BACKGROUND Chronic liver injury is a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Honghua Qinggan Shisanwei Wan (HHQG), a traditional Mongolian medicinal formula comprising 13 herbal components, is reputed for its efficacy in clearing liver heat, detoxifying the liver, and treating "Yama" disease. However, the precise mechanisms by which HHQG regulates macrophage polarization - a critical process in liver inflammation and repair - remain inadequately defined. AIM To elucidate the effects of HHQG on macrophage polarization and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS A carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver injury mouse model and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line were employed. The effects of HHQG on macrophage polarization were assessed through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and cell counting kit-8 assays. This study employed the molecular docking method to simulate the interactions between the key compounds of HHQG (Apigenin, Emodin, Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin) and the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) and NR4A2. RESULTS Toxicity experiments demonstrated that HHQG showed no significant hepatotoxicity at the tested doses. In the CCL4-induced liver injury model, HHQG significantly alleviated weight loss, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, ameliorated liver tissue necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and collagen deposition, and effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6]. Transcriptome analysis indicated that HHQG activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and lipid metabolism-related pathways, inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase and other inflammation-related pathways, and regulated the expression of genes related to macrophage polarization (such as upregulating Nr4a1/2, Ppargc1a, and downregulating CCR2, Ly6C1/2). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical assays showed that HHQG could reduce the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages (decreased F4/80, CD11b, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4), promote the expression of M2-related anti-inflammatory factors (C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, YM-1, transforming growth factor-beta, IL-10), and upregulate the expression of transcription factors NR4A1/NR4A2 in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro RAW264.7 cell experiments further confirmed that 50 mu g/mL and 100 mu g/mL HHQG inhibited M1 pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced the expression of M2 genes and NR4A1/NR4A2. Molecular docking results showed that in terms of binding affinity, apigenin exhibited the lowest Vina score (-8.2) in the NR4A1 system, while quercetin showed the lowest Vina score (-8.2) in the NR4A2 system. CONCLUSION HHQG exhibits significant hepatoprotective effects by regulating macrophage polarization.

Propose:To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Tonglaga-5 (TLG5) in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Methods:The chemical compositions of TLG5 in both in vitro and systemic circulation were analyzed using UPLC-Q/TOF MSE. Network pharmacology was applied to predict the therapeutic effects of TLG5 on chronic diarrhea. Molecular docking was utilized to assess the binding affinity between key bioactive compounds and their corresponding targets. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, model, and TLG5 treatment. Corresponding administration included a standard diet, a high-lactose diet of varying concentrations, and TLG5 by gavage during modeling. Transcriptomic analysis was employed to assess gene expression changes in intestinal tissues. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing. qPCR and immunohistochemistry technologies were adopted to analyze the expression of genes and proteins associated with intestinal barrier integrity. ELISA was performed to quantify levels of bile acids and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results:UPLC-Q/TOF MSE identified 118 compounds in vitro and 52 in the systemic circulation. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that the in vitro and in vivo components of TLG5 were associated with five core targets and five key compounds, respectively. RNA sequencing analysis showed that TLG5 treatment inhibited the inflammatory pathway. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that TLG5 administration led to an upregulation of beneficial microbial populations and a concomitant downregulation of pathogenic bacteria. The TLG5 treatment group presented a reduction in necrotic areas and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as preservation of the mucosal structure, with a marked decline in inflammatory lesions. Moreover, TLG5 treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of SCFAs and bile acids in the cecum. Conclusion:TLG5 exerts therapeutic effects on chronic diarrhea through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of intestinal microbiota diversity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and attenuation of inflammatory responses.

