中国科学院是我国科技扶贫的先行者和践行者。根据国务院扶贫办的统一部署,中国科学院承担了4个国家级贫困县的定点扶贫任务,包括内蒙古库伦旗、广西环江县以及贵州水城县和六枝特区。近年来,中国科学院发挥科技综合优势,根据贫困地区地域特点,通过部署科技扶贫项目支撑帮扶地区产业发展和脱贫增收,构建服务贫困地区发展的科技扶贫网络,培育贫困地区可持续发展的"造血功能",取得了显著的帮扶成效。在国务院扶贫办组织的2018年度脱贫攻坚成效考核中,中国科学院定点扶贫工作考核等次为第一等次"好"。

信息技术正在对各行各业进行深度渗透。通过海量数据的获取,并在信息空间开展建模和分析,信息技术正在成为信息社会解决现实问题的有效手段。当前,国家正在大力实施黑土地保护工程,针对复杂的系统性保护工程,更需要依靠信息技术的力量开展黑土地使用和保护过程中的问题建模和算法求解,通过模拟和仿真的方法找出最佳的保护途径。文章通过分析全球范围主要黑土地区域保护措施,从智能技术的角度提出构建基于第五范式的农业模拟器设计思想,并给出全要素农业模拟器的组织架构,以及通过智能OODA（观察—判断—决策—执行）环实现数据流的快速运转与迭代,不断优化黑土地保护的技术手段。最后,给出在黑土地保护示范区建设农业模拟器的思路和架构,提出农业模拟器在黑土地保护过程中开展应用和推广的政策建议。

粮食安全是国家安全的重要基础.随着社会经济发展和居民对营养健康的更高要求,我国面临的粮食安全已不是传统意义上的口粮安全,而是逐渐演变为饲料粮安全,为此应树立大粮食安全观.文章分析了2010—2019年我国牛羊肉和牛奶的消费量及生产量,发现生产量的增长速度显著低于消费的增长速度,因而导致大量进口国外的牛羊肉和牛奶产品.对比世界和亚洲地区的平均消费量,未来我国的牛羊肉和牛奶消费需求将持续增长.针对我国牛羊肉自给率保持在85％ 左右、奶源自给率保持在70％ 以上的发展目标,如何实现在保护生态环境的条件下提高畜牧业生产是一个重要课题.根据"以小保大"原理,通过发展小面积高产人工草地,服务大面积天然草地保护的生态草牧业,过去几年在国内不同区域的实践取得了可借鉴的成功经验.文章就如何发挥我国北方农牧交错带区域农牧系统的耦合效应,通过发展生态草牧业服务我国大粮食安全和乡村振兴战略实施,从而实现该区域的高质量发展,提出4点建议:加强顶层设计,做好总体规划;利用现代分子生物学手段,加快优良牧草品种培育;加强草产品加工的科技研发,提高饲草原料的利用效率;结合实施乡村振兴战略,打造一批由畜产品产业主导的特色乡镇.

我国东北黑土地经过 60 年高强度利用和不合理耕作导致其有机质减少、碳氮严重失衡、微生物群落失稳等一系列退化过程，严重威胁我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展。黑土有机质含量降低是黑土退化的核心问题。生物是一切有机质的源泉，生物驱动的有机质动态平衡是维持农田生态系统稳定及土壤质量的基础。然而，东北水热资源限制致使生物驱动的土壤有机质转化困难，制约了黑土质量提升和保护性耕作技术的发展。中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（A 类）“黑土地保护与利用科技创新工程（黑土粮仓）”设立了“黑土地产能和质量提升的现代生物学技术”攻关任务；该攻关任务围绕绿肥等生物驱动的土壤有机质动态平衡机理、秸秆低温腐解的生物学机制等重大科学问题开展研究，研发黑土质量提升相关的变革性、颠覆性生物技术，突破黑土有机质转化技术瓶颈，促使黑土地物质循环和生态系统功能趋于良性平衡，为黑土地质量和产能提升提供重要理论和关键技术支撑。

Recommended Citation Zhu, OUYANG; Hongsheng, WANG; Jianbin, LAI; Chunjing, WANG; Zhen, LIU; Zhigang, SUN; and Ruixing, HOU (2020) "New Approach of High-quality Agricultural Development in the Yellow River Delta," Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version): Vol. 35 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20200106001 Available at: https://bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org/journal/vol35/iss2/2

