Introduction: Hepatic fibrosis represents a critical intermediate stage in the progression from chronic liver disease to cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. Spirulina platensis, a microorganism rich in bioactive compounds, contains several functional components, among which are Spirulina polysaccharides and phycocyanin. Both have been demonstrated to exhibit multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, the intervention effects and mechanisms of Spirulina polysaccharides and phycocyanin on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis remain unclear. 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics technologies are employed to analyze bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways. Methods: Hepatic fibrosis (HF) was induced in male C57BL/6J mice via intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. After 1 week of modeling, mice were intragastrically administered SPP or PC for 4 consecutive weeks. Gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolites were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics. Results: SPP showed more pronounced protective effects than PC under the experimental conditions used in this study. SPP treatment significantly alleviated hepatic fibrosis in mice. Compared with the model group, SPP administration markedly increased the abundance of bacterial taxa and modulated fecal metabolic profiles, including short-chain fatty acid metabolism. Conclusions: SPP treatment mitigates CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. These protective effects may be associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolic pathways, including those related to short-chain fatty acid metabolism.

BACKGROUND Chronic liver injury is a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Honghua Qinggan Shisanwei Wan (HHQG), a traditional Mongolian medicinal formula comprising 13 herbal components, is reputed for its efficacy in clearing liver heat, detoxifying the liver, and treating "Yama" disease. However, the precise mechanisms by which HHQG regulates macrophage polarization - a critical process in liver inflammation and repair - remain inadequately defined. AIM To elucidate the effects of HHQG on macrophage polarization and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS A carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver injury mouse model and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line were employed. The effects of HHQG on macrophage polarization were assessed through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and cell counting kit-8 assays. This study employed the molecular docking method to simulate the interactions between the key compounds of HHQG (Apigenin, Emodin, Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin) and the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) and NR4A2. RESULTS Toxicity experiments demonstrated that HHQG showed no significant hepatotoxicity at the tested doses. In the CCL4-induced liver injury model, HHQG significantly alleviated weight loss, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, ameliorated liver tissue necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and collagen deposition, and effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6]. Transcriptome analysis indicated that HHQG activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and lipid metabolism-related pathways, inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase and other inflammation-related pathways, and regulated the expression of genes related to macrophage polarization (such as upregulating Nr4a1/2, Ppargc1a, and downregulating CCR2, Ly6C1/2). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical assays showed that HHQG could reduce the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages (decreased F4/80, CD11b, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4), promote the expression of M2-related anti-inflammatory factors (C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, YM-1, transforming growth factor-beta, IL-10), and upregulate the expression of transcription factors NR4A1/NR4A2 in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro RAW264.7 cell experiments further confirmed that 50 mu g/mL and 100 mu g/mL HHQG inhibited M1 pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced the expression of M2 genes and NR4A1/NR4A2. Molecular docking results showed that in terms of binding affinity, apigenin exhibited the lowest Vina score (-8.2) in the NR4A1 system, while quercetin showed the lowest Vina score (-8.2) in the NR4A2 system. CONCLUSION HHQG exhibits significant hepatoprotective effects by regulating macrophage polarization.

Introduction:Insulin resistance (IR) underlies metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that have also been studied to improve insulin resistance, but the mechanism is not well understood. Metagenomics and metabolomics were used to analyze the main species and metabolic pathways involved in intestinal microbes while improving insulin resistance in mice with rosuvastatin in this study. Methods:C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat diet were used to establish the insulin resistance (IR) mouse model. Rosuvastatin (RSV) was then administered for 8 weeks. Metagenomics and metabolomics were utilized to analyze the microbial composition and short chain fatty acid metabolites in intestinal feces of mice. Results:It was observed that insulin-resistant mice showed significant improvement in insulin resistance following treatment with RSV. In comparison to the HFD group, specific bacterial strains were significantly increased, and the levels of butyric acid, caproic acid, and isovaleric acid among the short-chain fatty acids were notably elevated in the RSV group. Through KEGG enrichment analysis, 19 dominant strains and 15 key enzymes involved in butyric acid metabolism were identified. Conclusions:The results suggested that IR mice might enhance insulin sensitivity by promoting butyric acid synthesis via intestinal microbes following RSV treatment.

