Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), primarily affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as swine, cattle, and sheep. As a core metabolic pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis, lipid metabolism is frequently hijacked by viruses via metabolic reprogramming mechanisms to support their infection cycle. Studies have demonstrated that positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses can reshape the host cell membrane system and modulate the lipid metabolic network, thereby constructing a favorable microenvironment for their invasion and replication. However, the molecular mechanisms by which FMDV—also a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus—promotes viral replication through the regulation of lipid metabolism remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we found that inhibiting the key enzymes involved in the lipid metabolic pathway could significantly suppress FMDV proliferation. Exogenous supplementation of the downstream products catalyzed by these key enzymes notably restored FMDV replication, indicating that FMDV replication is dependent on lipids. Furthermore, we observed a significant upregulation in the protein expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in host cells following FMDV infection. Inhibition of this enzyme led to a marked reduction in FMDV replication, suggesting that FMDV may enhance the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway to supply energy for its replication. In conclusion, this study comprehensively verified the critical role of lipid metabolism in FMDV replication through multidimensional assays involving the administration of inhibitors targeting key enzymes in the lipid metabolic pathway. These findings provide novel theoretical insights for the development of antiviral drugs and the prevention and control of FMD.

This study focuses on optimizing the liquid preservation protocol for Mongolian sheep semen at 17 °C. We systematically compared the protective effects of eight extender formulations on sperm quality and analyzed dynamic metabolic changes under optimal storage conditions via LC-MS/MS metabolomics, aiming to provide experimental evidence for improving semen preservation techniques and to establish a foundation for the selection of preservation media in future germplasm conservation efforts. By comparing eight diluents, a semen preservation formulation for Mongolian sheep was optimized. The eighth diluent, including fructose, lactose, and Tris, effectively sustained sperm motility during liquid storage at 17 °C. To clarify the underlying metabolic mechanism, LC-MS/MS metabolomics identified 2669 metabolites in spermatozoa at storage times of 0, 48, 96, and 144 h. Based on the metabolomics analysis of differential metabolites, three antioxidants including vitamin E (acting as the basic antioxidant protection), lycopene (for targeted inhibition of lipid peroxidation) and resveratrol (suggested to have endogenous protective effects) were used for exogenous addition experiments. Subsequently, the optimal concentrations for addition were screened: resveratrol (25 μM), lycopene (5 μM), and vitamin E (1.5 μM). Verification experiments revealed that each of the three antioxidants could independently sustain sperm viability above 50% for up to 7 days. Moreover, the combined supplementation exhibited a synergistic effect, increasing sperm viability to 55.05%. This study not only elucidates the underlying mechanism of sperm preservation at the metabolic level, but also provides a validated formulation basis and theoretical support for the development of efficient sheep semen preservatives.

The piggyBac+TET-on transposon induction system has a high efficiency in integrating exogenous genes in multiple cell types, can precisely integrate to reduce genomic damage, has a flexible gene expression regulation, and a strong genetic stability. When used in conjunction with somatic cell nuclear transfer experiments, it can precisely and effectively reveal the intrinsic mechanisms of early biological development. This study successfully reprogrammed black-boned sheep fibroblasts (SFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using the piggyBac+TET-on transposon system and investigated their impact on early embryonic development. Seven exogenous reprogramming factors (bovine OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMyc, porcine NANOG, Lin-28, and SV40 Large T) were delivered into SFs, successfully inducing iPSCs. A growth performance analysis revealed that iPSC clones exhibited a raised or flat morphology with clear edges, positive alkaline phosphatase staining, and normal karyotypes. The transcriptome analysis indicated a significant enrichment of iPSCs in oxidative phosphorylation and cell proliferation pathways, with an up-regulated expression of the ATP5B, SDHB, Bcl-2, CDK1, and Cyclin D1 genes and a down-regulated expression of BAX (p < 0.05). Somatic cell nuclear transfer experiments demonstrated that the cleavage rate (85% ± 2.12) and blastocyst rate (52% ± 2.11) of the iPSCs were significantly higher than those of the SFs (p < 0.05). The detection of trilineage marker genes confirmed that the expression levels of endoderm (DCN, NANOS3, FOXA2, FOXD3, SOX17), mesoderm (KDR, CD34, NFH), and ectoderm (NEUROD) markers in iPSCs were significantly higher than in SFs (p < 0.01). The findings demonstrate that black-boned sheep iPSCs possess pluripotency and the potential to differentiate into all three germ layers, revealing the mechanisms by which reprogrammed iPSCs influence early embryonic development and providing a critical foundation for research on sheep pluripotent stem cells.

