Volatile flavor compounds are key determinants of the sensory quality and consumer preference of olive oil, and their compositional profiles are significantly influenced by geographical origin. To elucidate the regional differences in volatile flavors, this study employed headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics to analyze oil samples from three major Chinese producing regions—Gansu, Yunnan, and Sichuan—as well as representative imported origins. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified, including aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes. Fingerprint analysis revealed that terpenes were present at specifically high levels in some samples from Gansu, whereas alcohols and esters were more abundant in specific Sichuan samples and among the imported oils. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed limited overall separation among the regions, whereas partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively discriminated samples from different geographical origins and identified 15 potential marker compounds with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores > 1. This study demonstrates that HS-GC-IMS coupled with chemometrics is an effective approach for screening volatile markers indicative of geographical origin, providing a potential research direction and data support for the traceability of olive oil.

Food-derived dietary polysaccharides have attracted increasing attention as functional ingredients for ulcerative colitis (UC) management. In this study, a homogeneous polysaccharide, designated LDP, was isolated from the bulbs of Lilium davidii var. willmottiae (Lanzhou lily). Structural analyses showed that LDP had a weight-average molecular weight (MW) of 5.082 × 103 g/mol and was mainly composed of alternating →4)-α-D-Manp-(1 → and →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → residues with minor branching. Conformational analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that LDP adopted an extended semi-flexible coil conformation in aqueous solution. In dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice, LDP markedly alleviated disease symptoms, as evidenced by improved survival, reduced body weight loss, a lower disease activity index and attenuated histopathological injury. Mechanistically, LDP enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, significantly increased acetic acid levels and partially restored short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-associated beneficial taxa, including Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum and members of Erysipelotrichaceae/Erysipelotrichia. Integrated metagenomic, proteomic, Western blot and immunological analyses further indicated that LDP attenuated intestinal inflammation by suppressing the TAB1/MAP2K4-centered MAPK signaling pathway, as evidenced by reduced TAB1 and MAP2K4 expression and decreased p38 phosphorylation, and by restoring the Th17/Treg balance in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). These findings suggested that LDP alleviated DSS-induced colitis through coordinated regulation of gut microbiota, microbial metabolism, MAPK inflammatory signaling and mucosal immunity.

BACKGROUND:To address pest resistance, environmental concerns, and non-target toxicity associated with conventional pesticides, the natural product andrographolide was structurally optimized for the development of eco-friendly insecticides. RESULTS:A series of andrographolide derivatives were designed and synthesized, among which compound 9i exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity against Myzus persicae Sulzer, with an LC50 value of 0.1248 mg mL-1, representing a 16-fold enhancement over the parent compound. In greenhouse pot experiments, 9i achieved a control efficacy 4.7 times greater than that of andrographolide. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that introducing aromatic substituents containing electron-withdrawing groups at the C3 position significantly improved insecticidal activity. Morphological observations by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed severe damage to the insect body surface after treatment. Biochemical assays further showed that 9i markedly induced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Toxicological evaluation demonstrated favorable selectivity, with low toxicity toward non-target organisms, including honeybees, mammalian bEND.3 cells, zebrafish larvae, and representative microorganisms. CONCLUSION:Structural optimization substantially enhances the insecticidal activity of andrographolide. Compound 9i represents a promising lead candidate for eco-friendly insecticide development and provides a valuable basis for future pesticide discovery. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

