目前,砂岩储层尖灭的判别方法主要是通过针对地震振幅变化和地震属性进行分析,而针对高速灰岩屏蔽影响下砂岩储层尖灭的判别方法研究较少.受灰岩高速、高密度影响,灰岩之下的薄砂岩与围岩的弱反射特征往往被淹没,常规识别方法难以有效判断砂岩的尖灭线形态,影响岩性圈闭的落实.通过三维地震资料分析,提出了一种针对该地区编号为#2370层砂岩尖灭线的地质地球物理综合判别方法,即以统计地震反射特征为主线,以正演模拟为验证,以地震属性和反演为辅助,以地质模式类比为依托,综合刻画砂岩尖灭线.研究结果表明,通过该方法所刻画的砂岩尖灭线与实钻结果基本吻合.同时,结合砂岩尖灭线和局部构造背景,初步落实了该地区南部的#2370层岩性圈闭分布.该方法对灰岩广泛发育地区高速灰岩下岩性圈闭的落实具有重要借鉴意义.

The water layer in the fifth member of Wenchang formation in the southern Lufeng sag, Pearl River Mouth basin has similar logging response characteristics with oil layer, which brings difficulty in fluid property identification. In order to clarify the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the formation water in the fifth member of Wenchang formation, the geochemical characteristics of the formation water in well LA-1dSa and the water environment of the fifth member of Wenchang formation are analyzed in this paper. The results show that:（1）The formation water in the fifth member of Wenchang formation has a salinity of 5 038～6 944 mg/L, and has low sodium-chloride ratio and desulfurization coefficient value, high metamorphism coefficient and calcium-magnesium radio value. The formation water originally came from continental original sedimentary water, characterized by slightly rich Ca 2+ , poor Mg 2+ and slightly poor Na + , belonging to calcium chloride IV-type water. All of these features indicate that the fifth member of Wenchang formation has effective sealing capability and is deposited in an alternative stagnation zone, which is conducive as well to oil and gas accumulation and preservation.（2）The formation of the low-salinity water is closely related to the rifting period evolution of the lake basin in this area: The lacustrine basin initial water environment is freshwater in the rifting stage; The regional thick mudstone in the fourth member of Wenchang formation controls the formation of relatively closed water environment in the fifth member of Wenchang formation during the peak rifting stage, which greatly hinders the alternation of deep and shallow formation water and effectively slows down the evolution process of water salinization; The mudstone compaction-released water and dehydrating of clay minerals in the fourth member of Wenchang formation in the burial stage further desalinates the formation water in the fifth member of Wenchang formation. Nowadays the water salinity distribution characteristics of the fifth member of Wenchang formation is affected by the difference in the degree of desalination, diagenesis and the interaction of different formation waters in the historical period.

断陷湖盆源汇体系要素特征研究,有效预测沉积体及其主控因素分析,对油气储集规模和勘探具有重要意义.以珠江口盆地海丰33洼陷为例,基于钻测井资料、高分辨三维地震资料,结合沉积数值模拟技术,对研究区上文昌段源汇体系进行研究.结果表明:(1)研究区主要发育断裂坡折带和侵蚀坡折带两种类型坡折带,发育高隆区、低隆区和洼陷-盆地区三种古地貌单元.(2)北部隆起带、海丰凸起和陆丰中低凸起为上文昌时期的主要物源区,物源多为近源供应,沿沟谷向洼陷内部沉积.(3)上文昌组沉积时期,洼陷北部陡坡带边界断层控制发育近源扇三角洲沉积,具有厚度大、推进距离近的特点;南部缓坡带形成大规模辫状河三角洲沉积,向洼陷内部延伸距离较远,结合沉积数值模拟结果分析,湖盆深洼处发育深湖-半深湖沉积,有利于发育稳定泥质沉积物,为下一步勘探研究具有指导作用.