With increasing awareness of balanced and healthy diet, the demand for ruminant products has been drastically increasing in China over the past decades. Grass-based Livestock Husbandry (GLiH), a new paradigm for agricultural restructuring and sustainable development, is highly encouraged to meet such demand. Yet, the country’s own production cannot self-support the demand, as envisaged by the soaring import of both red meats and forage products, albeit half of the nation’s cereal production is devoted to animal feed and forage crop production area amounts to 12 million ha. With the affluent population and limited arable land, China is facing challenge to explore possible land areas for GLiH development. We argue that one of the effective ways is to transform the low-and middle-yield fields, which account for over 70% of the cultivated lands, into forage crop production. Our analysis indicated that cultivation of forage crops could avoid the risks of low yield and low economic returns frequently occurring for cereal production on such lands. Furthermore, a forage-cereal rotation cropping system can significantly increase dry mass production, reduce the incidence of pest and disease damage, and ameliorate soil physical and chemical properties by improving soil organic matter, soil fertility and reducing salt and alkaline constraints. Three scenarios have been projected for the potential of the exploitation of low- and middle-yielding land for livestock production, and the amount of the red meat production is estimated to be 17.98, 21.58, and 26.98 million tons, respectively, which are 1.6, 1.9, and 2.4 times of the current production nationwide. A case study for Shandong Province is further presented, demonstrating that exploring the saline-alkali land at the Yellow River Delta for forage crop production could substantially alleviate the shortage of forage supplies and optimize the agricultural infrastructure of the province. and policy implications of

昔日盐碱地,今日吨良田."渤海粮仓科技示范工程"(以下简称"渤海粮仓")实施五年多来,项目区现代农业发展不断加速. 在河北,通过实施咸水结冰改造盐碱地、农田多水源高效利用、良种全覆盖、农田地力提升等,开展规模化示范,建设"渤海粮仓"技术研发与推广平台,带动种业、加工业、畜禽养殖和农业服务业等产业发展,经济社会效益显著;在山东,除改良盐碱地,还开展生物有机肥应用、水盐监测与调控、棉粮均衡增产等,农业企业为主体的规模经营让粮食产量和农民收入都提高了不少;在辽宁,通过氮肥高效利用、秸秆还田、抗旱保墒节水等关键技术研发和示范推广,对当地中低产田的改良和农业增产、农民增收做出了重要贡献;在天津,通过抗逆作物品种选育、测土配方平衡施肥技术、增施有机肥和保护性耕作技术等,实现有限面积中低产田的农业高质量发展.

Grassland is the largest area of territorial ecosystems in China, and accounts for more than 30% of the total national land area. Primarily located in the north part and as the homeland of most ethnic minorities, the grassland region is critical for ecological safety and the national security of the country. Furthermore, grassland provides nearly one-third of the country total red meat and dairy products, respectively, and is important for national healthy food supply. Yet, it is believed that a large proportion of China’s grasslands has been degraded or desertified at various degrees because of overgrazing, increased population, mining, farming activities, and climate change. To achieve grassland sustainable development, new concepts and technological advancement are required to tackle the degradation challenges and to balance the relationships between “ecological civilization, sustainable production and better living standard”. For this purpose, we proposed the concept of “Grass-based Livestock Husbandry” (abbreviated as GLiH concept), which defines ecologically-sound management of grass-fed livestock and includes three production systems: forage cultivation, forage processing, and livestock management and processing. This paper documents contents and significance of the GLiH concept, and discusses key scientific and technical issues in the development of grass-based livestock husbandry and their possible solutions. The key of the concept is the coupling and coherent development of an inter-dependent “grass-livestock relationship”. In the GLiH concept, “grasses” (including various perennial and annual grass and shrub species) are considered as the foundation of “livestock” and provides an explanation for the long-standing frustration in China’s livestock farming industry, in which for years forage production has been totally neglected. GLiH also emphasizes the dual (productional and ecological) function of the grassland and proposes to manage the grassland regions according to the “small vs. big” theory, i.e., to allocate a small area of resources-rich land for cultivation of forage crops with high biomass and high quality to protect the vast but fragile grasslands away from over-grazing and over-exploitation, as such to secure the demand of the animal feed supplies as well as to allow the grassland to make its ecological functioning. We also propose eight principles for the development of grass-based livestock husbandry, including grass breeding, artificial grassland farming, conservation and better use of natural grassland, rational allocation between grass production and ecological functioning, efficient harvesting and processing, efficient feeding of livestock, efficient use of natural resources, and systems development. To verify the GLiH concept, a large scale pilot project of “Development of Experimental Zone for Sustainable Management of Grass-based Livestock Systems” has been implemented, in collaboration with Hulun Buir State Farm Conglomerate, and the project has achieved a big success ecologically and economically.