BACKGROUND: The medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus vaninii produces valuable bioactive compounds, but yields are low in artificial culture. While co-culture with microbes can elicit production, the regulatory potential of native endophytic fungi - which share an evolutionary history with their host - remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report for the first time a co-culture system between S. vaninii and its endophytic fungus Fusarium solani MF20 to enhance the production of medicinal metabolites and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: Co-culture with F. solani MF20 dramatically increased the yields of total flavonoids (9.38-fold), terpenoids (3.18-fold), and crude polysaccharides (4.87-fold) in S. vaninii. Integrated omics analyses revealed that the endophytic interaction induced global metabolic change in the host. Early signaling events, such as a controlled oxidative stress response, Ca2+ influx, extracellular ATP accumulation, and enhanced membrane permeability, were associated with the redirection of cellular resources from primary growth toward chemical defense. Key biosynthetic pathways, such as terpenoid backbone and flavonoid synthesis, were transcriptionally up-regulated, directly corroborated by the massive accumulation of bioactive compounds including the triterpene pachymic acid and complex modified flavonoids. Central carbon metabolism was reshaped, with activation of the pentose phosphate pathway potentially supplying NADPH for biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates that a native endophytic fungus can act as a powerful biotic elicitor to unlock the metabolic potential of its medicinal fungal host. The co-culture strategy activates a stress-mediated defense response that reprograms primary and secondary metabolism, leading to overproduction of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Beyond providing insights into fungal-fungal symbiotic interactions, this study validates endophyte-host co-culture as an effective and sustainable bioprocess technology for enhancing the production of high-value metabolites from medicinal fungal resources.

Abstract We report a modified CREATE pedagogy (Consider, Read, Elucidate hypotheses, Analyze data, and Try Experiments) and implement it in an undergraduate medicinal chemistry course to address limitations of traditional teacher-centered STEM education, particularly the insufficient cultivation of scientific thinking. Compared with the classical CREATE framework, the fifth step was redefined from “Think of the next Experiment” to “Try Experiments”, thereby emphasizing hands-on practice and experiential learning. This approach shifts the instructional focus from passive knowledge acquisition to the development of students’ competencies in reading primary literature, analyzing scientific data, and designing drug discovery strategies. The course was structured around original research articles rather than textbook-based instruction, with modular content organized around the theme of the design and development of quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents, culminating in experimental validation of student-designed strategies. The results show that students enhanced their ability to analyze and synthesize complex literature and interpret scientific data. Their understanding of the scientific process deepened from theoretical awareness to hands-on engagement, creating an integrated, cyclic skill set spanning literature analysis, experimental design, and experimental verification. In addition, students demonstrated enhanced scientific self-efficacy, increased interest in medicinal chemistry and the research process, and made positive gains in classroom engagement and teamwork, highlighting a scalable and effective pedagogical framework for cultivating talent in medicinal chemistry.

Microalgal-bacterial consortia (MBCs) are emerging as a promising technology for sustainable wastewater treatment. Yet, the majority of studies to date have relied on synthetic wastewater and limited microbial combinations. This study evaluates the performance of Desmodesmus sp.-Bacillus aryabhattai co-culture system in real swine wastewater, focusing on biomass accumulation, nutrient removal, and indigenous community succession. Results demonstrated that the indigenous microbiota alleviated pollutant-induced stress on Desmodesmus sp., thereby stimulating microalgal growth and achieving NH₄⁺-N removal of 68.54% and COD removal of 78.93%, while attenuating the specific interaction between Desmodesmus sp. and inoculated B. aryabhattai. Microalgal inoculation significantly increased bacterial diversity and suppressed pathogenic fungi (e.g., Ophiostoma, Malassezia, and Cladosporium). Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, and Comamonas emerged as dominant genera, establishing stable coexistence with Desmodesmus sp.. PICRUSt2-based functional prediction revealed significant enrichment in membrane transport and signal transduction, indicating enhanced nutrient exchange, environmental sensing, and ecological stability of the MBC. This study elucidates complex tripartite interactions among microalgae, inoculated bacteria, and indigenous microbiota, highlighting the robust potential of this MBC for sustainable treatment of swine wastewater.