Hydrocarbon source rock is one of the key factors controlling oil/gas accumulation in petroliferous system of a sedimentary basin. Focusing on the challenges facing hydrocarbon source rock prediction in basins or lows with relatively low exploration maturity, sparsely distributed drilling wells and insufficient source rock index, we take the underexplored areas in northern Zhu Ⅰ Depression in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) as an example to systematically analyze the source-to-sink system and predict source rocks from the perspectives of “searching for lake (deep-to-semi-deep lake)”, “recognizing mudstones (deep-to-semi-deep lacustrine mudstones)”, and “identifying hydrocarbon (hydrocarbon source rock prediction and evaluation)”. First, the original basin features and location of the paleo-lacustrine basin are illustrated by restoring multi-stage tectono-palaeogeomorphology to “find the lake”; and the deep-to-semi-deep lake is identified in the underexplored area together with preliminary selection of potential lows with well-developed hydrocarbon source rocks in combination with analyses including “identifying the lacustrine basin boundary by seismic progradational reflection, determining the scope of the deep-to-semi-deep lake by slope break system, illustrating paleo-environment characters by biochemical index, and defining the lacustrine basin scale by tectonic intensity”. The results indicate that five lows formed during the Wenchang depositional period , and five lows formed during the depositional period of the lower Enping Formation have the potential of developing deep-to-semi-deep lacustrine mudstones. Second, the reconstruction of source-to-sink system and the geological analysis of deep-to-semideep lacustrine mudstone development are conducted through analyses of paleo-provenance, paleo-environment and depositional systems, as well as tectono-palaeogeomorphology features; various configuration elements simulation results of the source-to-sink system show that basins characterized by medium sediment supply intensity, fine-grained source materials, high lake level, large accommodation space and under-equal or equal compensation are favorable for the deposition of mud-rich lacustrine facies. Finally, based on data of exploratory wells encountering high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in mature exploration areas, we analyze four types of deep-to-semi-deep seismic facies and their geologic backgrounds corresponding to hydrocarbon source rock intervals, establish the “hydrocarbon source rock facies (seismic facies of hydrocarbon source rocks)” of the mature exploration areas. Coupled with the systematic summary of hydrocarbon-enrichment factors in main hydrocarbon-rich lows of the Zhu Ⅰ Depression, we assess and rank the high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the underexplored areas with multiple factors and from multidimensional points of view. The research results also indicate that the first-order potentially hydrocarbon-rich lows include LF22, HF33, and HZ24 (with the lower and upper Wenchang Formation as source rocks), as well as the LF7 and HF10 (with the lower Wenchang Formation as source rocks); the second-order potentially hydrocarbon-rich ones are HZ5 and HZ11 (with the lower Enping Formation as source rocks), with the hydrocarbon source rock prediction and evaluation results of some lows having been testified in practical exploration.

Rifted lake basins usually have their sedimentary filling controlled by the intensity of tectonic activities, sea level fluctuation and sediment flux. The distribution of sand bodies in these basins are also controlled by slope-break zones and paleovalley systems. It is of great significance to explore the configuration relationship between the slope break zones and paleovalley systems for oil and gas exploration in rifted lake basins. The Pearl River Mouth Basin is the most important petroliferous basin in the South China Sea. The less explored Haifeng 33 Subsag in the basin is selected to study the factors controlling the development of sedimentary systems so as to support the mapping of reservoirs and deployment of oil and gas exploration. Based on 3-D seismic data and logging data of the subsag as well as on the basis of regional structural interpretation, this paper analyzes the types and development characteristics of the slope-break zones and the paleovalleys of the Paleogene Wenchang Formation in the subsag, and clarifies the control of the slope-break zones and paleovalleys on sediment filling. The results show that there are three types of slope-break zones in the study area: fault slope-break zone, flexure slope-break zone and sedimentary slope-break zone. The paleovalleys are mainly V-shaped, U-shaped, W-shaped and single fault groove types, among which the V-shaped and U-shaped valleys are more in number and more concentrated in-plane distribution. The slope-break zones control the boundary of denudation and provenance, thus mobilizing the sediments in a certain direction for a certain distance within certain space. Different sedimentary systems are believed to be developed in different periods under the influence of these zones. Serving as transport channels, paleovalleys control the direction of sediment transport, location of sediment discharge as well as scale of depositional system. It is concluded that slope-break zones together with paleovalleys determine the types, scales, development and evolution of depositional systems.