Bactrian camels, large domesticated animals adapted to extreme environments, have evolved under natural and artificial selection to suit their living conditions and meet human needs. In arid and semi-arid regions, they provide valuable resources through economically important traits such as meat, milk, and wool production, contributing significantly to both economy and ecology. However, research on gene function, adaptive evolution, and molecular mechanisms underlying complex traits in Bactrian camels remains limited, constraining the full utilization of their breeding potential and conservation efforts.To address this gap, we performed whole-genome resequencing (WGS) on 35 domesticated Bactrian camels from the Chinese Sunite local population and integrated this data with publicly available WGS data from 112 Asian Bactrian camels. Our comprehensive analysis revealed significant genetic differences and genomic features between wild and domesticated Bactrian camels. We further integrated 27 epigenomic (ATAC-seq) and transcriptomic (RNA-seq) datasets from eight biologically important tissues of four Bactrian camels, along with skeletal muscle scRNA-seq and scATAC data. This allowed us to identify tissue-specific genes, regulatory elements, and genes under positive selection.Our integrated analysis identified target genes and their upstream regulatory elements, including potential regulatory transcription factors, with a focus on positively selected regions in Bactrian camel muscle tissue. We constructed regulatory pathways from key SNPs to regulatory elements to genes, and for the first time, identified regulatory elements in major tissues of the Bactrian camel genome. Our results also summarized the single-cell transcriptional landscape of Bactrian camel skeletal muscle, revealing cellular heterogeneity and genetic expression patterns across two developmental stages.This comprehensive regulatory element map provides a valuable resource for genetic and genomic studies in Bactrian camels. It reveals key regulatory networks, important genes, and regulatory elements influencing muscle development, as well as potentially significant functional variants affecting meat production traits. These findings will provide crucial data support for future genetic improvement and breeding efforts in Bactrian camels. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study designed three sgRNAs (sgRNA139, sgRNA128, and sgRNA109) targeting the prolactin gene receptor (PRLR) in fetal cattle, utilized Cas9 to cleave endogenous DNA, and screened stable cell lines for somatic cell nuclear transfer experiments to investigate the impact of different editing sites on embryonic development. The results showed that sgRNA139 had the highest cleavage efficiency (Fcut = 0.65, Indels = 42.19%), while sgRNA109 had the lowest (Fcut = 0.45, Indels = 35.31%). No significant differences were observed in cell growth status after electroporation (p > 0.05), and the transfection efficiency exceeded 90% after five days of culture. In the evaluation of key embryonic development indicators, sgRNA109 significantly reduced the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate (p < 0.01), whereas sgRNA139 showed no significant effect on the cleavage rate (p > 0.05), but its blastocyst rate was slightly lower than that of the control group (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that highly specific sgRNAs and stable edited cell lines used as donor cells can significantly regulate the later stages of embryonic development. This study not only provides new experimental evidence for the functional study of the PRLR but also lays an important theoretical foundation for the innovation of molecular breeding technologies in dairy cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Due to its zoonotic nature, this disease not only significantly impacts livestock productivity but also poses a serious threat to human health. FMDV exhibits distinct host specificity, mainly infecting cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and deer, while perissodactyl animals like horses and donkeys show natural resistance. Elucidating the interspecies differences in response to FMDV infection is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of the virus. In this study, we report that FMDV infection in horse epithelial cells induces the production of lactate, which modulates the function of VDAC1 protein through lactylation, facilitating the release of mtDNA from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. This process activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which stimulates interferon-β expression and suppresses FMDV replication. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism behind horse resistance to FMDV and lay a theoretical foundation for further research concerning the differential pathogenesis of FMDV infection across species. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

