Volatile flavor compounds are key determinants of the sensory quality and consumer preference of olive oil, and their compositional profiles are significantly influenced by geographical origin. To elucidate the regional differences in volatile flavors, this study employed headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with chemometrics to analyze oil samples from three major Chinese producing regions—Gansu, Yunnan, and Sichuan—as well as representative imported origins. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified, including aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes. Fingerprint analysis revealed that terpenes were present at specifically high levels in some samples from Gansu, whereas alcohols and esters were more abundant in specific Sichuan samples and among the imported oils. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed limited overall separation among the regions, whereas partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively discriminated samples from different geographical origins and identified 15 potential marker compounds with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores > 1. This study demonstrates that HS-GC-IMS coupled with chemometrics is an effective approach for screening volatile markers indicative of geographical origin, providing a potential research direction and data support for the traceability of olive oil.

Combining PI3K/mTOR inhibitor Pictilisib with green tea polyphenol EGCG holds promise in cancer therapy but may alter pharmacokinetics via human serum albumin (HSA) binding. This study elucidates their cooperative interactions with HSA under physiological conditions using multispectroscopy (steady-state fluorescence, UV-Vis, circular dichroism [CD], synchronous, and three-dimensional [3D] fluorescence), competitive binding assays, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Fluorescence quenching revealed coadministration of Pictilisib and EGCG with HSA exhibits higher binding constants (up to 106 M-1) and stronger hydrophobic interactions compared to binary systems, driven by entropy-dominated static quenching. Structural characterization by CD, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that combined drug binding induces progressive α-helix reduction and conformational reorganization in HSA, which alters the microenvironment of Trp/Tyr residues. Molecular docking and site probes show Pictilisib displaces prebound EGCG from Sudlow Site I (IIA), whereas EGCG binds subdomain IB when Pictilisib occupies Site I first, highlighting administration-order dependency. One-hundred-nanosecond MD simulations confirm ternary complexes increase HSA's solvent accessibility (SASA), flexibility (RMSF), and structural expansion (Rg), particularly in Subdomains IIA and IIIA. These results demonstrate that HSA-mediated EGCG-Pictilisib interactions are sequence dependent, critically influencing drug distribution and bioavailability. This mechanistic insight provides a foundation for optimizing coadministration schedules in combinatorial cancer therapy.

This study employed a complementary analytical approach, combining headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), to comprehensively characterize the dynamic evolution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in virgin olive oil (VOO) from Chenggu 32 (CG-32) and Koroneiki (KK) cultivars across eight maturity indices (MIs). The combined strategy proved powerful: HS-GC-IMS detected 90 VOCs, excelling in profiling polar, aroma-active compounds, while HS-GC-MS confirmed 61 VOCs, providing broader metabolome coverage. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that genetic cultivar is the primary driver of VOCs profile divergence. The CG-32 variety was characterized by a high abundance of aldehydes, imparting classic "green" notes, whereas the KK variety was dominated by ketones, resulting in a less traditional, intense aroma. Notably, a key finding was that genetic factors can override ripening trends, as evidenced by the late-harvest KK sample clustering with the early-harvest CG-32 sample based on VOCs signature. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models exhibited exceptional predictive power (Q 2 > 0.94) for varietal authentication, and a set of 35 key discriminatory markers (VIP > 1.0) was identified. This work underscores that MIs alone is an insufficient harvest guide and establishes a robust foundational methodology for VOCs-based quality control and varietal screening of olive oils. The high predictive power of the models demonstrates their potential for authenticity purposes, which now warrants validation with a larger sample set.

This study systematically analyzed the chemical composition and profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of green tea samples from three counties (Wenxian, Wudu, and Kangxian) in Longnan, Gansu Province of China, to elucidate their quality differentiation. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 14 physicochemical parameters extracted five principal components accounting for 82.25% of the total variance, indicating that most of the variance within the data set could be explained. Significant differences were found in contents of glutamic acid, tea polysaccharides, water extract, caffeine and free amino acids among the three production areas. Seventy-two VOCs were identified using headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and the VOCs were predominantly comprised of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Wenxian green tea contained higher proportions of alcohols and aldehydes, Wudu green tea was rich in terpenes, and Kangxian green tea demonstrated a higher ketone content. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) effectively discriminated tea origins with robust model parameters ((RY)-Y-2=0.937, (RX)-X-2=0.719, Q(2)=0.71) and identified 52 key VOCs with variable importance in projection (VIP) >1 and p<0.05 as potential geographical markers for differentiating Longnan green teas from different production areas. These findings establish a quality evaluation framework for Longnan green tea while providing technical support for geographical indication protection and targeted development of characteristic regional tea products.