陆源营养物质输入是湖泊成油母质(细菌和藻类、浮游植物等)生长的主要外部营养源.古气候条件影响了陆源输入,湖盆水体沉积环境控制了有机质保存,因此沉积期古气候古水体条件对湖相烃源岩有机质丰度预测至关重要.针对珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷文昌组烃源岩进行环境地球化学研究,运用CIA、V/Cr、Mn/Al、Sr/Cu、Ti/Al等多种元素地球化学指标,综合恢复了陆丰凹陷文昌组沉积期古风化强度与气候温湿度、湖泊古水深、古氧相、古盐度等环境条件,揭示了古环境对文昌组烃源岩的重要控制作用为:(1)珠江口盆地文昌组时期气候温湿度与化学风化强度呈明显分段,文三段下段与文四段高强度对应高有机质含量.(2)珠江口盆地文昌组时期古水深与古氧相对有机质富集起到重要控制作用,古盐度对有机质影响不大.珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷LF-A井文四段与文三段下部烃源岩形成于化学风化较强、气候温暖湿润、营养物质供应充足、湖盆生产力高、水体较深、含氧量较低的水体环境下,有机质富集.

珠江口盆地经历裂陷阶段向拗陷阶段的转变,同期沉积地层记录了该构造变革和沉积演化过程,为厘定断拗转换界面提供了可能.基于地震反射、沉积旋回特征,识别出陆丰南地区恩平组内部存在全区可追踪对比的构造沉积转换面——T72界面,也是区分上下恩平组界面.对陆丰13洼洼间隆钻井LFA开展上下恩平组碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、重矿物组分、元素分析,提出恩平组T72界面上下地层物源体系发生转变.结合区域沉积充填特征,表明陆丰南地区T72界面为断-拗转换界面.具体表现为:下恩平组沉积期湖盆继承文昌期裂陷盆地特征,湖盆水体较深,物源主要为盆地内部的中生代基底凸起,沉积层序明显受盆内低凸起控制,在盆内低凸起四周发育一系列近源的辫状河三角洲,井区主要接受来自惠陆低凸起物源;上恩平组沉积期间,湖盆进入断拗过渡期,湖盆扩大、水体变浅,盆内低凸起四周的断裂活动减弱,沉积层序逐渐向盆内低凸起超覆,盆外太古宙—古生代物源组分供给不断加强,近源的三角洲砂体逐渐向远源的浅水三角洲砂体转化,同时发育宽广的滨浅湖环境,原供给物源的惠陆低凸起为水体淹没,井区接受了北部隆起外的物源.

中国南海东部海域陆丰油田古近系文昌组砂砾岩储层具有岩性复杂、孔隙度低、孔隙结构非均质性较强等特征.不同类型储层渗流特征差异明显,传统的孔渗模型精度难以满足生产开发需要.流动单元能有效刻画储层内部渗流特征,但单纯依据流动单元指标进行流动单元划分就会出现错划的现象.文昌组储层非均质性由宏观到微观具有层次性,综合地质、测井、岩心资料建立多层次流动单元判别法:首先基于沉积相划分第一级流动单元,然后以岩心和成像测井标定常规测井,识别岩性并划分第二级流动单元,最后基于孔隙结构,以流动单元指标FZI为依据划分第三级流动单元,由此形成了基于沉积微相—岩性—孔隙结构的三级流动单元划分方法.应用结果表明,该方法能有效避免流动单元划分不准确的现象,提高渗透率计算精度,对寻找优质产层、实现油藏高效开发具有重大意义.

晚始新世珠江口盆地由裂陷阶段逐渐过渡到裂后阶段,同期沉积的恩平组记录了构造—沉积转换的构造变革和沉积演化过程,备受关注.以陆丰凹陷为例,基于层序地层学、沉积学理论与技术,结合地震相特征、岩电特征、沉积旋回特征,识别出恩平组内部存在一个全区可追踪对比的构造沉积转换面——T72界面,探讨了该界面的地质意义.结果 表明:①研究区在恩平组裂陷幕开始发生构造—沉积转换,以T72为分界面,断裂活动由南向北规律性迁移,沉降中心、断陷的萎缩与消亡具有自南向北逐步变新、逐步演化的特征;②沉积环境由半封闭逐渐转变为开放状态,沉积物源供给方式由盆内多物源近距离供给向盆外大水系远距离供给转变;③惠州11洼为下恩平期的沉降中心,发育滨浅湖—半深湖相烃源岩,是潜在的富烃洼陷.