IntroductionThe longissimus dorsi muscle of Bactrian camels holds significant biological and economic value. However, the cellular heterogeneity, lineage differentiation patterns, and intercellular communication mechanisms underlying its skeletal muscle development remain unclear, which has hampered the advancement of precise regulation of camel meat quality traits and genetic improvement of the breed. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to elucidate the developmental regulatory mechanisms of this muscle tissue at the single-cell level.MethodsIn this study, longissimus dorsi muscle tissues from 4-day-old (juvenile) and 5-year-old (adult) Bactrian camels were selected as research subjects. Integrated single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) was employed to obtain gene expression data, which was coupled with Monocle2 pseudotime analysis, CellChat-based intercellular communication dissection, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, and C2C12 cell functional validation experiments to conduct a systematic investigation into the cellular characteristics and developmental mechanisms of the Bactrian camel longissimus dorsi muscle.ResultsA total of 14 cell clusters were identified, and the cellular composition of muscle tissues differed significantly between age groups—juvenile camel muscles were enriched with proliferative cell populations such as muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) and fibroblast-like progenitor cells (FAPs), while adult camel muscles were dominated by mature type IIX/IIA fast-twitch muscle fibers. Further analysis revealed that MuSCs exhibited bidirectional differentiation potential towards type I slow-twitch muscle fibers and type IIA/IIX fast-twitch muscle fibers, and the PCDH7 gene was found to promote myogenic differentiation. Additionally, four FAP subpopulations were characterized, among which the MME+ FAP subpopulation was closely associated with intramyocellular fat (IMF) deposition.DiscussionThis study, for the first time, constructed a single-cell atlas and intercellular communication network of the Bactrian camel longissimus dorsi muscle, uncovered the key regulatory mechanisms governing its skeletal muscle development, and identified functionally important regulatory targets such as PCDH7. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for the precise improvement of camel meat quality but also laid the groundwork for in-depth investigations into the adaptive evolutionary mechanisms of camel skeletal muscle.

The intensification of global climate warming exacerbates the issue of heat stress in dairy cows, making the SLICK mutation in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene a critical target for enhancing heat tolerance in these animals. This study aims to investigate the effects of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the PRLR gene on the biological characteristics of bovine fibroblasts and early embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we targeted and edited a 20 bp–150 bp region within exon nine of the PRLR gene. After conducting off-target predictions and activity screenings, we identified optimal guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences and established stable transgenic cell lines. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on edited cells to identify key genes and validate their expression profiles. Edited cells were utilized as donor cells for SCNT, during which we assessed oocyte levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial function to analyze embryonic developmental performance. We constructed a cellular stress resistance network aimed at mitigating damage transmission while maintaining embryonic developmental homeostasis. This research provides technical support and theoretical reference for genetic editing breeding programs aimed at improving heat tolerance in dairy cattle.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) has transformed animal genetic improvement, gene-editing in model production, xenotransplantation, and conservation efforts for endangered species. However, SCNT-derived embryos occasionally display developmental abnormalities, and following embryo transfer, the miscarriage rate is high. Gene-edited fetuses may experience birth defects, resulting in decreased survival rates. Correct selection of nuclear donor cells is essential for the success of somatic cell cloning. Fibroblasts are the most commonly used cells, but their rapid proliferation increases the risk of genetic mutation, impairing embryo development and production. Conversely, amniotic cells have slower proliferation rates, decreasing the mutation risk during cultivation. Amniotic cells are thus better SCNT candidates than fibroblasts because they offer genomic stability, low tumorigenic and teratogenic risks, reduced immunogenicity, high differentiation potential, ease of accessibility, and fewer ethical concerns. Cells derived from first-generation gene-edited animals exhibit stable genetic structures, reduced susceptibility to genetic alterations and artificial modifications, closely resembling natural cells, and enhanced compatibility with SCNT procedures. Amniotic cells derived from gene-edited sheep fetuses used as nuclear donor cells for SCNT successfully recloned three healthy second-generation gene-edited sheep. Using amniotic cells as nuclear donor cells for SCNT did not significantly alter embryo cleavage rates, blastocyst formation, or fetal birth compared to edited fibroblasts (p > 0.05). However, fetal survival rates were significantly higher than edited fibroblasts (p < 0.05). The results support the potential of amniotic cells as SCNT alternatives, suggesting a promising strategy to improve gene-edited fetus survival rates using first-generation gene-edited sheep-derived amniotic cells.

