The interest relationship among forest governance stakeholders will change with the influence of political, economic, cultural, and other factors. Studying the logical relationship between various stakeholders in the process of forest management is an important measure to adhere to the "clear water and green mountains are gold hills and silver mountains" and implement the concept of green development under the new form. In this paper, the evolutionary game method is used to build a dynamic evolutionary game model, analyze the evolutionary stability strategy and replicator dynamics of the three core stakeholders of government, enterprises, and rural community residents, and calculate the equilibrium stability point. The behavioral strategy selection and evolutionary stability conditions of each game player are analyzed. The results show that the "guidance" of the government is a strong guarantee for the realization of the tripartite equilibrium. The government is in a very active and strong position and needs the guidance of the government to achieve stability. The results show that the "guidance" of the government is a strong guarantee for the realization of the tripartite equilibrium. The government is in a very active and strong position and needs the guidance of the government to achieve stability. Therefore, the government should actively encourage rural community residents to participate in forest management, strengthen the supervision of forestry enterprises, and achieve effective management of forest resources.

目前河北省的化肥施用量总体偏多,本研究基于河北省农业生产的统计数据,分析了河北省主要农作物的化肥施用情况,并进一步探索了化肥管控对策.结果显示:近年来河北省农用化肥施用总量呈现下降趋势,但化肥施用强度依然较高,其中,蔬菜和小麦的单位面积化肥施用量不降反升,蔬菜化肥施用需重点管控的地区是秦皇岛、唐山市、定州市、邯郸市、石家庄市和保定市,小麦化肥施用需重点管控的地区是石家庄、邯郸、邢台、保定和衡水市,此外辛集市的化肥施用强度超过500kg·hm-2也需重点管控;河北省应加快化肥减施技术的有效推广、加大对设施蔬菜和小麦化肥用量的管控力度、加强新型农业经营主体及施肥社会化服务体系建设.

目前中国小麦生产中,普遍存在着化肥过量施用问题.本研究参照中国小麦区域大配方施肥标准,测算了小麦主产区的化肥减量目标,并结合小麦主产区的化肥施用总量、播种面积、单位面积化肥施用强度及吨粮化肥施用量综合分析了小麦的化肥施用现状,精准识别了化肥急需减量的关键地区,并进一步探索了种植小麦的化肥减量路径.

目前中国玉米生产中,普遍存在着化肥过量施用问题.本研究参照中国玉米区域大配方施肥标准,测算了玉米主产区的化肥减量目标,并结合玉米主产区的化肥施用总量、播种面积、单位面积化肥施用强度及吨粮化肥施用量综合分析了玉米的化肥施用现状,精准识别了化肥急需减量的关键地区,并进一步探索了种植玉米的化肥减量路径.结果显示:中国玉米主产省化肥的减量目标为255万吨,占玉米化肥施用总量的19％;化肥急需减量的省份有吉林、云南、甘肃、宁夏、新疆、江苏和山东;中国应进一步提高用肥效率、推广农业技术培训和提供服务、完善经济管控政策和健全化肥管控法规.

农业化肥非点源污染会导致水体富营养化,地下水硝酸盐超标,对人类的生存和生物的多样性造成巨大威胁,故研究农业化肥非点源污染意义重大.美国从20世纪70年代开始治理其由于化肥施用引起的农业非点源污染问题,现已取得了阶段性的成果,其治理水平在世界上处于领先地位.本文详细介绍了美国治理农业化肥非点源污染的措施,如最佳管理实践、法律、经济和技术措施,并结合中国农业化肥非点源污染现状及问题,提出了美国成功的治理经验对中国的启示.

生态文明是我国“五位一体”总体布局的重要内容,将直接引领我国生态环境保护与建设的大略方针,而森林作为生态文明建设中最本质和最重要的物质基础,其生态安全状况显得尤为重要.基于生态文明建设背景,从省域层面分析森林生态安全状况,沿用PSR模型构建森林生态安全评价指标体系,对2007年、201 1年和2014年各省级行政区森林生态安全状况进行评价和对比.结果表明:森林资源状况是各省(市、自治区)森林生态安全状况存在差异的最主要原因;森林生态状态对森林生态安全评价影响最主要,森林生态压力影响次之;生态文明建设前期,我国各省级行政区的森林生态安全状况均呈上升趋势,生态文明建设后期,大部分省(市、自治区)森林生态安全状况出现下降趋势.同时,针对各地区森林资源的不同状况,提出了提高森林生态系统安全性的建议.

Foresters’income and expenses and forest employment change reflect the economic benefit of foresters, the collective forest right system reform has an effect on foresters’income and expenses and forest employment. Through investigation, based on descriptive statistics, foresters improve the production enthusiasm on forestry, the number and time of family labor input increasing, under forest economic got attention, improve the income and improve the employment.

对云南省大关县固定样本农户进行了实地调查,分析了集体林权制度改革中农户在林业方面的收支情况及在林业劳动力投入支出状况,反映了农户林业收入在此次林改中所受的影响,剖析了林改在实施过程中存在的问题,提出了相关建议。