珠江口盆地番禺4洼"小而肥",目前的探明石油地质储量已超出早期估算的地质资源量,早期对烃源岩的认识不足可能是其主要原因,尤其是对优质烃源岩的分布范围仍缺少精确刻画,在很大程度上限制了对该洼陷勘探潜力的认知.以该难点问题为切入点,利用最新钻井和地震资料,采取层序地层学开展了番禺4洼烃源岩的预测工作.通过地震资料上识别的各种反射特征,结合区内已有钻井资料识别的旋回特征,将番禺4洼文昌组划分5个三级层序,进而建立了等时地层格架.在此基础上,综合运用地震沉积学最新技术手段,精细揭示了番禺4洼文昌组文三段优质烃源岩的分布范围.研究结果表明,番禺4洼优质烃源岩分布面积较为广泛,尤其在北次洼和西次洼,优质源岩面积均超过了以往预期.这一研究成果对本区和珠江口盆地油气勘探具有一定指导意义.

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷在中始新世裂陷期文昌组沉积早、晚期之间存在明显的构造转换,该构造事件对古近系源?汇体系的形成和演变有重大影响.基于研究区地震、钻井、测井等资料的综合分析,本文认为构造转换控制了裂陷期源?汇体系的盆山地貌、物源供给、搬运方向及沉积样式等基本要素,并影响深层古近系储层条件.而且在构造转换的制约下,研究区发育物源迁移型和断裂转换型两种源?汇模式,前者的主物源在构造转换影响下发生变化,沉积边界、可容空间及沉积样式也随之改变,形成叠合连片的有利储集区;后者物源供给、搬运、堆积等在时空上发生有序变化,形成扇?洲?滩共存的复合沉积体系,储层条件分带性较强.因此,探讨构造转换控制下的源?汇体系特征及控砂模式,对寻找古近系优质储层有重要经济价值.

为示踪陆丰13东洼文昌组东北向长轴辫状河三角洲砂体物源,对研究区6口井11个砂岩岩屑样品进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年分析,结果表明以岩浆成因为主的锆石年龄谱具有多峰特征,主峰值年龄为156、430 Ma.结合源区基底残留地层的岩性特征、年龄特征,辅以薄片岩屑类型鉴定和重矿物物源示踪,分析认为文二段、文五段物源主要为中生代沉积岩,局部可能受到始新世喷出岩、中生代花岗岩物源的影响,而不是早期研究认为的文昌组物源以中生代花岗岩为主.这些认识解释了陆丰13东洼文昌组发育优质储层的根本原因,同时也为今后本区源-汇体系研究及优质储层预测提供了新的依据.

The Paleogene geological framework and evolution process in the central anticline zone in the Lufeng 13 sag in Pearl River Mouth Basin is well analyzed through seismic data and drilling data, and control of tectonic evolution on hydrocarbon accumulation is also discussed. The results show that the central anticline zone in the Lufeng 13 sag develops the upper deformation layer and lower deformation layer. The "arched graben system" is developed in the upper deformation layer, and the magmatic diapir structure and flowing deformation of plastic strata is developed in the lower deformation layer. The evolution process of the central anticline zone can be divided into four stages, i.e. fault block uplifting stage, prototype stage, strengthening stage and finalization stage. The geological framework and tectonic evolution of the central anticline zone control Paleogene hydrocarbon accumulation. The Paleogene two-layer geological framework is favorable for development of structural traps and composite traps; the paleostructure highs are the direction of hydrocarbon migration, and the gravitational gliding faults are the main carrier bed for vertical hydrocarbon migration; the tectonic uplift is a key factor for reservoir diagenesis improvement and preservation of primary pores, and also controls distribution of high-quality reservoirs.

陆丰凹陷陆丰13洼是珠江口盆地重点研究区域,发育多构造层的复式地层结构.利用最新的三维地震解释成果,并结合新钻井获得的地质、地球化学资料分析认为,紧邻富生烃洼陷油源供给充足、由断裂和砂体组成的复式输导体系以及复式地层结构形成多套成藏组合是陆丰13洼复式油气成藏的有利地质条件;陆丰13洼具有“一源多储,立体含油”的复式油气成藏特征,平面上油气主要分布在环洼低凸起、近洼斜坡和洼内中央背斜等3个复式油气聚集带;典型油气藏解剖分析表明,不同复式油气聚集带的含油层位、输导体系、油藏类型、原油类型、运聚模式等有着明显差异.以复式油气聚集带理论为指导,结合勘探实践,认为下一步勘探应主攻近洼斜坡带古近系大型构造岩性复合圈闭和洼内中央背斜带两翼构造圈闭,而环洼低凸起复式油气聚集带剩余勘探潜力有限.

