目的 通过开展线上问卷调查,了解公众对新型冠状病毒肺炎重要防控知识的知晓情况,以更好地开展后续宣传教育工作.方法 使用问卷星生成问卷,并通过中国疾病预防控制中心官方微信公众号发布,应用SPSS 18.0软件进行数据分析.采用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行分类资料样本间率的比较,采用logistic多因素进行二元回归分析.结果 本次网络调查共收集有效应答问卷7011份,大众对新冠肺炎两个主要传播途径(呼吸道飞沫传播和接触传播)的认知率分别为99.7％和97.5％.不同年龄、职业在新冠肺炎基本特征、疾病严重程度的认知存在显著性差异.农民、务工人员和学生对传播途径和疾病主要特征的正确认知率均较低,18～29岁人群对"儿童症状较轻"的认知率最低(62.7％).73.3％的调查对象认为新冠肺炎"较重"或"很重",年轻、文化水平较高人群及医务人员中,认为新冠肺炎严重的比例低于年老或受教育程度低者.结论 大众普遍正确掌握新冠肺炎主要传播途径;不同年龄、职业的社会大众对新冠肺炎防控知识的认知存在显著性差异,这种差异会影响对新冠肺炎严重程度的判断.本次针对新冠肺炎的主动宣教效果显著,但除重视传统传播渠道外,应结合新媒体、标语等多种途径,对不同社交活跃程度的人群开展针对性宣传,以提高宣传效果,落实精准防控.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was detected in China during the 2019–2020 seasonal influenza epidemic. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and behavioral changes to mitigate COVID-19 could have affected transmission dynamics of influenza and other respiratory diseases. By comparing 2019–2020 seasonal influenza activity through March 29, 2020 with the 2011–2019 seasons, we found that COVID-19 outbreaks and related NPIs may have reduced influenza in Southern and Northern China and the United States by 79.2% (lower and upper bounds: 48.8%–87.2%), 79.4% (44.9%–87.4%) and 67.2% (11.5%–80.5%). Decreases in influenza virus infection were also associated with the timing of NPIs. Without COVID-19 NPIs, influenza activity in China and the United States would likely have remained high during the 2019–2020 season. Our findings provide evidence that NPIs can partially mitigate seasonal and, potentially, pandemic influenza.

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发生前、后公众的洗手相关行为及影响因素.方法 通过中国疾病预防控制中心官方微信公众号平台发放电子调查问卷.结果 调查期间后台访问13193次,共收集有效问卷7011份.日常生活每天洗手＞10次的比例从疫情前15.0％提升到疫情后48.3％,洗手次数小于3次的比例从疫情前13.3％下降到疫情后1.5％.每次洗手时间大于20 s的比例疫情前22.2％提升到疫情后51.7％,每次洗手小于10 s的比例疫情前35.3％下降到疫情后4.0％.手消毒液的使用率从疫情前40.6％增至疫情后84.0％.多因素logistic分析结果显示,疫情发生后男性、学生、初中及以下文化程度更有可能在日常生活中洗手次数＜3次/d.结论 新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情后公众对勤洗手预防病毒感染的接受程度高,需要针对性提升男性、学生和初中以下文化程度人群的手卫生教育,认识到洗手的重要性.

As the progress of population aging in China, the proportion of elderly population is increasing. Both chronic diseases and infectious diseases can threaten the health of the elderly. There are many kinds of infectious diseases, including vaccine preventable infectious diseases affecting the health of adults, such as influenza, pneumococcal diseases and herpes zoster. In addition, the newly emerged COVID-19 has caused a pandemic in the world, resulting the highest proportion of deaths occurred in the elderly and posing a serious threat to the health of the elderly. This paper mainly summarizes the prevention and control of vaccine preventable diseases and COVID-19 to which the elderly are susceptible, analyzes the infectious disease problems affecting the health of elderly population, and recommends countermeasures for the prevention and control of these diseases in elderly population.

To understand influenza vaccination and its correlates among health-careworkers (HCWs) during the 2019/2020 season in China, we used a self-administeredelectronic questionnaire to collect information on demographics, occupational characteristics, influenza vaccination status and access to free vaccination on the "Breath Circles", a Chinese media platform for respiratory medical professionals. The reported influenza vaccine coverage among HCWs during this season was 67%, with more HCWs in a workplace with free vaccination than those with no free vaccination (79% vs.34%,p < .001). The influenza vaccine coverage among HCWs who were required or encouraged to get vaccinated by the workplace was significantly higher than that without any intervention measures (80% & 70 vs.39%,p < .001). The vaccine coverage in the workplaces with free and required vaccination simultaneously was highest compared to that with neither free vaccination nor any intervention measures (OR = 14.86, 95% CI: 10.93-20.20). The influenza vaccination coverage of HCWs in high-riskdepartments was significantly higher than that of other departments (70% vs.58%,p =.023). HCWs' vaccine coverage was related to personal opinions and attitudes toward influenza or influenza vaccines, as well as other constraints such as availability of influenza vaccines, workplace regulations, and access to free vaccines.