Objective:To establish a rapid method for the detection of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) by recombinase-aid amplification (RAA).Methods:The whole genome sequences of VZV were downloaded from the global shared database for comparison and analysis. Specific primers and probe were designed for the four conserved genes respectively and the optimal combination was selected. The optimal reaction system was selected through the concentration gradient of primers and probes, and a fluorescence RAA detection method was established. The sensitivity of the method was evaluated with VZV positive plasmid standard and clinical samples with gradient dilution, the repeatability of the method was evaluated with the lowest detectable limit concentration of positive plasmid standard, and the specificity of other viral nucleic acid method was evaluated. At the same time, this method and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to detect clinical samples and the result were compared.Results:The optimal combination of primer pair F2/R2 and probe P2 targeting open reading frame (ORF) 28 gene was selected. Considering the cost factor, the optimal primer concentration was set at 500 nmol/L and the optimal probe concentration was 280 nmol/L. The minimum detection limit was 10 1 copies/μL, and the minimum clinical positive samples with a Ct value of 36.027 could be detected, and the result of repeated experiments were consistent. The method has no cross-reaction with other viral nucleic acids. The detection rate of clinical positive samples was 93.33%, which was almost identical to that of qPCR. Conclusions:This method is simple to operate with high sensitivity, strong specificity, low requirements for experimental conditions, visual detection result, and can detect VZV nucleic acid in samples within 20 minutes, which is a rapid VZV detection method that can be considered for clinical use for detection.

目的 探讨螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白对乙醇致氧化应激小鼠抗氧化能力的影响.方法 将48只雌性KM小鼠随机分为空白、模型、低剂量、高剂量组,每组12只.低、高剂量组小鼠经灌胃分别给予藻蓝蛋白0.15和0.30 g/kg体质量,1次/d,连续灌胃42 d,称量小鼠体质量;末次灌胃后禁食16 h(过夜),1次性灌胃50％乙醇,12 mL/kg体质量,模型组小鼠仅进行50％乙醇灌胃,空白组不灌胃.6 h后经摘眼球采血,分离血清,相应试剂盒检测8-表氢氧异前列腺素(8-iso-prostane)含量.无菌取各组小鼠肝组织,经研磨离心后,取上清,相应试剂盒检测蛋白质羰基、谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)含量,并分析小鼠体质量与GSH的相关性.结果 与空白组比较,模型组小鼠体质量增加,但差异无统计学意义(F=1.585,P＞0.05);血清中8-isoprostane、肝组织中蛋白质羰基和GSH含量均显著升高(F分别为11.697、13.582、17.213,P均＜0.05);肝组织中GSH-Px含量下降,但差异无统计学意义(F=5.978,P＞0.05).与模型组比较,低、高剂量组小鼠体质量明显下降(F分别为4.125和18.842,P均＜0.05);血清中8-isoprostane及肝组织中蛋白质羰基含量均明显降低(F=10.695～40.512,P均＜0.01);肝组织中GSH-Px和GSH含量均显著提高(F=42.654～76.379,P均＜0.01).小鼠肝组织中GSH含量与小鼠体质量呈负相关(R2=0.013 49,P＞0.05).结论 藻蓝蛋白可降低乙醇至氧化应激小鼠的氧化损伤,提高抗氧化能力,同时可降低小鼠体质量.

The peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) is an important intertidal species worldwide. Species living in the same aquaculture area might suffer different environmental impacts. To increase knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to environmental fluctuations, we performed a transcriptome analysis of S. nudus from different intertidal zones using a combination of the SMRT platform and the Illumina sequencing platform. (1) A total of 105,259 unigenes were assembled, and 23,063 unigenes were perfectly annotated. The results of the PacBio Iso-Seq and IIIumina RNA-Seq enriched the genetic database of S. nudus. (2) A total of 830 DEGs were detected in S. nudus from the different groups. In particular, 33 DEGs had differential expression in the top nine KEGG pathways related to pathogens, protein synthesis, and cellular immune response and signaling. The results indicate that S. nudus from different zones experience different environmental stresses. (3) Several DEGs (HSPA1, NFKBIA, eEF1A, etc.) in pathways related to pathogens (influenza A, legionellosis, measles, and toxoplasmosis) had higher expression in groups M and L. HSPA1 was clearly enriched in most of the pathways, followed by NFKBIA. The results show that the peanut worms from the M and L tidal flats might have suffered more severe environmental conditions. (4) Some DEGs (MKP, MRAS, and HSPB1) were upregulated in peanut worms from the H tidal flat, and these DEGs were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. These results indicate that the MAPK pathway may play a vital role in the immune response of the peanut worm to the effects of different intertidal flats. This study provides a valuable starting point for further studies to elucidate the molecular basis of the response to different environmental stresses in S. nudus.

Sipunculus nudus is an important intertidal aquaculture species that can ingest organic matter from the surface sediment and shows a high transportation capacity in sediment. However, little is known about the influence of intertidal aquaculture species on the sediment microbial community and the exchange of microbiota between the intestine and the surrounding sediment. In this study, the microbial communities in the intestine of S. nudus and three kinds of surrounding sediments were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicon, and the relationships between different communities were examined. Principal coordinate analysis and ANOSIM/Adonis analysis showed that the microbial communities of worm intestine samples were significantly different from those of surrounding sediments (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the sediment samples, the microbial α-diversity was significantly lower in the intestinal samples. Although the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were high in all samples, three phyla (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Latescibacteria) showed a great difference between the four groups, as the abundances of the three phyla were significantly lower in the intestinal samples. Moreover, several microbial interactions were found between the worm intestine and surrounding sediments. BugBase functional prediction analysis indicated that the oxygen status of the sediment and the intestine was changed by bioturbation by the worm. Therefore, the microenvironment and microbial community in sediment were affected by the activity of S. nudus in the intertidal aquaculture zone.

目的 建立流行性乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)和西尼罗病毒(WNV)的双重微滴式数字PCR(ddPCR)检测方法.方法 基于已设计的JEV和WNV引物探针,建立JEV和WNV双重ddPCR检测反应体系,摸索检测的敏感性、特异性和可重复性,灵敏度与双重荧光定量PCR(qPCR)的每个反应管内荧光信号达到设定的阈值所经历的循环数(Ct)值做对比.结果 双重ddPCR检测反应体系对JEV和WNV的检测灵敏度均可达到102拷贝/μl,该方法的可重复性、特异性良好,未发现与登革病毒、基孔肯雅病毒、寨卡病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒以及人类基因组有交叉反应.结论 建立的双重ddPCR方法能敏感、特异检测JEV和WNV,为不同场景下这2种病毒的检测提供了解决方案.

目的:确定热水浸提法提取内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖的最优条件.方法:选取热水浸提法提取内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖,把内蒙古肉苁蓉作为原材料,以内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖提取率为响应值,通过单因素实验找到最优单因素条件,再将单因素实验结果利用响应面法对内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖的提取条件进行优化.结果:实验结果表明,热水浸提法的最优条件是:液料比为45∶1(mL∶g)、热水浸提温度为 100℃,时间为 130 min、乙醇醇沉浓度为 100%.在此条件下,内蒙古肉苁蓉的多糖提取率为11.207%,与响应面法预测值 11.609%非常接近.结论:通过实验证明采用响应面法对内蒙古肉苁蓉多糖提取工艺得到的优化条件合理可靠,可为下一步工业化生产提供可靠的依据.

