HR− tumor cells. HR+ MBC, though hormone-sensitive, has HR− portion which reacts poorly to ET. Thus, sequential use of ET and CT neglects its insensitive part and gives rise to drug resistance, while alleviation of tumor burden is the top priority in metastatic setting. Chemohormonal therapy (i.e. concomitant use of ET and chemotherapy) complements for the shortcoming of current therapy strategy targeting both HR+ and HR− ingredients theoretically. Fulvestrant, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist and down-regulator, could be a promising agent using concurrently with CT based on chemosensitizing character shown in preclinical and pilot clinical studies. It is hypothesized in this article that chemohormonal therapy with concurrent fulvestrant and CT would be a promising strategy in postmenopausal HR+ HER2− MBC patients. Proof of this hypothesis would help control evolvement of tumor burden and acquirement of drug resistance over a short period of time.

1临床资料<br>　　女性，54岁，因“体检发现右乳成簇细小钙化4d”入院。体检：双乳、双腋窝、甲状腺及双颈侧区未见明显异常。乳腺钼靶示：右乳外上见较多成簇细小钙化。乳腺彩超：双乳腺增生。甲状腺彩超：甲状腺右叶可见一异常回声，大小约11 mm ×6 mm，边界可见，形态较规则，以低回声为主，内回声不均质，其内见较多团状及粗大强回声伴声影，加彩后其内见条状血流信号；进一步行甲状腺超声造影检查提示甲状腺癌不能除外。完善术前准备后行右乳钼靶导丝定位下钙化灶切除活检＋甲状腺手术，术中冰冻病理检查示：右乳腺组织增生活跃，原位癌不能除外，需待术后石蜡病检确诊；右甲状腺微小乳头状癌，遂行双侧甲状腺全切＋中央组淋巴结清扫。术后重庆医科大学病理检测中心诊断：右甲状腺微小乳头状癌；右乳原位癌（导管内癌）。补行右乳单纯乳房切除术。患者术后恢复可，顺利出院，长期口服左旋甲状腺素片（优甲乐，150μg， qd），门诊定期随访。