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important pathogen of the MicroRNA virus family. Infection of livestock can cause physical weakness, weight loss, reduced milk production, and a significant reduction in productivity for an extended period. It also causes a high mortality rate in young animals, seriously affecting livestock production. The host range of FMDV is mainly limited to cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep, while odd-toed ungulates such as horses and donkeys have natural resistance to FMDV. The mechanism underlying this resistance in odd-toed ungulates remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the differences between FMDV-infected cattle and horses to provide valuable insights into the host-FMDV interaction mechanisms, thereby contributing to the control of foot-and-mouth disease and promoting the development of the livestock industry. Methods: We observed the distribution of integrins, which help FMDV enter host cells, in the nasopharyngeal tissues of cattle and horses using immunohistochemistry. Then, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study the changes in host gene expression in the nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues of cattle and horses after FMDV infection. We performed enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways after FMDV infection and validated related genes through qPCR. Results: The immunohistochemical results showed that both cattle and horses had four integrin receptors that could assist FMDV entry into host cells. The transcriptome analysis revealed that after FMDV infection, pro-apoptotic genes such as caspase-3 (CASP3) and cytochrome C (CYCS) were upregulated in cattle, while apoptosis-inhibiting genes such as NAIP and BCL2A1 were downregulated. In contrast, the expression trend of related genes in horses was opposite to that in cattle. Additionally, autophagy-related genes such as beclin 1, ATG101, ATG4B, ATG4A, ATG13, and BCL2A1 were downregulated in cattle after FMDV infection, indicating that cattle did not clear the virus through autophagy. However, key autophagy genes including ATG1, ATG3, ATG9, ATG12, and ATG16L1 were significantly upregulated in horses after viral infection. Conclusion: Both water buffaloes and Mongolian horses express integrin receptors that allow FMDV entry into cells. Therefore, the resistance of Mongolian horses to FMDV may result from more changes in intracellular mechanisms, including processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Significant differences were observed between water buffaloes and Mongolian horses in these processes, suggesting that these processes influence FMDV replication and synthesis.

1 前言 目前生猪养殖业人工授精主要使用的是鲜精,冻精使用比例仅占1％左右.猪精液的低温保存研究早在18世纪60年代就开始了,研究初期复苏精子的活力仅达到30％,随着研究的不断进行,20世纪初冷冻后复苏猪精子活力可达到60％,但仍然达不到生产要求,无法应用于商品猪养殖.20世纪70年代,我国开始以液氮作为冷冻源进行精液冷冻保存的研究,20世纪90年代以后冷冻精液从颗粒型转变为细管型.1977年,我国成立猪精液冷冻技术研究相关小组,对猪精液冷冻问题展开深入研究相关规范操作.由于猪每次射精量大,精子质膜不饱和脂肪酸比例高等特殊的生物学特性,冷冻—解冻过程中容易受到损伤,与鲜精相比还具有很大差距.低温保存精液用于人工授精后,母猪的受胎率、分娩率、窝产仔数均低于鲜精,其繁殖效果不尽人意.

我国处于传统马业向现代马业转变的重要阶段,针对我国马业发展的技术需求,本研究开展马发情、排卵鉴定与调控、人工授精、非手术法胚胎采集和胚胎移植等马胚胎移植技术体系的关键技术的研究,建立马非手术法胚胎移植技术体系.结果发现,B超检查法能够精准的判断母马发情与排卵情况;母马排卵第5天,肌肉注射0.2 mgPGF2α后的发情率为63.2％,母马卵泡直径≥30 mm;静脉注射1 500 IU hCG,36～48 h排卵比例为84.3％;采用子宫角输精技术,母马情期受胎率为85.4％;选取乳酸钠林格注射液作为冲胚液,IMV胚胎保存液作为洗胚液,在马受孕后7～8 d进行胚胎采集(囊胚),成功率为72.8％,胚胎移植成功率为83.3％.结果表明,马非手术法胚胎移植技术体系的建立,可获得稳定的较高人工授精、胚胎移植成功率,可用于商业化、规模化推广应用.