Bergapten, a natural product from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., exhibits anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects. A derivative, FSG-Y5 showed potent activity against pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 (IC50 = 2.31 ± 0.25 µM) and CFPAC-1 (IC50 = 4.41 ± 0.47 µM), inhibiting their survival, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis via Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 regulation. FSG-Y5 also suppressed pancreatic cancer organoids and zebrafish tumor growth in a concentration and time-dependent manner. These findings highlight bergapten derivatives as promising anticancer candidates, with FSG-Y5 as a potential anti-pancreatic cancer agent for further study.

This study aims to determine the optimal harvest period of olives by distinguishing the olive oils with different fruit maturity indices (MIs). Gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology was employed to qualitatively and differently analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of olive oil extracted from eight MIs of 'Koroneiki' olive fruits, harvested in Longnan City, Gansu Province, China. The results showed that 40 signal peaks were isolated in the eight olive oils with different MIs, and 33 VOCs were identified. These include alcohols (7 kinds), esters (7 kinds), aldehydes (6 kinds), ketones (5 kinds), acids (2 kinds), olefins (2 kinds), and other compounds (4). A total of 20 differential markers for key flavors, with variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1, were screened out by orthogonal partial least squares - discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results showed that the olive oil samples of the 7th maturity index (QJ7), QJ8, and QJ5, QJ6 have significant differences from the other four olive oils. This suggests that olive oils with different maturity indices can be effectively distinguished.

Aiming to provide data support and theoretical basis for the rapid identification of virgin olive oil(VOO)in Longnan,Gansu province and the evaluation of flavor quality in the industrial production process,HS-GC-IMS technology was used to qualitatively and differentially analyze the flavor characteristic component of six kinds of VOO extracted from main cultivars in Longnan(Gansu)Leccino(LX),Frantoio(FO),Coratina(KLD),Picholine(PXL),Ezhi-8(EZ8)and mixed with LX and KLD varieties(HH).The results showed that a total of 39 volatile flavor components were detected in six kinds of VOO,and 22 compounds were identifined,among which aldehydes(9 kinds)and ketones(5 kinds)were the main flavor characteristic components,also including esters(3 kinds),alcohols(3 kinds),terpenes(1 kind),and furans(1 kind).The flavor characteristic components of six kinds of VOO were different in different degrees,among which the flavor characteristic components in LX,KLD and HH were similar,and the contents of 2-methylbutanal,3-methylbutanal,(E)-2-pentenal,octanal and 2-pentylfuran were higher.The contents of n-pentanol,hexanal and 3-pentanone in FO were higher.The contents of(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate,α-terpinene and 2-hexanone in PXL were higher.Ethyl acetate was the main flavor characteristic component in EZ8.The main flavor characteristics components in HH included 2-butanone,acetone and(E)-2-heptenal.In conclusion,HS-GC-IMS can effectively detect the flavor characteristic component in VOO,and the flavor characteristic components identified can be used as one of the bases for distinguishing the six kinds of VOO.

YM201636 is the potent PIKfyve inhibitor that is being actively investigated for liver cancer efficacy. In this study, computer simulations and experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction mechanism between YM201636 and the transport protein HSA. Results indicated that YM201636 is stably bound between the subdomains IIA and IIIA of HSA, supported by site marker displacement experiments. YM201636 quenched the endogenous fluorescence of HSA by static quenching since a decrease in quenching constants was observed from 7.74 to 2.39 × 104 M-1. UV-vis and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the YM201636-HSA complex formation and this binding followed a static mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS obtained negative values suggesting the binding was a spontaneous process driven by Van der Waals interactions and hydrogen binding. Binding constants ranged between 5.71 and 0.33 × 104 M-1, which demonstrated a moderately strong affinity of YM201636 to HSA. CD, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that YM201636 showed a slight change in secondary structure. The increase of Kapp and a decrease of PSH with YM201636 addition showed that YM201636 changed the surface hydrophobicity of HSA. The research provides reasonable models helping us further understand the transportation and distribution of YM201636 when it absorbs into the blood circulatory system.