医学遗传学是连接基础医学与临床医学的学科,是一门应用性强的学科,在现代医学教育体系中发挥着重要作用.医学遗传学中的遗传咨询是遗传病预防的一个重要环节,对于降低遗传病的发病率有着重要意义.文章根据遗传咨询的关心咨询者、尊重自主权、尊重知情权、尊重隐私权的伦理原则,在角色扮演的同时让学生们感受到思政元素,提升学生学习、记忆效率,简化教学程序,提升医学生人文素质水平.笔者清楚学校办学特色并将其与专业优势相结合,紧扣时代发展的规律,培养学生"博学、尚行、精诚、至善"、勇于担当、开拓创新的伟大精神,争当优秀的新时代中国青年大学生.同时与学生评价相结合,为医学遗传学其他内容的课程思政建设提供了参考.

为探讨黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharides,APS)在改善高脂饮食的小鼠空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素水平显著升高的作用机制及与肠道菌群的关系,选用30 只C57 小鼠,随机分为3 组(n =10),分别为对照组(C,正常饮食)、模型组(M,高脂饮食)、黄芪多糖组(D,高脂饮食和 20g/L 浓度 APS 溶液).喂养 11 周后收集空腹血液样品和粪便样本,利用基于细菌16S rDNA测序的元基因组学方法,分析APS 对高脂喂养小鼠肠道菌的影响;同时检测各组小鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)和血清炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平.结果发现高脂饮食使小鼠空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素水平显著升高,明显改变了小鼠肠道菌群结构,IL-6 和TNF-α水平也显著升高.而服用APS的高脂饮食的小鼠,空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素水平也显著下降,恢复了单纯高脂饮食引起的肠道菌群结构改变,IL-6 和TNF-α水平也有所下降(但无统计学意义).推测黄芪多糖显著降低小鼠血糖水平可能是通过改变高脂饮食小鼠肠道菌群结构及调节炎性因子IL-6 和TNF-α水平而实现的.

目的 探讨肉苁蓉多糖(CDP)对人急性白血病细胞系Jurkat细胞凋亡的影响.方法 利用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测CDP对细胞增殖的影响,Western印迹检测凋亡相关蛋白含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase)-9和caspase-3的活化情况,同时检测CDP诱导细胞凋亡的相关信号分子.结果 CDP在1 mg/ml和2 mg/ml浓度下,能够抑制T细胞增殖,CDP浓度5 mg/ml能够诱导细胞凋亡,表现为pro-caspase-9和pro-caspase-3的含量显著降低.高剂量CDP(5 mg/ml)能抑制细胞膜表面受体CD45和CD71的表达,诱导细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)磷酸化并抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)磷酸化.结论 CDP能够诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡,主要通过影响细胞膜表面受体CD45和CD71的表达,将凋亡信号传递细胞内部,进一步诱导ERK磷酸化和JNK去磷酸化,最终将凋亡信号传递给caspase家族蛋白(caspase-9、-3)诱导细胞凋亡.

为考察黄芪多糖(APS)通过调节肠道菌群对高脂饮食引起的肠道慢性炎症的治疗作用,选取30只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(C,正常饮食)、模型组(M,高脂饮食)、黄芪多糖处理组(D,高脂饮食并给予2 g/dL黄芪多糖溶液),每组10只,于第11周取血清,剥离脾脏、肾脏周围脂肪组织并称质量.收集小鼠粪便用于16S rRNA高通量测序.ELISA检测血清TC、TG、IgA、IgG、IgM、LPS、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平.结果表明,APS增加拟杆菌门相对丰度,降低厚壁菌门相对丰度,升高拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门比值,增加双歧杆菌相对丰度,降低脂多糖(LPS)水平,减少炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的释放,提高脾脏指数,促进IgA、IgG、IgM分泌.由此推测黄芪多糖能够调节肠道菌群结构,增强小鼠免疫功能,抑制LPS引起的肠道炎症.