A-1 large and medium oilfield of Paleogene Wenchang formation in Lufeng Sag of northeast Pearl River Mouth Basin was studied to discuss the geological characteristics and forming conditions of Wenchang formation large and medium oilfield through analyzing the elements and the process. The results indicate that oil and gas of Wenchang formation mainly distributes in lower Wenchang formation, and it belongs to tectonic-stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs. The reservoirs are dominated by braided river delta front edge underwater distributary channel sand, and belong to low porosity and low permeability reservoirs. The crude oil is light oil with moderate maturity (0.73%). There are complex oil-water relationships and normal temperature-pressure system in deep Wenchang Formation. Wenchang Formation in Lufeng Sag has favorable condition to form large and medium oilfields. The tectonic background of the slope area in Rifting basin controls the wide formation of reservoir cap combination, and long-term inherited uplift is the ascendant area for oil and gas migrating. Sufficient hydrocarbon source and late strong charging are favorable for the formation of large and medium oilfields. Good quality reservoirs combine with fractures to form the large-area tectonic-stratigraphic traps, which provides perfect places for petroleum accumulation. Stable regional caps provide ideal environment for hydrocarbon accumulation, and also ensure oil and gas traps not to be damaged in the late tectonic activity. These are favorable for large-area preservation of the light oil reservoirs.

Baiyun Sag,located in the southwestern Pearl River Mouth Basin,is a transfer zone in Cenozoic.The well BY7,in the vicinity of the boundary fault of Baiyun Sag,records multi-stage magmatism.The basalt-andesitic lavas(sample BY705~BY706) and basalts(sample BY701 ~ BY704) found in well BY7,belong to Enping Formation and Zhujiang Formation,respectively.They record two magmatic activities which took place in pre-opening of South China Sea(SCS) and in the late stage of SCS formation.Geochemically,in the volcanic rocks of Enping Formation,contents of SiO2(53.60% ~ 54.21%) and(Na2O+K2O)(4.63%~5.16%) are different from the volcanic rocks of Zhujiang Formation which are with lower SiO2(47.26% ~ 52.34%) and higher total alkalis(5.93% ~ 6.98%).All volcanic rocks are characterized by low total REE contents(∑REE=153.0 ~ 174.3 ppm) and strong differentiation between LREE and HREE((La/Yb)N=10.1 ~ 13.5).The REE distribution patterns and trace elements spider diagrams of these volcanic rocks are similar to the ocean island basalt(OIB).Evidences of lithospheric involvement are exhibited from the investigation of these volcanic rocks,including enrichment in large ion lithospheric elements(Rb,Ba,Ka),high Pb content and low value of Nb/U.Crustal component,resulted from lithosphere delamination which is induced by crust-mantle interaction during late Cretaceous,involves in magma generation,which is the cause of crustal contamination.Magma is generated in a mantle plume or hotspot environment and originated from enriched mantle source of low-degree partial melting.Volcanic rocks of Enping Formation may be caused by the upwelling of deep mantle with an OIB-MORB type magma,and experience the metasomatism of fluid released from subduction slab and crustal contamination.Volcanic rocks of Zhujiang Formation belonging to intraplate alkaline basalt,consist mainly of an EMI-type OIB end-member mantle source and have crustal contamination,probably are caused by upwelling of Hainan mantle plume.Deep mantle upwelling may play an important role in the incipient period and the following evolution of South China Sea.

Growth faults normally act as the boundary faults along basins,and control the evolution of basins.The characters of fault growth,revealed by articles abroad,are based on the increase of displacement and length.Quantitative constraints from ancient fault systems show mainly two models.Conventional growth models suggest that faults become larger due to systematic increase in both maximum displacement and length,which predict a systematic power-law relationship between maximum displacement (D) and maximum trace length (L) of the form D=cL n.Others suggest alternative growth models,in which faults are rapidly lengthening at an initial short stage,followed by a subsequent longer phase by increasing cumulative displacement at roughly constant length.It is a significant process in controlling the size and shape of many sedimentary basins in extensional settings that the evolution and linkage of fault segments to form continuous fault zones.This paper discussed these fault growth models and the characters of fault linkage by summarizing the research findings.

