Tumour progression needs to be accurately analysed in complex structures of the breast tissue that requires sophisticated intelligent frameworks that can continuously classify, predict and monitor. In this research, a computational digital twin-based framework is presented for tumours with a 3D model based on breast tissue-oriented image of bioprinted breast tissue constructs is presented. Radiomic features of texture, intensity and structural heterogeneity are derived on the segmented regions and the most informative features of each are identified with a Random Forest-based feature selection method. The proposed Bioprinted Tissue-Aware Latent Feature Classification Network (BTLFC-Net) is used to classify tumours, which is trained to learn discriminative latent tissue representations. Latent Feature-Driven Tumour Prediction Network (LFTP-Net) is utilised to predict the evolution of tumour with time whereas Digital Tumour Multimodal Monitoring Network (DTM-Net) allows continuous assessment of tumour through continuous updating of a virtual tumour replica. Experimental findings reveal that the proposed framework attains high classification and effective tracking of tumour progression as compared to the current methods. Tissue-aware learning combined with digital twin modelling allows predicting and monitoring tumours accurately, thus helping to make individual and proactive clinical decisions.

Background Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in women, and its incidence ranks among the highest among female malignancies. Studies have shown that the P2RY12 gene can be a potential target for BC chemotherapy drugs, but the causal relationship between them remains unclear. Methods This study obtained the P2RY12 dataset (ENSG00000169313) and BC dataset (ukb-b-13584) from the IEU OpenGWAS database for two-way Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. Univariate analysis was performed using five methods: Mr Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighting (IVW), simple mode and weighted mode. To evaluate the reliability of MR results, a heterogeneity test, a horizontal pleiotropic test, and a leave-one-out (LOO) method were performed. Gene Ontology (GO) was used to perform enrichment analysis of genes corresponding to instrumental variables (IVs). We explored the potential interactions of P2RY12 by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Results After screening IVs, 10 and 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for forward and reverse MR analyses, respectively. The results of forward analysis showed that P2RY12 increased the risk of BC, P = 0.0306, odds ratio (OR) = 1.004, 95% CI: 1-1.008, In contrast, in reverse MR analysis, the incidence of BC was not a direct factor leading to changes in P2RY12 (P = 0.262, OR = 0.361, 95% CI: 0.061–2.143). The reliability of the forward MR analysis results was demonstrated through a sensitivity analysis. Through GO enrichment analysis, genes related to SNPs are mainly enriched in muscle cell growth and expansion, G protein-coupled receptors, etc. Based on the PPI network, the biological processes primarily involved in P2RY12 include purine nucleotide receptor activity, G protein-coupled receptor activation, etc. Conclusion There is a causal relationship between P2RY12 and BC, and P2RY12 is a risk factor for BC. In contrast, there is no direct causal relationship between BC and P2RY12. This study provides a theoretical basis for finding therapeutic targets for BC through P2RY12.

The role of GALR1 (mannose bioactive peptide receptor 1) in multiple physiological and pathological processes has attracted much attention, especially in the occurrence and development of cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the expression pattern of GALR1 in BT549 (human breast cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (invasive breast cancer cells), and to comprehensively assess its function in cell proliferation and migration, with the aim of uncovering the potential neuro-tumor correlation of GALR1 in cancer. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to detect the expression of GALR1 in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The function of GALR1 was evaluated by cell proliferation assay (e.g., MTT assay) and migration assay (e.g., scratch assay and Transwell migration assay). The expression of GALR1 was down-regulated through RNA interference to investigate its specific role in cell proliferation and migration. The expression of GALR1 was significantly up-regulated in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Downregulation of GALR1 resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation capacity, accompanied by a decrease in migration capacity. Further analysis suggests that GALR1 may act by regulating cell cycle-related proteins and migration-related signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways.

Breast cancer (BC), a prevalent and severe malignancy, detrimentally affects women globally. Its prognostic implications are profoundly influenced by gene expression patterns. This study retrieved 509 BCE-associated oncogenes and 1,012 neurotransmitter receptor-related genes from the GSEA and KEGG databases, intersecting to identify 98 relevant genes. Clinical and transcriptomic expression data related to BC were downloaded from the TCGA, and differential genes were identified based on an FDR value <0.05 & |log2FC| ≥ 0.585. Univariate analysis of these genes revealed that high expression of NSF and low expression of HRAS, KIF17, and RPS6KA1 are closely associated with BC survival prognosis. A prognostic model constructed for these four genes demonstrated significant prognostic relevance for BC-TCGA patients (P < 0.001). Subsequently, an immunofunctional analysis of the BC oncogene-neurotransmitter receptor-related gene cluster revealed the involvement of immune cells such as T cells CD8, T cells CD4 memory resting, and Macrophages M2. Further analysis indicated that immune functions were primarily concentrated in APC_co_inhibition, APC_co_stimulation, CCR, and Check-point, among others. Lastly, a prognostic nomogram model was established, and ROC curve analysis revealed that the nomogram is a vital indicator for assessing BC prognosis, with 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of 0.981, 0.897, and 0.802, respectively. This model demonstrates high calibration, clinical utility, and predictive capability, promising to offer an effective preliminary tool for clinical diagnostics.