目的 鉴定分别采于鄂尔多斯市巴彦淖尔碱湖的3种藻株,命名为sp.DD、sp.ER、sp.FB;采自哈素海的藻株,命名为sp.HS;获赠于中国海洋大学的藻株命名为sp.QD的5种藻株,并做系统发育分析.方法 将采集的藻液进行分离纯化,获得目的藻株,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增ITS序列片段,进行序列测定和聚类分析.结果 系统发育分 析表明,sp.HS 与 Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2 在同一支上,同源性为 99.59％;sp.DD 单 独一支,与 Arthrospira platensis"Inner Mongolia"的同源性为 88.01％;sp.QD 与 Arthrospira platensis F3S 在同一支上,同源性为 99.60％;sp.ER与 sp.FB 聚为一支,与 Arthrospira erdosensis"Inner Mongolia"同源性为 99.18％.结论 经鉴定 sp.HS、sp.DD、sp.QD 为Arthrospira platensis,sp.ER与sp.FB为Arthrospira erdosensis,并揭示内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区节旋藻藻种间的系统发育关系.

Biochemistry is a basic medical course which is quite difficult for students as it's characterized by the abstract contents, deep theories and complex knowledge points especially in the metabolic pathways part.In order to solve the teaching pain points, the "hand as foot" teaching method is introduced in the teaching, and the abstract and difficult spatial structure is demonstrated with the familiar special parts of hands and feet, upper limbs and lower limbs, which can effectively improve students' thinking ability, inductive and comparative ability, and enhance their learning interest.

Literature Tracing Teaching Method refers to the process of tracing a specific word source, dating back to the original literature of a specific word, to understand the formulation of a specific word.Start with tracing the first literature and tracking the evolution process.Using Literature Tracing Teaching Method to explain the course difficult content, guide students in the learning process of the method, according to the chapter's characteristic of medical genetics course, analyze the course problems, and from the teaching content analysis, teachers' class preparation, students' class discussion and after-class task layout, in order to find more suitable for the new era university medical genetics course teaching method.

Background Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method. Methods The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method. Results After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency. Conclusions The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.

To study the growth rate of different Arthrospira strains, three species of Arthrospira from Ordos alkaline lake, labeled as sp.DD, sp.ER, sp.FB, one species of Arthrospira from Hasu Sea in Hohhot, labeled as sp.HS, another purified strain labeled as sp.QD donated by the Ocean University of China had been collected. The first four need to be further isolated and purified in culture. The growth curves of all strains were plotted. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequences were amplified and sequenced in an attempt to study taxonomic relationships. The results showed that the growth rate was increased in the first 9 days, and sp.DD had the highest growth rate. Analysis of the sequencing results revealed that sp.HS had 99.79% homology with Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2, sp.DD had 99.69% homology with Arthrospira platensis FACHB834, sp.QD had 99.54% homology with Arthrospira platensis F3S, sp.ER had 99.79% homology with Arthrospira erdosensis 'Inner Mongolia', sp.FB had 99.74% homology with Arthrospira erdosensis 'Inner Mongolia'. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sp.HS was closely related to Arthrospira platensis strain Sp-2; sp.DD and sp.QD had a close genetic relationship; sp.ER and sp.FB had a close genetic relationship. In conclusion, these findings provide a theoretical basis for the further development and reproduction of dominant algae species in Inner Mongolia through biological analysis of Arthrospira.

目的 从学科特点出发,阐述思维导图在医学生物学课程教学中的应用效果.方法 选取我校2019级临床医学专业1～5班191名学生为对照班,6～10班197名学生为实验班,以期末考试成绩评价教学效果.结果 实验班期末考试成绩显著高于对照班,访谈发现实验班大多数学生认为思维导图有助于理清知识脉络,激发思维,提高复习效率.结论 思维导图的应用解决了学生在学习医学生物学课程时无法形成知识体系的问题,有效激发了学生学习兴趣.

随着科技的不断发展,多媒体技术与网络技术日益普及、深入教学,为教育教学辅助手段提供了新的发展方向.文章基于课程中心线上教学平台,分别从混合式教学的优势、课程中心建设情况、在小班教学中的应用等几个方面,探讨混合式教学在生物化学教学过程中的应用价值.旨在探索医学基础教育教学改革,为提高学生的学习效率提供相应的研究思路.