The cumulative changes in the contents of polyphenols(PPs)in virgin olive oils(VOO)with the growth and development of olive fruits were investigated so as to provide the guidance for olive oil quality evaluation and fresh olive fruits harvest.The VOO were extracted by pressing from 8 varieties of fresh olive fruits with different maturity in Longnan,Gansu Province.The contents of 9 kinds of PPs in VOO were simultaneously determined by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC).The results showed that the content of total polyphenols in VOO was mainly determined by tyrosol and oleuropein.The oleuropein content was the highest,and its content changed most obviously with olive maturity index(MI).Luteolin content in VOO was lower,and ferulic acid and apigenin were detected only in a few varieties,while rutin was not detected in all detected VOO.The evaluation data of PPs in VOO extracted from the fresh olive fruits of Ascolana Tenera,Ezhi-8,Zhongshan-24 and Frantoio were good,with the best performance at MI of 0-1.0,2.0-4.0,0-2.0 and 5.0-7.0,respectively.These four olive fruits varieties were suggested to be harvested in late September,early November,late September to early October and late November respectively.While the comprehensive data of Chemlal performed poorly combined in terms of polyphenols species and total content.In conclusion,the harvest time of fresh olive fruits of different olive varieties can be determined according to the content of olive polyphenols especially tyrosol and oleuropein in different MI,and the quality of olive oil can also be evaluated by the contents of polyphenols.

Lappaconitine (LA), a diterpenoid alkaloid extracted from the root of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai, exhibits broad pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor activity. The inhibitory effect of lappaconitine hydrochloride (LH) on HepG2 and HCT-116 cells and the toxicity of lappaconitine sulfate (LS) on HT-29, A549, and HepG2 cells have been described. But the mechanisms of LA against human cervical cancer HeLa cells still need to be clarified. This study was designed to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of lappaconitine sulfate (LS) on the growth inhibition and apoptosis in HeLa cells. The cell viability and proliferation were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, respectively. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry analysis and 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined through the 5, 5′, 6, 6′-tetrachloro-1, 1′, 3, 3′-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolyl carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining. The cell cycle arrest-, apoptosis-, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (PI3K/AKT/GSK3β) pathway-related proteins were estimated by western blot analysis. LS markedly reduced the viability and suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells. LS induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest through the inhibition of Cyclin D1, p-Rb, and induction of p21 and p53. Furthermore, LS triggered apoptosis through the activation of mitochondrial-mediated pathway based on decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and MMP and activation of caspase-9/7/3. Additionally, LS led to constitutive downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Collectively, LS inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through mitochondrial-mediated pathway by suppression of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway in HeLa cells.

Background Olive ( Olea europaea L.) oil accumulate more diacylglycerols (DAG) than mostly vegetable oils. Unsaturated fatty acids-enriched DAG consumption enhanced wellness in subjects. However, the mechanism of DAG accumulation is not yet fully understood. Methods In this study, gene network of DAG accumulation and fatty acid composition in the two olive mesocarps (“Chenggu 32” (CG) and “Koroneiki” (QJ)) were investigated by integrating lipidome and transcriptome techniques. Results A total of 1,408 lipid molecules were identified by lipidomic analysis in olive mesocarp, of which DAG (DAG36:3, DAG36:4 and DAG36:5) showed higher content, and triacylglycerols (TAG54:3, TAG54:4) exhibited opposite trend in CG. Specifically, DAG was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially C18:2) at the sn-2 position, which was inconsistent with TAG at the same positions (Primarily C18:1). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that phospholipase C (NPC, EC 3.1.4.3) were up-regulated relative to QJ, whereas diacylglycerol kinase (ATP) (DGK, EC 2.7.1.107), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20), and phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT, EC 2.3.1.158) were down-regulated. Conclusion We speculated that the non-acyl coenzyme A pathway played a significant role in DAG biosynthesis. Additionally, fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase B (FATB, EC 3.1.2.14), stearoyl [acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase (SAD, EC 1.14.19.2) and omega-6 fatty acid desaturase (FAD2, EC 1.14.19.6) were highly expressed in CG and may be involved in regulating fatty acid composition. Meanwhile, phospholipase A1 (LCAT, EC 3.1.1.32) involved in the acyl editing reaction facilitated PUFA linkage at the sn-2 position of DAG. Our findings provide novel insights to increase the DAG content, improve the fatty acid composition of olive oil, and identify candidate genes for the production of DAG-rich oils.