In December 2019, novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and spread rapidly across the country. In the early stages of the epidemic, China adopted the containment strategy and implemented a series of core measures around this strategic point, including social mobilization, strengthening case isolation and close contacts tracking management, blocking epidemic areas and traffic control to reduce personnel movements and increase social distance, environmental measures and personal protection, with a view to controlling the epidemic as soon as possible in limited areas such as Wuhan. This article summarizes the background, key points and core measures in the country and provinces. It sent prospects for future prevention and control strategies.

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020, the first non-influenza pandemic, affecting more than 200 countries and areas, with more than 5·9 million cases by May 31, 2020. Countries have developed strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic that fit their epidemiological situations, capacities, and values. We describe China's strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 (containment and suppression) and their application, from the perspective of the COVID-19 experience to date in China. Although China has contained severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and nearly stopped indigenous transmission, a strong suppression effort must continue to prevent re-establishment of community transmission from importation-related cases. We believe that case finding and management, with identification and quarantine of close contacts, are vitally important containment measures and are essential in China's pathway forward. We describe the next steps planned in China that follow the containment effort. We believe that sharing countries' experiences will help the global community manage the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying what works in the struggle against SARS-CoV-2.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of reported confirmed notifiable influenza cases and deaths from 2014 to 2018,so as to provide scientific evidences for surveillance and diagnosis of influenza cases.Methods Descriptive analysis was performed for the data of influenza cases with the onset dates within the period between January 1,2014 and December 31,2018 collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting System.Results A total of 1 939 842 influenza cases were reported nationwide from 2014 to 2018,including 631 434 confirmed cases and 1 299 798 clinically diagnosed cases,of which 301 cases died (253 confirmed cases and 48 clinically diagnosed cases).The highest number of confirmed influenza cases was reported among children aged 0-4 years old (225 184 cases) and the lowest was among the elderly aged ≥65 years old (34 071 cases),accounted for 35.66％and 5.40％,respectively.The confirmed deaths mainly distributed among those aged 18-49 years old with 90 cases (35.02％) and the elderly ≥65 years old with 72 cases (28.02％).Nineteen cases (7.39 ％)of confirmed deaths were reported among patients of 5-17 years old and was the lowest.The median of interval between onset and diagnosis (MIOD) of confirmed deaths is 6 (3,10) days,which was longer than the 3 (1,7) days of confirmed survival cases.The MIOD in the Western Region was 6 (2,11) days,which was longer than 2 (1,6) days in the East Region and 3 (1,7) days in the Middle Region.From 2014 to 2018,the MIOD was shortened from 4 (1,8) to 2 (1,5) days.Most influenza virus infected children aged ≤ 17 years old and more influenza B than influenza A were detected in children.For the confirmed death cases,79.20％ (103/130) were infected by influenza A (H1N1) virus.Conclusions According to the general population of China,the data of influenza incidence and deaths released by the WHO,the notifiable influenza morbidity and deaths were far lower than the well-recognized level in China.For the high risk group of serious influenza complications,once having influenza-like symptoms,laboratory testing should be performed for effective treatment to reduce the risk of serious outcomes.

Objective: To analyze the seasonality, age distribution of influenza B cases and matching degree of influenza B vaccine in China from 2011 to 2019, and provide evidences for the future surveillance, estimation of disease burden of influenza B, application of quadrivalent vaccines, and development of vaccine strategies. Methods: The epidemiological and virological surveillance data of influenza B from week 14 of 2011 to week 13 of 2019 obtained from National Influenza Surveillance Network were used to draw hot spot maps and conduct descriptive statistics to analyze the seasonality and age distribution of influenza B cases. The published antigenicity analysis results from the China Weekly Influenza Report were used to analyze the matching degree between the trivalent vaccine strain and the circulating influenza B strains. Results: From 2011 to 2019, the incidence of influenza B showed obvious seasonal characteristics, and influenza B virus co-circulated with influenza A virus in six winter-spring seasons, and influenza B virus/Victoria and Yamagata lineages circulated alternately. In some southern provinces, two lineages co-circulated in some southern areas in certain years. The age distribution of influenza B cases was double-peaked, and both lineages had the highest positive rate in age-group 5-15 years, with peaks at age of 10 years; B/Victoria virus had a sub-peak in age-group 25-35 years; B/Yamagata virus had a sub-peak in age-group 55-65 years. Trivalent influenza vaccine strain and influenza B epidemic strains mismatched in 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 seasons, matched in 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 seasons, and moderately matched in 2018-2019 season, but reactivity was low. Conclusions: Influenza B mainly occurred in winter-spring season in China, and its intensity was lower than that of influenza A. There was a difference in the age distribution of the cases among different virus strains. Trivalent influenza vaccine strains and influenza B epidemic strains mismatched in several seasons. It is crucial to conduct continuous surveillance of influenza B and disease burden evaluation, improve vaccine immunization strategy, increase influenza vaccination rate to reduce the harm of influenza B in high-risk groups.