In the field of food colloids, selenium (Se) modification is considered a promising strategy for the development of organic selenium additives. However, the synthesis of Se-polysaccharide is frequently hindered by low selenium incorporation and uncontrolled molecular weight (MW) degradation. In this study, a collection of acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs), formulated from choline chloride paired with diverse carboxylic acids were developed as dual-functional media for the selenylation of locust bean gum (LBG). The resulting selenized LBG (SeLBG) exhibited a markedly enhanced Se content (up to 11,038 μg/g), representing a significant improvement over HNO3/Na2SeO3 and DMSO-based methods. Further analysis revealed significant correlations between ADES acidity (H0), polarity (ETN) and selenylation efficiency, with stronger acidity and higher polarity generally associated with increased Se incorporation. FT-IR and 13C NMR characterization confirmed the formation of selenite esters, primarily through substitution at the C-6 hydroxyl groups of mannose residues. Moreover, MW analysis demonstrated that polysaccharide degradation was modulated by both solvent acidity and polarity, where higher polarity was associated with greater molecular-weight reduction, which may be related to enhanced polysaccharide solvation and conformational changes. Importantly, computational analyses rooted in density functional theory (DFT) alongside molecular dynamics (MD) modeling indicated enhanced hydrogen-bonding affinity between ADESs and LBG enhanced solvation and exposed more reactive sites, thereby facilitating improved selenylation efficiency. This work demonstrated that tailoring the physicochemical properties of ADESs enables precise control over the Se content and MW of Se-polysaccharides, providing a robust strategy for the structure-oriented synthesis of bioactive glycan derivatives.

Selenium (Se) content is a pivotal factor governing the anti-tumor bioactivity of selenized polysaccharides (Se polysaccharides). Nonetheless, low selenylation efficiency and severe polysaccharide chain degradation by conventional selenylation methods have posed a significant barrier to elucidating the function of Se in Se polysaccharides. In this study, a catalytic strategy utilizing [HNMP]HSO4 ionic liquid was established for efficient synthesis of selenized Artemisia sphaerocephala polysaccharides (SeASPs). Through modulation of reaction parameters including H2SeO3 dosage, reaction temperature and time, controlled synthesis of Se polysaccharides was accomplished, allowing for precise tuning of Se content across a range of 138.2 to 35961.9 μg/g. FT-IR, XPS and 13C NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of selenite esters, through substitution at hydroxyl groups of C6. Moreover, a slight decrease in molecular weight was observed due to the cleavage of glycosidic bonds under acidic reaction conditions, representing a significant improvement over the severe degradation caused by traditional selenylation methods. Notably, the anti-tumor activity of the SeASPs was enhanced in a Se content dependent manner, exhibiting selective inhibition towards HepG2 cells while maintaining minimal cytotoxicity to normal hepatocytes (HL-7702). Apoptosis mechanistic studies indicated that the organic combination of Se and polysaccharides induced mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by membrane potential dissipation and calcium overload. These events initiated the mitochondrial pathway, which promoted Bax-mediated Cyt C liberation and consequent caspase stimulation, ultimately leading to apoptosis. These findings underscored function of Se in anti-tumor activity of Se polysaccharide and offering valuable theoretical support for developing selenium-based polysaccharide therapeutics.

The fruit surface microbiome influences quality formation and disease occurrence, yet carposphere microbial diversity and functions remain poorly studied. This study employed 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate the spatiotemporal variation patterns of the olive carposphere microbiome in Longnan City, Gansu Province, China, with respect to cultivars, maturity stages, and geographical locations. The results showed that the olive carposphere bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, and their abundance increased with fruit ripening. Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum showed significant enrichment at the mature stage, while Streptococcus served as a dominant genus across all geographical regions. For fungal communities, Ascomycota was the predominant phylum, while Nothophoma and Aureobasidium identified as the major genera. Diversity analyses revealed that both bacterial and fungal communities in the olive carposphere varied with cultivar, maturation stage, and geographical location. Among these factors, geographical location emerged as the most dominant driver, which implies that the environment and human activities play an important role in determining the carposphere microbiome. These findings enhance our understanding of the microbial diversity in olive carposphere, also provide valuable species information for the future use of microbial technology to modulate the fruit quality and prevent and control biological diseases.