目的 探讨螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白对乙醇致氧化应激小鼠抗氧化能力的影响.方法 将48只雌性KM小鼠随机分为空白、模型、低剂量、高剂量组,每组12只.低、高剂量组小鼠经灌胃分别给予藻蓝蛋白0.15和0.30 g/kg体质量,1次/d,连续灌胃42 d,称量小鼠体质量;末次灌胃后禁食16 h(过夜),1次性灌胃50％乙醇,12 mL/kg体质量,模型组小鼠仅进行50％乙醇灌胃,空白组不灌胃.6 h后经摘眼球采血,分离血清,相应试剂盒检测8-表氢氧异前列腺素(8-iso-prostane)含量.无菌取各组小鼠肝组织,经研磨离心后,取上清,相应试剂盒检测蛋白质羰基、谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)含量,并分析小鼠体质量与GSH的相关性.结果 与空白组比较,模型组小鼠体质量增加,但差异无统计学意义(F=1.585,P＞0.05);血清中8-isoprostane、肝组织中蛋白质羰基和GSH含量均显著升高(F分别为11.697、13.582、17.213,P均＜0.05);肝组织中GSH-Px含量下降,但差异无统计学意义(F=5.978,P＞0.05).与模型组比较,低、高剂量组小鼠体质量明显下降(F分别为4.125和18.842,P均＜0.05);血清中8-isoprostane及肝组织中蛋白质羰基含量均明显降低(F=10.695～40.512,P均＜0.01);肝组织中GSH-Px和GSH含量均显著提高(F=42.654～76.379,P均＜0.01).小鼠肝组织中GSH含量与小鼠体质量呈负相关(R2=0.013 49,P＞0.05).结论 藻蓝蛋白可降低乙醇至氧化应激小鼠的氧化损伤,提高抗氧化能力,同时可降低小鼠体质量.

大学课堂目前仍然是在校大学生接受教育的主要场所,在学生接受专业课程教育的同时培养学生将专业知识应用到实际中,使学生自由地发挥个人潜质,为生命的成长确定方向,为社会、为人类的进步做出贡献.本团队近年来以立德树人为引领,以培养能力型、创新型一流医学人才为导向,针对《医学遗传学》课程,以课堂教学改革为"突破口",以学生为中心,在教学方式、教学内容、教学手段、思政元素的融入、成绩评定等方面进行了创新性改革实践与探索.通过近三年的教学实践,课堂教学效果明显,学生的课堂参与度及学习主动性、积极性均有明显提升.此外,学生的创新能力、沟通能力和团队合作等方面也得到了很好的锻炼,为他们后续专业课程的学习、科研及将来的临床工作打下了坚实的基础.

目的:确定热水浸提法提取内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖的最优条件.方法:选取热水浸提法提取内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖,把内蒙古肉苁蓉作为原材料,以内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖提取率为响应值,通过单因素实验找到最优单因素条件,再将单因素实验结果利用响应面法对内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖的提取条件进行优化.结果:实验结果表明,热水浸提法的最优条件是:液料比为45∶1(mL∶g)、热水浸提温度为 100℃,时间为 130 min、乙醇醇沉浓度为 100%.在此条件下,内蒙古肉苁蓉的多糖提取率为11.207%,与响应面法预测值 11.609%非常接近.结论:通过实验证明采用响应面法对内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖提取工艺得到的优化条件合理可靠,可为下一步工业化生产提供可靠的依据.

医学遗传学是连接基础医学与临床医学的学科,是一门应用性强的学科,在现代医学教育体系中发挥着重要作用.医学遗传学中的遗传咨询是遗传病预防的一个重要环节,对于降低遗传病的发病率有着重要意义.文章根据遗传咨询的关心咨询者、尊重自主权、尊重知情权、尊重隐私权的伦理原则,在角色扮演的同时让学生们感受到思政元素,提升学生学习、记忆效率,简化教学程序,提升医学生人文素质水平.笔者清楚学校办学特色并将其与专业优势相结合,紧扣时代发展的规律,培养学生"博学、尚行、精诚、至善"、勇于担当、开拓创新的伟大精神,争当优秀的新时代中国青年大学生.同时与学生评价相结合,为医学遗传学其他内容的课程思政建设提供了参考.