In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer has gradually increased, and the research on it has become a hot spot in the scientific community. Central neurons play an important role in breast cancer. This study aims to explore the application of gene expression profile data mining in the study of shared function between central neurons and breast cancer, and focuses on the expression of EMID1 protein antibody. The study collected biomedical images and gene expression profile data of breast cancer patients. Then, we use image processing and analysis technology to extract and analyze features of biomedical images to obtain quantitative features of breast cancer. Gene expression profile data were preprocessed and analyzed to obtain information about breast cancer related genes. Integrating and fusing biomedical images and gene expression profile data, and exploring the sharing function between central neurons and breast cancer through data mining algorithms and statistical analysis methods. The results showed that the expression of EMID1 protein was high in breast cancer tissues, and the expression pattern was similar to that of central neurons. Further functional studies have shown that EMID1 protein is involved in the regulation of proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. By regulating the expression level of EMID1 protein, we observed that the proliferation and invasion ability of breast cancer cells were significantly affected. The research results show that through the comprehensive analysis of biomedical images and gene expression profile data, we found the sharing function between central neurons and breast cancer. The central neuronal cell marker genes EMID1 and GREB1L may be used as key biomarkers to regulate the pathogenesis of breast cancer and affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer.

目的:分析乳腺癌组织中miR-206的表达水平,探讨其与临床特征、激素受体之间的关系.方法:收集2014年1月～12月入院的100例乳腺癌患者的癌组织标本,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)检测miR-206的表达水平,分析其与乳腺癌临床特征,雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(RP)的相关性.结果:腋窝淋巴结阳性患者癌组织中miR-206表达水平低于阴性者;miR-206在肿瘤直径≥2.0 cm癌组织中的表达水平低于直径<2.0 cm者;腋窝淋巴结移患者miR-206表达水平低于无转移患者,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期相比Ⅲ期患者,miR-206表达水平上调(P<0.05).miR-206的表达水平与ER表达水平呈负相关关系、与患者无病生存率(DFS)之间呈正相关关系(均P<0.05).结论:乳腺癌组织中miR-206的表达水平与临床特征密切相关,并可预测患者ER的表达情况.miR-206有望成为乳腺癌患者评估预后及内分泌治疗敏感度的一项新指标.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the expression of estrogen receptor and inflammatory factors in breast prosthetic capsular contracture tissue, and to analyze the clinical cases. Methods: A total number of 36 patients with capsular contracture after breast prosthesis implantation surgery admitted to Liuzhou People's Hospital from June 2011 to December 2019 were selected. 20 patients with mild cases were regarded as control group, while 16 patients with severe cases were observation group. We performed immunohistochemistry to measure the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and ER-beta in two groups, and Rank stun test and U test were used to analyze the differences in the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and ER-beta between the two groups. Besides, Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ER-beta and inflammatory factors. Results: Comparing with control group, we found that a higher expression level of IL-6, TNF-alpha and ER-beta in observation group. The increasing expression level of IL-6 and TNF-alpha is highly related to the severity of contracture, and it can be summarize that the mechanism of contracture is linked with the activation of inflammatory response. In addition, the expression level of ER-beta is positively correlated with the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha(r=0.397, 0.593) in Pearson correlation analysis, indicating that estrogen can participate in the pathogenesis or capsular contracture fibrosis by stimulating ER, providing a preventive plan for capsular contracture and reduce the incidences. Conclusion: The rising expression level of IL-6 and TNF-alpha is related to severity of contracture, suggesting the mechanism of contracture may caused by the immune inflammatory response. But the clear mechanism is still need to be detailed by further research.