This study employed a complementary analytical approach, combining headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), to comprehensively characterize the dynamic evolution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in virgin olive oil (VOO) from Chenggu 32 (CG-32) and Koroneiki (KK) cultivars across eight maturity indices (MIs). The combined strategy proved powerful: HS-GC-IMS detected 90 VOCs, excelling in profiling polar, aroma-active compounds, while HS-GC-MS confirmed 61 VOCs, providing broader metabolome coverage. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that genetic cultivar is the primary driver of VOCs profile divergence. The CG-32 variety was characterized by a high abundance of aldehydes, imparting classic "green" notes, whereas the KK variety was dominated by ketones, resulting in a less traditional, intense aroma. Notably, a key finding was that genetic factors can override ripening trends, as evidenced by the late-harvest KK sample clustering with the early-harvest CG-32 sample based on VOCs signature. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models exhibited exceptional predictive power (Q 2 > 0.94) for varietal authentication, and a set of 35 key discriminatory markers (VIP > 1.0) was identified. This work underscores that MIs alone is an insufficient harvest guide and establishes a robust foundational methodology for VOCs-based quality control and varietal screening of olive oils. The high predictive power of the models demonstrates their potential for authenticity purposes, which now warrants validation with a larger sample set.

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels is an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and its main medicinal part is the root. In recent years, root rot has become one of the bottlenecks hindering the healthy and green development of Angelica cultivation due to the inappropriate application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth regulators, and continuous cropping. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was adopted to reveal the differences in the community structure and diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi in the roots of healthy and diseased A. sinensis. The results showed that the diversity index of endophytic bacterial communities was significantly higher in healthy root than in diseased Angelica root systems. There was a significant difference in endophytic fungal community diversity only at the m1 sampling site. There was a significant difference in the β-diversity of bacterial communities, but not of fungi. In terms of community composition, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum of bacteria, and Sphingobium and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera; Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla of fungi, and Plectosphaerella, Paraphoma, and Fusarium were the dominant genera. In addition, the relative abundance of the genera Sphingobium and Pseudomonas was higher in healthy roots, while Fusarium was higher in diseased samples. Among the five pathogens isolated from diseased root, four strains were Fusarium sp., and one was Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, which is reported for the first time. Our findings indicate that the endophyte community structure of A. sinensis infected with root rot changed significantly compared with healthy plants, and Fusarium is an important pathogenic factor, which provides a valuable microbiological basis for the targeted biocontrol of Angelica root rot.

Fusarium spp. threaten both plants and animals, while traditional chemical control faces environmental risks and pesticide residue issues. Therefore, development of green and effective botanical pesticide has become an alternative. In this study, the antifungal activity and mechanism of oleuropein (OLE) and matrine (MAT) against four species of Fusarium based on the phenotypic, physio-biochemical, and transcriptome levels were investigated. The results showed that OLE and MAT exhibited obvious antifungal activities through inhibiting spore germination, damaging the microstructure of the mycelium, and thereby causing the leakage of intracellular small and macromolecular electrolytes. Moreover, MAT displayed stronger antifungal activity at lower concentrations than OLE, while F. graminearum was more sensitive to the both extracts, with IC50 values of 18.09 g/L and 1.99 g/L for F. graminearum inhibition by OLE and MAT, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis using F. graminearum as model strain revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after OLE treatment were enriched in 20 GO terms, including cell wall chitin metabolic and small molecule metabolic processes. While, DEGs after MAT treatment were enriched in GO terms related to endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and intracellular macromolecule metabolic processes. Furthermore, DEGs from the OLE treatment were annotated to 19 pathways involved in glutathione metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway; DEGs from the MAT treatment were annotated to 8 genetic information processing and 11 metabolism. These findings reveal the distinct antifungal mechanisms of OLE and MAT, and suggest that OLE also has the potential to be developed into a botanical fungicide for application in plant protection.