为考察黄芪多糖(APS)通过调节肠道菌群对高脂饮食引起的肠道慢性炎症的治疗作用,选取30只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(C,正常饮食)、模型组(M,高脂饮食)、黄芪多糖处理组(D,高脂饮食并给予2 g/dL黄芪多糖溶液),每组10只,于第11周取血清,剥离脾脏、肾脏周围脂肪组织并称质量.收集小鼠粪便用于16S rRNA高通量测序.ELISA检测血清TC、TG、IgA、IgG、IgM、LPS、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平.结果表明,APS增加拟杆菌门相对丰度,降低厚壁菌门相对丰度,升高拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门比值,增加双歧杆菌相对丰度,降低脂多糖(LPS)水平,减少炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的释放,提高脾脏指数,促进IgA、IgG、IgM分泌.由此推测黄芪多糖能够调节肠道菌群结构,增强小鼠免疫功能,抑制LPS引起的肠道炎症.

目的 鉴定分别采于鄂尔多斯市巴彦淖尔碱湖的3种藻株,命名为sp.DD、sp.ER、sp.FB;采自哈素海的藻株,命名为sp.HS;获赠于中国海洋大学的藻株命名为sp.QD的5种藻株,并做系统发育分析.方法 将采集的藻液进行分离纯化,获得目的藻株,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增ITS序列片段,进行序列测定和聚类分析.结果 系统发育分 析表明,sp.HS 与 Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2 在同一支上,同源性为 99.59％;sp.DD 单 独一支,与 Arthrospira platensis"Inner Mongolia"的同源性为 88.01％;sp.QD 与 Arthrospira platensis F3S 在同一支上,同源性为 99.60％;sp.ER与 sp.FB 聚为一支,与 Arthrospira erdosensis"Inner Mongolia"同源性为 99.18％.结论 经鉴定 sp.HS、sp.DD、sp.QD 为Arthrospira platensis,sp.ER与sp.FB为Arthrospira erdosensis,并揭示内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区节旋藻藻种间的系统发育关系.

Biochemistry is a basic medical course which is quite difficult for students as it's characterized by the abstract contents, deep theories and complex knowledge points especially in the metabolic pathways part.In order to solve the teaching pain points, the "hand as foot" teaching method is introduced in the teaching, and the abstract and difficult spatial structure is demonstrated with the familiar special parts of hands and feet, upper limbs and lower limbs, which can effectively improve students' thinking ability, inductive and comparative ability, and enhance their learning interest.

Literature Tracing Teaching Method refers to the process of tracing a specific word source, dating back to the original literature of a specific word, to understand the formulation of a specific word.Start with tracing the first literature and tracking the evolution process.Using Literature Tracing Teaching Method to explain the course difficult content, guide students in the learning process of the method, according to the chapter's characteristic of medical genetics course, analyze the course problems, and from the teaching content analysis, teachers' class preparation, students' class discussion and after-class task layout, in order to find more suitable for the new era university medical genetics course teaching method.

Background Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method. Methods The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method. Results After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency. Conclusions The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.

To study the mechanism of lactoferrin (LF) regulating metabolic disorders in nutritionally obese mice through intestinal microflora. Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, model group and LF treatment group. The mice in control group were fed with maintenance diet and drank freely. The mice in model group were fed with high fat diet and drank freely. The mice in LF treatment group were fed with high fat diet and drinking water containing 2% LF freely. Body weight was recorded every week. Visceral fat ratio was measured at week 12. Blood glucose and serum lipid level were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The gut microbiota of mice was examined using 16 s rRNA sequencing method. LF treatment significantly reduced the levels of visceral adipose ratio, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in high-fat diet mice ( p < 0.05). It can be seen that drinking water with 2% LF had a significant impact on metabolic disorders. At the same time, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio(F/B) of LF treated mice was decreased. The abundance of Deferribacteres, Oscillibacter, Butyricicoccus, Acinetobacter and Mucispirillum in LF treatment group were significantly decreased, and the abundance of Dubosiella was significantly increased ( p < 0.05). In the LF-treated group, the expression levels of glucose metabolism genes in gut microbiota were increased, and the expression levels of pyruvate metabolism genes were decreased. It can be seen that metabolic disorders were related to intestinal flora. In conclusion, LF regulates metabolic disorders by regulating intestinal flora.