Five Paleogene volcanics sampled from the northern South China Sea were analyzed via LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating,including basalt and andesite from Borehole SCSV1 and volcanic agglomerate from Borehole SCSV2,respectively.A total of 162 zircon U-Pb dates for them cover an age range from Neoarchean to Eocene,in which the pre-Paleocene data dominate.The Paleogene dates of 62.5±2.2 Ma and 42.1±2.9 Ma are associated with two igneous episodes prior to opening of South China Sea basin.Those pre-Paleocene zircons are inherited zircons mostly with magmatogenic oscillatory zones,and have REE features of crustal zircon.Zircon U-Pb dates of 2518–2481 Ma,1933– 1724 Ma,and 1094–1040 Ma from the SCSV1 volcanics,and 2810–2718 Ma,2458–2421 Ma,and 1850 –993.4 Ma from the SCSV2 volcanics reveal part of Precambrian evolution of the northern South China Sea,well comparable with age records dated from the Cathaysia block.The data of 927.0±6.9 Ma and 781±38 Ma dated from the SCSV2 coincide with amalgamation between Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks and breakup of the Rodinia,respectively.The age records of Caledonian orogeny from the Cathaysia block are widely found from our volcanic samples with concordant mean ages of 432.0±5.8 Ma from the SCSV1 and of 437±15 Ma from the SCSV2.The part of the northern South China Sea resembling the Cathaysia underwent Indosinian and Yanshannian tectonothermal events.Their age signatures from the SCSV1 cover 266.5±3.5 Ma,241.1±6.0 Ma,184.0±4.2 Ma,160.9±4.2 Ma and 102.8±2.6 Ma,and from the SCSV2 are 244±15 Ma,158.1±3.5 Ma,141±13 Ma and 96.3±2.1 Ma.Our pre-Paleogene U-Pb age spectra of zircons from the borehole volcanics indicate that the northern South China Sea underwent an evolution from formation of Precambrian basement,Caledonian orogeny,and Indosinian orogeny to Yanshannian magmatism.This process can be well comparable with the tectonic evolution of South China,largely supporting the areas of the northern South China Sea as part of southward extension of the Cathaysia.

A study of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical analysis is performed on Neoproterozoic igneous rocks from the southern part of Sulu orogenic belt to obtain their crystallization time and tectonic control.Zircon U-Pb dating results yield weighted mean crystallization ages of(806.0±14.0)Ma for the gneissic granite from Jinping Mountain,(800.8±7.8)Ma for metavolcanic rocks of the Yuntai Formation,Haizhou Group in the Lianyungang area,together with(751.6±7.1)Ma and(767.0±15.0)Ma for metavolcanic rocks of the Xileng Formation,Zhangbaling Group from the Zhangbaling belt.These igneous rocks are characterized with high K calc-alkaline series,medium negative Eu anomaly and medium depletion of the HREE.They are predominately depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,P and Ti,and the concentrations of high Yb and low Sr show the same characteristics as those for Zhejiang-Fujian type granite.These are correlated with the tectonic setting of extension and partial melting from the lower crust,corresponding to the Rodinia break-up and lithospheric thinning.

Fission-track(FT) thermochronology is a low-temperature dating technique utilizing the damage property produced by uranium fission decay.As the advanced researches of annealing behavior,and laboratory annealing models,this technique,especially apatite fission-track,has become an important measure to constrain the thermal history of sedimentary basin.Among three main apatite fission-track annealing models proposed by Laslett et al.(1987),Crowley et al.(1991) and Ketcham et al.(1999),respectively,the last one is the most significant and widely-applied annealing model,which integrated the influence of time,temperature and chemical composition to various types of apatite,together using the c-axis projected track-length and Dpar.This apatite multi-kinetic fission-track annealing model by Ketcham et al.(1999) can be applied well to make thermal modeling,describing the temperature-time relation in the development of basin.Zircon FT,(U-Th)/He,apatite(U-Th)/He,Ro value,surface temperature,and stratigraphic age are all as constraints for fission-track thermal modeling,while the HeFTy(2009) is an excellent software for reconstruction of low-temperature thermal history.