Background: Mongolian cattle (MC) is one of an ancient livestock breeds with good economic traits such as adaptation to Mongolian Plateau extreme low temperature in winter, resistant to pathogenic organisms infection and high quality meat. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying these, the whole genome sequencing and comparative transcriptome sequencing of MC were performed.Results：By genome sequencing and structure variation analysis, 8 genes related to pathogenic organisms infection, including 4 members of bata-defensins gene family (LAP, DEFB1, DEFB2, and DEFB5), 2 members of interferon (IFN) gene family (IFNW1 and IFNT2) and 2 genes coding for BoLA proteins(Mongolian_cattle_21532 and Mongolian_cattle_19448) were found in MC genome inversion region. By transcriptome-sequencing, it was elucidated that 8 genes (FATP, FABP, PEPCK, SCP-X, ADIPO, FABP1, SCD-1, APO) related to PPARα pathway, 23 genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and 10 P450 genes (CYP7B1, CYP4V2, CYP3A5, CYP11A1, CYP2C18, CYP2B6, CYP7A1, CYP2R1, CYP2E1, CYP27B1) were significantly up-regulated in winter MC transcriptomes, comparative to summer MC transcriptomes.Conclusions: Here, we characterized 41 genes implicated in fatty acid metabolism were up-regulated in winter MC transcriptomes. These genes probably account for the MC adaptation to extreme low temperature. At the same time, 8 genes in MC genome inversion region were discovered. And these genes gave clue to the MC resistant to pathogenic organisms infection. In sum, our revealed genes are of important for us to understand the molecular mechanisms of MC to adapt to their environments and valuable for cattle breeding.

在马(Equus caballus)的繁殖和非繁殖季节,本研究探讨马扩展型(Ex)和紧凑型(Cp)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)卵母细胞的孤雌激活效率.在繁殖季节,探讨马驹和成年马成纤维细胞核移植(SCNT)的成功率.孤雌激活实验结果显示,在繁殖季节,发育到2-细胞、4-细胞和桑椹胚的比例,扩展型(Ex)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体分别是52.8％ (19/36)、38.9％ (14/36)和5.6％ (2/36),紧凑型(Cp)卵丘-卵母细胞复合体分别是47.9％ (23/48)、33.3％ (16/48)和6.2％ (3/48).在非繁殖季节,发育到2-细胞、4-细胞的比例,扩展型(Ex)分别是37.2％ (16/43)和16.3％ (7/43),紧凑型(Cp)的比例分别是35.1％ (27/77)和11.7％ (9/77),都没有获得桑椹胚.同一季节,扩展型(Ex)与紧凑型(Cp)胚胎发育的比率差异不显著(P＞0.05),不同季节,两者差异显著(P＜0.05).体细胞核移植实验结果显示,以马驹成纤维细胞作为核供体细胞,胚胎发育到2-细胞、4～8细胞和桑椹胚的比例分别是41.5％(22/53)、33.9％ (18/53)和15.1％ (8/53),以成年马成纤维细胞作为核供体细胞,比例分别是38.9％(7/18)、22.2％ (4/18),没有获得桑椹胚.综上所述,季节和卵丘巧卵母细胞复合体(COCs)类型影响马卵母细胞孤雌激活的效率,不同核供体细胞影响克隆胚胎构建的成功率.

The genetic variation in Northern Asian populations is currently undersampled. To address this, we generated a new genetic variation reference panel by whole-genome sequencing of 175 ethnic Mongolians, representing six tribes. The cataloged variation in the panel shows strong population stratification among these tribes, which correlates with the diverse demographic histories in the region. Incorporating our results with the 1000 Genomes Project panel identifies derived alleles shared between Finns and Mongolians/Siberians, suggesting that substantial gene flow between northern Eurasian populations has occurred in the past. Furthermore, we highlight that North, East, and Southeast Asian populations are more aligned with each other than these groups are with South Asian and Oceanian populations.

本研究以内蒙古自治区生物制造重点实验室应用基因打靶技术和TALEN技术获得的靶除FGF5基因的内蒙古白绒山羊为材料,通过对其进行绒毛指标测定,探讨了基因打靶技术和TALEN技术靶除FGF5基因对绒山羊绒毛性状的影响,并在国内外首次将模糊数学的模糊综合评价方法运用于两种基因编辑技术的评价.结果表明与对照白绒山羊相比,基因打靶技术获得靶除FGF5基因绒山羊的绒长度明显降低、细度明显变粗和毛长度明显增加;TALEN技术获得靶除FGF5基因绒山羊的绒长度明显增加.模糊综合评价结果说明在2只不同敲除技术的绒山羊个体中,应用TALEN技术敲除的绒山羊和基因打靶技术敲除的绒山羊在毛被性能改善方面是有差异的.