To study the growth rate of different Arthrospira strains, three species of Arthrospira from Ordos alkaline lake, labeled as sp.DD, sp.ER, sp.FB, one species of Arthrospira from Hasu Sea in Hohhot, labeled as sp.HS, another purified strain labeled as sp.QD donated by the Ocean University of China had been collected. The first four need to be further isolated and purified in culture. The growth curves of all strains were plotted. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequences were amplified and sequenced in an attempt to study taxonomic relationships. The results showed that the growth rate was increased in the first 9 days, and sp.DD had the highest growth rate. Analysis of the sequencing results revealed that sp.HS had 99.79% homology with Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2, sp.DD had 99.69% homology with Arthrospira platensis FACHB834, sp.QD had 99.54% homology with Arthrospira platensis F3S, sp.ER had 99.79% homology with Arthrospira erdosensis 'Inner Mongolia', sp.FB had 99.74% homology with Arthrospira erdosensis 'Inner Mongolia'. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sp.HS was closely related to Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2; sp.DD and sp.QD had a close genetic relationship; sp.ER and sp.FB had a close genetic relationship. In conclusion, these findings provide a theoretical basis for the further development and reproduction of dominant algae species in Inner Mongolia through biological analysis of Arthrospira.

目的 从学科特点出发,阐述思维导图在医学生物学课程教学中的应用效果.方法 选取我校2019级临床医学专业1～5班191名学生为对照班,6～10班197名学生为实验班,以期末考试成绩评价教学效果.结果 实验班期末考试成绩显著高于对照班,访谈发现实验班大多数学生认为思维导图有助于理清知识脉络,激发思维,提高复习效率.结论 思维导图的应用解决了学生在学习医学生物学课程时无法形成知识体系的问题,有效激发了学生学习兴趣.

目的 本研究检测了鄂尔多斯地区螺旋藻中藻蓝蛋白的组成成分,讨论了藻蓝蛋白对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及对Hep-G2肝癌细胞生长的影响.方法 选取雌性KM小鼠(体质量25～30 g)随机分为4组,分别为空白对照组(C组)、模型对照组(M组)、藻蓝蛋白低剂量组(L组)、藻蓝蛋白高剂量组(H组).各组小鼠自由取食、自由饮水,其中L组和H组小鼠采取灌胃法每日给予鄂尔多斯螺旋藻的藻蓝蛋白分别是0.15 g/kg、0.30 g/kg,灌胃42 d.末次灌胃后,各组小鼠禁食16 h,仍通过灌胃方式根据每千克体质量一次性给予12 mL 50％乙醇,6 h后收集血液样本及肝脏样本,检测血清中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,检测肝脏组织中蛋白质羰基含量、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量.同时也检测藻蓝蛋白对肝癌细胞Hep-G2增殖作用的影响.结果 鄂尔多斯螺旋藻的藻蓝蛋白中常量元素锌、铁、钙含量均较高,而重金属元素未检出或含量极少.同时检测出藻蓝蛋白中氨基酸的含量为35.3/100 g.还发现长期服用藻蓝蛋白可以显著降低急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清中MDA含量和肝脏组织中蛋白质羰基的含量,显著增加血清中SOD和肝脏组织中GSH含量,并且呈现出剂量依赖性.在细胞实验中,藻蓝蛋白可显著抑制肝癌Hep-G2细胞的增殖作用.结论 鄂尔多斯地区螺旋藻的藻蓝蛋白从成分上分析食用更安全可靠,同时藻蓝蛋白通过升高SOD和GSH含量及降低MDA和蛋白质羰基含量保护小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤,以及藻蓝蛋白具有显著抑制肝癌细胞增殖的作用.

