从阿拉善左旗生态补助奖励政策产生社会经济效益出发,分析第一轮草原生态补助奖励政策(2013—2015年)至新一轮草原生态补助奖励政策(2016年)的实施对农牧民生产生活的影响及其原因.结果表明:由于实施草地生态补贴激励政策,草地、禁牧和耕地大幅度减少的趋势,吻合阿拉善左旗转变畜牧业发展方式,注重生态保护,认真落实生态补奖政策.并且,农牧民的生产方式有了转变,在政府正确政策的引领下,由原来粗放、落后型生产方式(天然放牧)向集约、规模型生产方式(舍饲圈养、蔬菜大棚等)转变,生产投入减少,但整体来看阿拉善左旗依然以牧业为主,农牧户、打工人口比重增加.农牧民家庭收入均有提升,家庭支出整体上生活性支出的比重较大.对农牧民意愿的分析表明:满意程度与家庭平均收入成正比.随着草原生态补助奖励政策的实施,农牧民对补奖政策的理解和认知程度也逐年提高了.2016年60％的农牧民愿意实施草生态补奖政策,对推动生态补奖政策的继续实施有一定的助益.

近年来阿拉善荒漠植被害虫连年发生,不仅给畜牧业生产造成很大损失,而且使生态环境日趋恶化。本文根据近年来的调查和防治,对阿拉善草地几种主要害虫的生态环境、生物学特性、发生危害特点,进行了研究。目前阿拉善草地大面积发生的害虫主要有僧夜蛾白刺叶甲、巨膜长蝽、柽柳条叶甲和胡扬天幕毛虫,每年发生面积达400多万km2,严重发生区,造成荒漠植被连片死亡。为了有效的保护草地生态,通过研究,对不同害虫的治理提出了四点防治对策。

In recent years,the ecological environment construction in china have gone into the crucial stage in which both sides of ecological control and disruption are locked in a stalemate,and the construction of forestry ecological program would still be the main aspect of regional ecological restoration and improvement,main direction of forestry construction and the investment hotspot as well.In Hexi corridor,as one of the ecological fragibility area of Gansu province,there were always dual functions of both restriction and stimulation between the construction of forestry ecological program and the deserticulture exploitation.It would be an effective way for deserticulture exploitation that the characteristic planting and industrialization were realized by scientific distribution of grass and foresty so as to combine the exploitation of the deserticulture with the construction of forestry ecological program.The construction of forestry ecological program would provide deserticulture with the basic conditions,while deserticulture would afford the new fields for general increasing of economic benefits of forestry ecological program.

本文指示生态自我修复是指对因人类活动而受损的生态系统,通过直接社会控制手段,依靠生态环境演替自我修复,从科学和学术角度积极开展对生态自我修复的研究,大力开展生态自我修复工作,走人与自然的协调发展和西北经济社会的可持续发展意义重大.

The cause and effect of The ecological variation in China were discussed with the historical point of view.It was suggested that measures should be taken according to the results of ecological variation,based on the theory and method of social science,modern agricultural technology and restoration ecology.

To prevent the repeat of the historic tragedy of the Black City,through exploring and thinking over the historic rise and decline of the Black City and its surrounding environment,a number of recommendations and measures to save the Oasis、 control and protect the ecological environment were put forward,including defending the peace、building water conservation projects、protecting and rejuvenating vegetation etc.Studying and reviewing the history is to bring about more thinking to present people,so as to achieve the goal of learning from the historic experience,drawing a historic lesson,treating today correctly and constructing a splendid future.From the rise and decline of the Black City,and the environmental changes of Erjina Oasis,through the presented thinking in the paper,the author gave out some enlightenment and drawn some initial conclusion.