目的 分析乳腺癌组织中微小RNA(miR)-206、miR-155的水平及二者与乳腺癌激素受体表达之间的关系.方法 100例女性乳腺癌患者,取癌组织标本,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测miR-206、miR-155的表达,免疫组织化学法检测雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)的表达.Spearman相关分析法分析miR-206、miR-155与ER、PR的相关性.Kaplan-Meier法进行无病生存期(DFS)分析.结果 miR-206的表达水平与ER表达呈负相关,与PR无明显相关性,与DFS呈正相关;miR-155的表达水平与ER、PR、DFS均呈负相关.结论 乳腺癌组织中miR-206、miR-155的表达与ER、PR、DFS有相关性,可作为治疗方案选择和预后评估的参考依据.

1临床资料55岁,女性,因"右乳包块7d"入院。体检:右乳外上象限扪及一约3.5 cm×3.0 cm肿块,质中、无压痛、边界欠清、活动度差。乳腺彩超:右乳外上象限探及一大小约32 mm×27 mm异常回声,边界不清,外形不规则。钼靶示:右乳外上毛刺状肿块,约36 mm×33 mm,其内伴较多不规则微小钙化灶。既往有糖尿病病史。入院完善相关检查和积极术前准备后,行右乳腺癌改良根治术,术后重庆医科大学病理检测中心诊断:右乳浸润性导管癌,腋窝淋巴结见癌转移(1/11),原发灶免疫组

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in females.Recent years,surgery,chemotherapy as well as other systemic therapy had greatly improved the prognosis of the patients.However,damage of ovarian function by chemotherapy lowered life quality,especially for young females.At present,there are several methods to protect the ovarian function of female patients undergoing chemotherapy,such as administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs,ovarian cryopreservation,unfertilized ova cryopreservation,embryo cryopreservation,inhibitors of apoptosis,etc.Each method has its advantage,disadvantage and indications.Issues related to ovarian protection are reviewed here.

PURPOSE:Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is reported to be associated with early-onset breast cancer, while, as a hepadnavirus, hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is more common than HCV in China. In this article, it is aimed to study the relationship between HBV infection and risk of breast cancer in China.METHODS:The clinical data of 2452 cases of initially diagnosed breast cancer and 1926 cases of benign breast disease (as controls) with the consecutive reports of HBV serological markers and liver function tests, available in the Electronic Medical Records of the Breast Cancer Center of Chongqing, the southwest of China, from January 2011 to March 2015, were collected for analysis.RESULTS:The average age of the initially diagnosed breast cancer patients was 50.3±11.3 years with the age peaking about 40- 49yeaers (39.7%). The positive rate (8.2%) of hepatitis B surface antigen in breast cancer patients was relatively higher than that (7.8%) in controls (P>0.05). While, the positive rate (66.4%)of hepatitis B core antibody in breast cancer patients was significantly higher than that (53.7%) in controls (P<0.05), so were the similar results in the age groups of 40-49 years, after multiple layer analysis stratified by age and compare HBV markers adjusting age with binary logistic regression. Meanwhile, the status of albumin, aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase (41.4 g/L, 22.9 U/L, 22.0 U/L) in breast cancer patients were significantly poorer than those (44.1 g/L,16.8 U/L, 19.2 U/L) in controls (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to HBV infection may be a risk factor for breast cancer and may be also related to the earlier age onset of breast cancer (peaked around 40-49 years) among Chinese females.

We performed a case-control study to investigate the prevalence and clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China. The clinical data for 2,796 female patients with newly diagnosed, primary breast cancer were evaluated. A total of 234 breast cancer patients with HBV infection (the case group; positive for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]) and 444 breast cancer patients without HBV infection (the control group; negative for HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B envelope antigen, hepatitis B envelope antibody, and hepatitis B core antibody) were selected for study. Analysis of the clinicopathological features revealed that the metastatic axillary lymph node ratio was lower in the case group than the control group, as was the proportion of patients with pathological T stage ≥T2. No differences in the expression levels of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, p53, or Ki67 were observed between the case and control groups. These data indicate that the rate of HBV infection is high among female breast cancer patients in China, and that HBsAg-positive breast cancer patients were generally diagnosed at an earlier stage and had fewer lymph node metastases.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the expression of hormone receptors and Ki67 in Chinese female breast cancer patients. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki67 among 525 neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases was studied by immunohistochemistry. Differences between specimens made through preoperative core needle biopsy and excised tissue biopsy were observed. The positive rates of ER, PR and Ki67 in core needle biopsy and excised tissue biopsy were 65.3% and 63.2%, 51.0% and 42.6%, 65.6% and 43.4%, respectively. The expression of ER, PR and Ki67 in core needle biopsy and excised tissue biopsy had no statistically significant difference. However, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the discordance rates of ER, PR and Ki67 were 15.2% (79/521), 26.9% (140/520) and 44.8% (225/502), respectively. The ER, PR and Ki67 status changed from positive to negative in 7.5% (39/521), 13.3% (69/520) and 21.1% (106/502) of the patients, whereas ER, PR and Ki67 status changed from negative to positive in 7.7% (40/521), 13.6% (71/520) and 23.7% (119/502) of the patients, respectively. These results showed that the status of some biomarkers changes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and biomarker status needs to be reexamined to optimize adjuvant systemic therapy and better prognosis assessment.