以甘肃省陇南市经济林研究院种质资源库的狮子头、茂汶大红袍、实生大红袍3 个品种花椒为试材,利用反相高效液相色谱法检测麻味物质、电子鼻及气相色谱-质谱联用法分析挥发性物质,并对生长发育过程中风味物质的动态变化规律进行研究.同时,以麻味物质和挥发性物质作为评价指标,对 3 个品种花椒品质进行对比分析.结果表明,生长发育过程中3 个品种花椒果皮麻味物质的含量均随着果实的成熟而增加,并呈现不断累积的趋势,这与当地的采收时间相吻合,麻味物质含量从高到低依次为茂汶大红袍、狮子头、实生大红袍.电子鼻传感器W2W、W1W、W2S、W1S、W5S对3 个品种花椒挥发性物质均有较好的响应,其共有挥发性物质7 种,芳樟醇、柠檬烯和2-氨基苯甲酸-3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯-3-酯被连续检出且相对含量较高,各挥发性物质含量动态变化差异明显.以成熟期麻味物质与挥发性物质为花椒品质评价指标进行主成分分析,品质优劣顺序依次为茂汶大红袍、狮子头、实生大红袍.

In order to develop a new technique which can improve the yield of virgin olive oil（VOO）, while has no negative impact on the oil quality and is suitable for industrial production, high voltage pulsed electric field（PEF） treatment assisting traditional process was used to extract VOO from Leccino and Ezhi 8 olive fruits in Longnan, Gansu province. The effects of PEF treatment on VOO yield, physicochemical properties, total polyphenol content, fatty acid composition and relative content were studied by comparing with the traditional extraction process. The results showed that compared with the traditional extraction process, the average increase of VOO yield by PEF treatment was 15.38%, the average decrease of oil content in pomace was 22.28%, and the color, acid value, peroxide value, total polyphenol content, fatty acid composition and relative content of VOO had no significant effect overall. It is considered that, on the basis of traditional extraction technology, adding PEF treatment after crushing fresh fruit can significantly improve the VOO yield, and it has no negative effect on oil quality. The PEF processing has potential application value in the industrial production of VOO.

为从基因水平研究不同品种油橄榄果油脂品质差异及其差异基因的代谢通路,以甘肃省陇南市两个油橄榄品种'城固-32'和'奇迹'第4 成熟度果实为材料,分析两个品种油橄榄果油脂组成成分与理化性质差异,在此基础上,运用RNA-seq技术进行转录组分析,确定不同品种油橄榄果油脂品质形成差异的关键表达基因和相关代谢通路.结果表明:'城固-32'和'奇迹'油脂脂肪酸组成及含量、总酚和总黄酮含量、酸值和过氧化值有明显差异,在品质上表现为'奇迹'优于'城固-32';两个品种油橄榄共筛选出10 114 条差异基因,这些差异基因与核苷酸合成、代谢和生物调节相关的通路有关,主要在代谢途径、次生代谢产物生物合成途径中富集;差异基因在光合作用、碳固定代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、细胞色素P450 代谢通路中的上调或下调对油橄榄果油脂差异的形成具有重要作用.

In this work, integrated transcriptome and proteome to offer a new insight of the molecular mechanisms linked to the nutritional quality of Koroneiki and Chenggu-32 by RNA sequencing and 4D Label-free quantitative proteomics technology. Physical and chemical properties studies showed that the main nutrient content of Koroneiki was significantly higher than Chenggu-32, proved the quality of Koroneiki was better. Compared to Koroneiki, there were differences in expression levels of 10,115 genes and 723 proteins in Chenggu-32, mainly related to enzymes in lipid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Through the joint analysis of transcriptome and proteome, it was found that the differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed proteins on the association were mainly enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism and α-linolenic acid metabolism pathways, indicated that the nutritional quality of olive fruits was related to the two metabolic pathways. The results of this study identified key genes and proteins related to nutrient metabolism and accumulation in olive fruits, provided transcriptomic and proteomic information for the molecular mechanism of nutritional changes in olive fruit, it helps to develop higher quality olive trees.

为提高油橄榄果出油率、改善初榨橄榄油(VOO)品质,以甘肃陇南主栽的成熟度为7的莱星品种油橄榄鲜果为原料,考察压榨过程中新鲜橄榄叶(0、3％、5％)和复合果胶酶(0、0.01％、0.02％)添加量(以油橄榄果质量计)对油橄榄果出油率和VOO色泽、叶绿素含量、基本理化性质、总酚含量、脂肪酸组成及含量的影响.结果表明:添加适量的新鲜橄榄叶可提高出油率及总酚含量,降低酸值,但色泽加深,叶绿素含量和过氧化值升高;添加适量的复合果胶酶在提高出油率的同时,VOO的总酚含量上升,叶绿素含量和过氧化值降低,但酸值升高,色泽加深;压榨过程中添加新鲜橄榄叶和复合果胶酶对VOO脂肪酸组成没有影响,但对油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸等主要脂肪酸含量有一定影响.在压榨制取VOO时添加适量的新鲜橄榄叶与复合果胶酶可提高出油率,获得富含多酚的VOO.