An online survey conducted March 18-19, 2020 on the official China CDC WeChat account platform was used to evaluate the effect of public education about masks usage during the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Chinese nationals older than 18 were eligible for the survey. The survey collected 5,761 questionnaires from the 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of mainland China. 99.7% and 97.2% of the respondents answered correctly that respiratory droplets and direct contact were the main transmission routes. 73.3% of the respondents considered COVID-19 to be 'serious' or 'very serious'. When going to the hospital, 96.9% (2,885/2,976 had gone to a hospital) used a mask during the COVID-19 epidemic, while 41.1% (2,367/5,761) did not use a mask before the epidemic. Among the respondents that used public transportation and went shopping, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively, wore masks. Among respondents who returned to work, 75.5% wore a mask at the workplace, while 86.3% of those who have not returned to work will choose to use masks when they return to the workplace. The Chinese public is highly likely to use a mask during COVID-19 epidemic, and the mask usage changed greatly since the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, public education has played an important role during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The annual deaths associated with influenza is estimated to be between 290 000 and 650 000,which caused substantial burden to the society.Children have the highest incidence of influenza among all age groups,which can cause overloaded medical visits and a significant increase of hospitalization risk.The severe economic burden includes not only the direct medical costs due to outpatients and hospitalization,but also the indirect burden of school absence of children and work absence of their family members.Annual vaccination is the best measure to prevent influenza,however,influenza vaccination coverage among children in China is very low,and influenza vaccination has not yet been included in the National Immunization Program.Now,the disease burden of influenza and the vaccine usage in children in China were reviewed,and in order to provide evidence for influenza control and prevention.

目的 通过百度搜索指数探讨2017-2018年冬春季节流行性感冒(流感)舆情特点及原因,探讨科学、可行的流感健康传播策略.方法 选取2014年1月1日至2018年4月30日流感相关关键词百度搜索指数及报告的全国流感发病数据,分析百度搜索指数与流感发病数之间的相关性,以及2017年10月至2018年4月“流感”关键词百度指数需求分布表,探讨流感舆情特点及原因.结果2014-2018年百度搜索指数与报告的流感发病具有正相关性(rs=0.60,P＜0.000 1),两者的高峰及持续时间较为一致,百度搜索指数中利用“流感+感冒+咳嗽”的关键词组合与流感发病数的相关性(rs=0.57,P＜0.000 1)最好.结论基于搜索引擎的舆情监测可作为流感舆情特征分析及健康传播手段的有效参考及补充.

Influenza vaccination coverage was low among healthcare workers (HCWs) in China. In October 2018, the National Health Commission of China began to require all hospitals to provide free influenza vaccination for HCWs to increase vaccine uptake, and no study on vaccine coverage among HCWs at the national level after the announcement of new policy. This evaluation aims to investigate self-reported influenza vaccination coverage among HCWs and factors that may affect vaccine receipt during the 2018/2019 influenza season. We delivered an opt-in internet panel survey among registered HCWs of DXY forum (the biggest online forum for HCWs in China). The survey was self-administered using a standard questionnaire to collect information on demographics, occupational characteristics, policy implementation, influenza vaccination and influence factors. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with receipt of influenza vaccine. The response rate of this online survey was 3.6%. The seasonal influenza vaccine coverage reported among HCWs surveyed during the 2018/2019 season was 11.6% (472/4078). Only 19.0% (774/4078) of HCWs surveyed reported free policy in their workplace. Combing free policy and workplace requirement proved to be effective to improve influenza vaccination coverage in HCWs (PR = 6.90, 95% CI: 6.03–7.65). The influenza vaccination coverage among surveyed HCWs in China was low during the 2018/2019 season. To increase future vaccination uptake, we recommend a multi-faceted strategy that include free policy, workplace requirement and promotion, on-site vaccination, and monitoring.