Amid growing concerns about milk safety and antimicrobial resistance, the development of antibiotic alternatives for bovine mastitis has become increasingly important. Essential oils (EOs) derived from the fruits of four medicinal plants were extracted using steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles: Wurfbainia vera EO (WvEO, 84.00 % eucalyptol), Cnidium monnieri EO (37.47 % d-limonene/34.49 % α-pinene), Alpinia oxyphylla EO (51.64 % o-cymene), and Lanxangia tsao-ko EO (LtEO, 50.02 % eucalyptol). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that both WvEO and LtEO inhibited key pathogens associated with bovine mastitis, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Notably, LtEO exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (1.875-7.5 mg/mL). When combined, WvEO and LtEO showed synergistic antibacterial activity. Antioxidant activity assays further indicated that LtEO possessed stronger antioxidant capacity than WvEO, while the two oils together produced synergistic antioxidant effects (combination index <1). Cytotoxicity testing in bovine mammary epithelial cells revealed that LtEO had a superior safety profile (EC50: 0.091 vs 0.531 mg/mL). Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding affinities between EO components and critical targets, including dihydrofolate reductase, glutathione reductase, and lipoxygenase. Taken together, these findings highlight WvEO and LtEO as promising phytotherapeutic candidates for the prevention and management of bovine mastitis.

The polysaccharide chitosan possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and has proven effective in controlling various postharvest diseases in fruits. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanisms underlying its action remain unclear. In this study, the antifungal effects of chitosan with different molecular weights against Fusarium avenaceum, a pathogen causing root rot in Angelica sinensis, were evaluated. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of these effects were explored at the microstructural and transcriptomic levels. Notably, low-molecular-weight chitosan (20 kDa) exhibited superior antifungal activity when compared to high-molecular-weight chitosan (500 kDa and 1000 kDa). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20, 500, and 1000 kDa chitosan were 0.2103, 0.2183, and 0.2707 g/L, respectively. Morphological and physiological experiments demonstrated that chitosan can inhibit the growth of F. avenaceum by decreasing spore germination, destroying mycelial morphology and microstructure, and promoting the release of intracellular electrolytes. RNA sequencing revealed considerable changes in the transcriptomic profile of F. avenaceum after chitosan treatment, with 2030 genes being differentially expressed. Subsequent KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that genes associated with translation, human diseases, and transcription were upregulated in F. avenaceum after chitosan treatment. In contrast, genes associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, cellular processes, exogenous substance degradation and metabolism, and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were downregulated. Collectively, these results indicated that chitosan may influence the growth of F. avenaceum by disrupting protein biosynthesis and key metabolic pathways. These findings highlight the substantial potential of chitosan as an alternative agent for the management of fungal diseases in plants used in Chinese herbal medicine.

A novel Streptomyces violaceoruber strain BM-41, isolated from shellfish aquaculture waste, demonstrated potent chitinolytic activity (2.362 U/mL). Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 7.83 Mb genome (72.6

In light of concerns regarding milk quality deterioration and the rising threat of bacterial resistance, developing alternative treatments to antibiotics for mastitis has become imperative. Clove oil (CEO), a well-established natural antimicrobial, has not been extensively investigated for its synergistic potential when combined with Elsholtzia EO. Essential oils (EOs) from the plants were extracted using steam distillation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results showed that the main component of CEO was eugenol (76.59

This study aims to determine the optimal harvest period of olives by distinguishing the olive oils with different fruit maturity indices (MIs). Gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology was employed to qualitatively and differently analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of olive oil extracted from eight MIs of 'Koroneiki' olive fruits, harvested in Longnan City, Gansu Province, China. The results showed that 40 signal peaks were isolated in the eight olive oils with different MIs, and 33 VOCs were identified. These include alcohols (7 kinds), esters (7 kinds), aldehydes (6 kinds), ketones (5 kinds), acids (2 kinds), olefins (2 kinds), and other compounds (4). A total of 20 differential markers for key flavors, with variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1, were screened out by orthogonal partial least squares - discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results showed that the olive oil samples of the 7th maturity index (QJ7), QJ8, and QJ5, QJ6 have significant differences from the other four olive oils. This suggests that olive oils with different maturity indices can be effectively distinguished.