本文报道重庆医科大学附属第一医院2012年6月至2015年5月收治的58例行甲状旁腺切除术的甲状旁腺功能亢进症(hyperparathyroidism,HPT)患者中的3例(5.2%),因同期被诊断TG行TC手术患者的临床资料,发病率与文献[1]报道相似。其中2例为原发性HPT合并PTC,1例为继发性HPT合并PTC。术后随访,平均随访时间22.6(9 4 1)个月,患者恢复良好,均无低钙和复发,报道如下。

Postoperative adjuvant therapy for primary invasive breast cancer patients with synchronous ax-illary metastases is mainly based on the characteristics of biomarker of the primary tumor. Recently, some studies have showed the discordance and clinical significance of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status between primary breast cancer and synchronous axillary lymph node metastases. As local metastasis, the synchronous axillary metastases may represent the potentially metastatic breast cancer cells much better than the primary tumor. Hence, determination of biomarkers status should be performed in synchronous axillary metastasis, together with primary tumor, to guide therapy management and evaluate the prognosis of primary invasive breast cancer patients with synchronous axillary metastases.

Lifestyle and family history are two of the most important risk factors for breast cancer (BC). However, these risk factors cannot explain the differences in the incidence and early BC onset among Chinese females compared to their western counterparts. We propose in this hypothesis the potential mechanism of indirect oncogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in causing BC through its persistence as occult infection and continuous replication with long term subtle liver damage. Estrogen is mainly deactivated in the liver and long term necro-inflammatory damage to liver may result in persistent high level of estrogen, which is a dominant risk factor for BC. HBV may also directly affect the breast cells through its cis and trans effects of HBx which may act as oncoprotein. Given the recognised aetiologic association between oestrogen and breast cancer risk, there is biological plausibility that dietary soy and vegetable intake which is rich in the Chinese diet may have anti-carcinogenic effect on the breast. The seemingly conflicting phenomenon of early age onset and lower BC incidence in China might be due to wide imbalance in the amount of exposure to carcinogenic factor (e.g., HBV infection) for decades and the carcinoprotective exposure levels (e.g., isoflavonoids and flavonoids intake). For example, the increase in carcinoprotective levels would lead to lower incidence of breast cancer and vice versa. Although the focus of this personal view is on HBV, this by no means negates the roles of other known risk factors in breast-cancer development. Characterisation of the role of HBV in BC could potentially benefit Chinese females by decreasing incidence and increasing overall survival.

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，糖尿病（ diabetes mel-litus，DM）也是影响女性健康的重要疾病，2者关系密切，其发病率均呈逐年上升趋势。我国正常人群DM新数据已达“警戒水平”，尤其近7成的DM患者未被诊断而无法及早治疗。资料显示，乳腺癌患者中可能有更高比例的DM和DM前期，其中绝大多数不被知晓，严重影响乳腺癌患者的治疗和预后。因而有必要加强乳腺癌患者中DM的筛查诊断，这对乳腺癌患者的治疗和改善预后有重要的临床意义。

病例148岁，女，因“确诊左乳腺癌3个月，TEC方案化疗第4疗程后”入院。体检：左乳外上象限扪及一约4.0 cm ×4.0 cm块，无压痛、质中、边界不清、活动度差。入院完善相关检查后行左乳腺癌改良根治术，术后重庆医科大学病理检测中心诊断：左乳浸润性小叶癌，淋巴结未见癌转移（3／17）；免疫组织化学（immunohistochemistry，IHC）法：人类表皮生长因子受体2（ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2，HER2）（3＋）、雌激素受体（estrogen receptor，ER）20％（＋）、孕激素受体（ progesterone receptor ， PR ）20％（＋）、P5390％（＋）、Ki6710％（＋）。补做荧光原位杂交（ fluorescence in situ hy-bridization，FISH）检测，示HER2阴性。