Current research has determined that many cloned animals have heterogeneous DNA methylation profiles. However, few studies have compared the methylation profiles of both naturally produced lambs and cloned lambs created using somatic cell nuclear transfer. The paucity of research in this area is because of insufficient resources to study limited cloned offspring, the ovine genome, and ovine genomic imprinting. In this study, to show the degree of reprogramming in cloned lambs, we cloned the putative differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of Peg3 from sheep and analyzed the DNA methylation patterns in CpG islands and DMRs of the putative imprinted genes Peg3, Cdkrzlc and GO in cloned lambs. We have provided evidence that Peg3 was highly methylated. The degree of methylation was 95.45% in the kidney and 88.18% in the lung of a natural sheep and 98.18% in the kidney and 87.27% in the lung for one cloned sheep. The bisulphite sequencing results for Cdknlc show complete non-methylation (0%, 0.53%, 0.53%, 0.53%) in all samples. In addition, Gd2 was hypomethylated in all lambs, from a linear correlation analysis, there were some differences in the quantitative values from both groups (correlation 72. 0.77). These data show that the DNA methylation status of the three imprinted genes was similar in cloned and natural lambs.

为培育含ω-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)丰富的转基因奶牛新材料,本试验将fat-1基因转染到Holstein奶牛胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选获得的转基因阳性克隆细胞株,通过核移植方法构建转基因重构胚胎,比较了非转基因与转基因重构胚体外发育情况,并移植到代孕母牛子宫角.妊娠足月产下犊牛后,对犊牛进行转基因的DNA以及mRNA的表达鉴定.结果显示,非转基因与转基因重构胚囊胚率分别为32.1％和28.1％,两者之间无显著差异(P＞0.05).受体母牛的妊娠率为66.7％(6/9),其中3头母牛妊娠足月(50％).自然分娩3头克隆牛,体细胞克隆牛的效率为20％(出生小牛头数/移植胚胎数).经PCR鉴定,这3头小牛中有1头为转fat-1基因阳性,其余2头均为阴性,转基因阳性率为33.3％.

Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are economically important livestock. Although the Bactrian camel and dromedary are large, typically arid-desert-adapted mammals, alpacas are adapted to plateaus. Here we present high-quality genome sequences of these three species. Our analysis reveals the demographic history of these species since the Tortonian Stage of the Miocene and uncovers a striking correlation between large fluctuations in population size and geological time boundaries. Comparative genomic analysis reveals complex features related to desert adaptations, including fat and water metabolism, stress responses to heat, aridity, intense ultraviolet radiation and choking dust. Transcriptomic analysis of Bactrian camels further reveals unique osmoregulation, osmoprotection and compensatory mechanisms for water reservation underpinned by high blood glucose levels. We hypothesize that these physiological mechanisms represent kidney evolutionary adaptations to the desert environment. This study advances our understanding of camelid evolution and the adaptation of camels to arid-desert environments.

本试验旨在研究绵羊孕酮控制释放器(CIDR)放置时间、不同饲养管理模式、重复超数排卵次数及超数排卵后发情时间对绵羊超数排卵的影响.CIDR放置不同时间结果显示,第10天起针组的平均可用胚胎数(P＜0.05)、胚胎可用率(P＜0.01)均高于第13天起针组;不同饲养管理模式结果显示,舍饲羊平均可用胚胎数、胚胎可用率极显著高于放牧羊(P＜0.01);不同次数超数排卵结果显示,第2次超数排卵效果好于其他5次,与第3次之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),与其他4次之间差异显著(P＜0.05);通过比较绵羊超数排卵后发情效果发现,绵羊超数排卵后发情24 h的胚胎利用效果最佳.综上所述,CIDR放置时间、不同饲养管理模式、重复超数排卵次数对供体绵羊超数排卵效果的影响极显著,且供体绵羊超数排卵后发情24 h的胚胎利用效果最佳.