The algae-bacteria co-culture system has emerged as a promising approach for biological wastewater treatment. In this symbiotic system, microalgae supply oxygen through photosynthesis, while bacteria reciprocate by providing inorganic and organic nutrients via metabolic processes, enabling synergistic pollutant removal. However, existing studies remain limited in scope, primarily focusing on specific microbial species. In this study, a novel algae-bacteria co-culture system was established using tolerant and dominant algae and bacteria species isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. The growth characteristics and pollutant removal performance of this system were evaluated in simulated wastewater with high nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The results indicated that Bacillus aryabhattai-Desmodesmus sp. (Ba-Ds) co-culture system achieved optimal removal efficiencies for NH4+-N, total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) under conditions of an algaebacteria inoculate ratio of 5:1, N/P ratio of 6, and pH of 7. The removal rates reached 30.60 %, 49.30 %, and 93.73 %, respectively. These findings highlight the system's enhanced pollutant removal capacity and demonstrate scalable potential for industrial wastewater treatment applications.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have garnered increasing attention as sustainable solvents for natural polysaccharides. Galactomannans (especially guar and locust bean gums) are abundant natural compounds used in food, medicine, agriculture and daily chemical products, whereas their high molecular weight and randomly distributed non-linear structures remain a huge challenge in solubilization and high value-added utilization. In this study, the dissolution of galactomannans in type II/III DESs was comprehensively investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculation, experimental results, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). The results indicated that immense anionic and neutral H-bonds supported by type II DESs (consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt and a metal chloride hydrate) could break and rebuild galactomannan H-bond networks, thereby exhibiting remarkable physical solubilization. A large number of active acid sites in type III DESs (consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt and a hydrogen bond donor) greatly improved solubility and cleaved the glycosidic bond, enabling the recovery of polysaccharides with a target molecular weight. Furthermore, significant correlations between solubility and the structure of galactomannans had been established, which meant that high molecular weight and rich galactose side-chains produced repulsive interactions with DESs, directly hindering dissolution. Overall, this work not only offered a framework for enhancing the dissolution of polysaccharides, but also proposed a promising strategy for development of task specific DESs promoting green chemistry and the use of sustainable bioresources.

Arsenopyrite and pyrite often coexist in metal deposits and tailings, thus simultaneous bioleaching of both sulfides has economic (as well as environmental) significance. Important targets in bio-oxidation operations are high solubilization rates and minimized accumulation of Fe(III)/As-bearing secondary products. This study investigated the role of pyrite bioleaching in the enhancement of arsenopyrite dissolution. At a pyrite to arsenopyrite mass ratio of 1:1, 93.6% of As and 93.0% of Fe were solubilized. The results show that pyrite bio-oxidation can promote arsenopyrite dissolution, enhance S0 bio-oxidation, and inhibit the formation of jarosites, tooeleite, and amorphous ferric arsenate. The dry weight of the pyrite & arsenopyrite residue was reduced by 95.1% after bioleaching, compared to the initial load, while only 5% weight loss was observed when pyrite was absent. A biofilm was formed on the arsenopyrite surface in the presence of pyrite, while a dense passivation layer was observed in the absence of pyrite. As(III) (as As2O3) was a dominant As species in the pyrite & arsenopyrite residue. Novel and detailed findings are presented on arsenopyrite bio-dissolution in the presence of pyrite, and the presented approach could contribute to the development of novel cost-effective extractive bioprocesses.Environmental ImplicationThe oxidation of arsenopyrite presents significant environmental hazards, as it can contribute to acid mine drainage generation and arsenic mobilization from sulfidic mine wastes. Bioleaching is a proven cost-effective and environmentally friendly extractive technology, which has been applied for decades in metal recovery from minerals or tailings. In this work, efficient extraction of arsenic from arsenopyrite bioleaching was presented through coupling the process with bio-oxidation of pyrite, resulting in lowered accumulation of hazardous and metastable Fe(III)/As-bearing secondary phases. The results could help improve current biomining operations and/or contribute to the development of novel cost-effective bioprocesses for metal extraction.