目的 研究氯化钙干预下高脂饮食小鼠的体质量、血脂、血糖、LPS指标变化,应用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测氯化钙干预下高脂小鼠肠道菌群变化,探索氯化钙通过调节肠道微生物组成对高脂肪饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖的影响.方法 将30只雄性C57BL/6野生型小鼠随机分为对照组(C)、模型组(M)、氯化钙处理组(D),每组10只.C组喂标准饲料和饮用水,M组喂高脂饲料和饮用水,D组喂高脂饲料和1.5 g/100 mL氯化钙.连续喂养11周,11周后采样.比较不同组小鼠体质量、血脂、血糖、LPS、肠道菌群变化.结果 氯化钙能显著抑制高脂饮食C57BL/6J小鼠的体质量增加.氯化钙自由饮水11周后,D组与M组相比,D组水平TC降低,血糖降低,炎症因子IL?1β、IL?6降低,IgM升高,IgG升高,脂多糖降低,并通过分析氯化钙干预下高脂饮食小鼠肠道菌群的变化,发现氯化钙能调节高脂饮食介导的肠道菌群紊乱.结论 氯化钙能够调节肠道微生物组成改善高脂肪饮食诱导小鼠的肥胖.

Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharide (AMRP) acts as a main active substance of A. mongolicum Regel, but its structure and function are not fully understood.In this study, the AMRP fraction, AMRP-2 consisting of GalA, Rha, Glc, and Gal, was isolated and characterized.The antibacterial activity of AMRP-2 evaluated with the cup-plate method had a weak inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris, but Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were relatively sensitive to AMRP-2.Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of AMRP-2 were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.The results showed that after intragastric administration of AMRP-2, the proliferation of splenic T cells and the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in mice were significantly enhanced, and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumour necrosis factors α (TNF-α) levels in serum also increased sharply compared to the control group.These in vivo results were consistent with those of the in vitro study, i.e., splenic T cells proliferated dramatically after AMRP-2 treatment, and the secretion of IL-2 from mouse splenic T cells and TNF-α from peritoneal macrophages increased significantly.These findings indicated that AMRP-2 is an important immune modulator that has potential as an immunotherapy drug.

[目的]筛选与对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)诱导的急性肝损伤发生发展相关的基因和关键信号通路.[方法]建立C57BL/6J小鼠APAP急性肝损伤模型.构建正常小鼠肝脏组织样本和APAP急性肝损伤小鼠损伤后第2天肝脏组织样本的2个cDNA文库,进行转录组测序.对获得的转录组测序数据进行组装及功能注释.使用DESeqR包(1.10.0)分析具有生物学重复的差异基因的表达,利用KOBAS软件确定KEGG信号通路中差异表达基因的静态富集.[结果]APAP急性肝损伤小鼠损伤后第2天与正常小鼠肝脏组织转录组相比,共有7 270个DEGs,包括3 707个显著(P＜0.05)上调表达基因和3 563个显著(P＜0.05)下调表达基因.在所有显著上调表达基因中,表达量变化幅度较大的是Col1a1、Gsta1、S100a6基因;在所有显著下调表达基因中,差异表达量位于前3位的基因是Slc1a2、Glul、Acaa1b.共有2 515个DEGs在316个不同的KEGG通路中富集,显著上调表达基因富集的信号通路主要是趋化因子信号通路、B细胞受体信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、ECM受体相互作用信号通路等免疫和炎症相关信号通路,显著下调表达基因富集的信号通路主要是氧化磷酸化、脂肪酸降解、脂肪酸代谢、碳代谢等合成代谢信号通路.[结论]在APAP急性肝损伤过程中涉及多个信号通路的参与,趋化因子信号通路和ECM受体交互作用信号通路可能是急性损伤期中发挥主要作用的信号通路.