以甘肃省陇南市经济林研究院种质资源库的 16 个品种的花椒为试材,采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chro-matography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)分析与鉴定其挥发性成分,结合聚类分析和主成分分析对花椒进行分类分析,通过中药色谱指纹图谱计算机相似性评价系统(2012A版)构建指纹图谱.结果表明,16 个品种花椒挥发性成分相近且挥发性物质种类差别较小,可分为醇类、烯烃类、酯类、酮类、醛类及苯类,其中醇类、烯烃类的种类较多且相对含量较高.聚类分析与主成分分析结果显示,16 个品种花椒间不存在差异性较大的品种.建立了花椒挥发性成分的 GC-MS指纹图谱,并标定 11 个共有峰为武都花椒特征峰.夹角余弦和皮尔逊相关系数分析的相似度均在 0.9 以上,表明指纹图谱建立的方法有效.研究结果可为武都花椒的产地识别、品质检测、品种分类、进化关系探究提供理论支撑.

以武都花椒为样品,采用有机溶剂浸提法提取试验样液,建立反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法同时测定花椒中羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素和羟基-γ-山椒素含量的方法.用迪马Silversil-C18色谱柱,以甲醇-0.1％磷酸溶液-乙腈(68∶30∶2,V/V/V)进行等度洗脱,检测波长270 nm,流速1mL·min-1,进样量20 μL,柱温30℃.结果表明,羟基-a-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素和羟基-γ-山椒素在各自质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 8),其检测限分别为0.059,0.092和0.037μg·mL-1,定量限分别为3.91,6.16和2.45 ng,且检测方法的精密度、重复性、稳定性以及准确性良好.使用该方法测得12批次供试品中羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素、羟基-γ-山椒素的含量分别为71.75～191.65,8.32～22.93和2.45～4.05 mg·g-1,相对标准偏差分别为 1.23％～3.99％,3.11％～4.98％和0.94％～3.54％.该方法适用于花椒中山椒素含量的测定,其结果可为武都花椒的质量评价与应用提供参考依据.

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is known as “the king of cancers”. Currently, gemcitabine (GEM) as the clinical drug of choice for chemotherapy of advanced pancreatic cancer has poor drug sensitivity and ineffective chemotherapy. Nardoguaianone L (G-6) is a novel guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid isolated from Nardostachys jatamansi DC., and it exhibits anti-tumor activity. Based on the newly discovered G-6 with anti-pancreatic cancer activity in our laboratory, this paper aimed to evaluate the potential value of the combination of G-6 and GEM in SW1990 cells, including cell viability, cell apoptosis, colony assay and tandem mass tags (TMT) marker-based proteomic technology. These results showed that G-6 combined with GEM significantly inhibited cell viability, and the effect was more obvious than that with single drug. In addition, the use of TMT marker-based proteomic technology demonstrated that the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway was activated after medication-combination. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assays were used to validate the proteomic results. Finally, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. In conclusion, G-6 combined with GEM induced an increase in ROS level and a decrease in MMP in SW1990 cells through the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, ultimately leading to apoptosis. G-6 improved the effect of GEM chemotherapy and may be used as a potential combination therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Pictilisib (GDC-0941) is a well-known dual inhibitor of class I PI3K and mTOR and is presently undergoing phase 2 clinical trials for cancer treatment. The present work investigated the dynamic behaviors and interaction mechanism between GDC-0941 and human serum albumin (HSA). Molecular docking and MD trajectory analyses revealed that GDC-0941 bound to HSA and that the binding site was positioned in subdomain IIA at Sudlow’s site I of HSA. The fluorescence intensity of HSA was strongly quenched by GDC-0941, and results showed that the HSA–GDC-0941 interaction was a static process caused by ground-state complex formation. The association constant of the HSA–GDC-0941 complex was approximately 105 M−1, reflecting moderate affinity. Thermodynamic analysis conclusions were identical with MD simulation results, which revealed that van der Waals interactions were the vital forces involved in the binding process. CD, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopic results revealed that GDC-0941 induced the structural change in HSA. Moreover, the conformational change of HSA affected its molecular sizes, as evidenced by AFM. This work provides a useful research strategy for exploring the interaction of GDC-0941 with HSA, thus helping in the understanding of the transport and delivery of dual inhibitors in the blood circulation system.