ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying impaired sustained attention under positive acceleration stress.MethodsWe used a lower body negative pressure model to simulate positive acceleration stress and employed electroencephalography (EEG) to observe changes in brain function.ResultsEEG results indicated that sustained attention exhibited a dissociation effect between early and late stages of processing following positive acceleration stress. The latency of the P2 component induced by non-target stimuli at the Cz electrode was significantly reduced under lower body negative pressure conditions, suggesting enhanced early perceptual processing of visual stimuli under acceleration stress. The amplitude of the P300 component induced by non-target stimuli at the Pz and Cz electrodes was significantly lower than that at baseline, suggesting impaired late-stage response selection processes. These findings indicate that individuals exhibit adaptive capacity under cerebral ischemia induced by acceleration stress, whereby enhanced early perceptual processing may partially compensate for impairments in the late-stage response selection phase.ConclusionThe dissociation between the early and late stages of visual attention processing reflects the body’s adaptive adjustment ability in response to acceleration stress.

Social ties critically influence individual health and well-being, raising important questions about why some individuals occupy advantageous social network positions. While social cognition is known to play a key role, it remains unclear whether neural differences during social information processing is associated with variability in the social network structure. Using the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) combined with multilayered social network analysis, brain network analysis, and machine learning, we investigated how neural activation patterns relate to individual social network structures. The results revealed that individuals with a larger social network size were associated with (1) heightened nodal efficiency in the midcingulate cortex (MCC), (2) reduced efficiency in the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), (3) enhanced functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex-supplementary motor area (ACC-SMA) and olfactory-somatosensory regions, and (4) significantly negative predictive effects of nodal efficiency in both the IOG and hippocampus (as identified through machine learning). These findings demonstrate that efficient brain network organization, characterized by optimized integration in the cingulate cortex with a conflict monitoring function and selective suppression of visual attention and memory processing, is related to real-world social adaptation. Our study offers novel neurobiological insights into social networks, highlighting the crucial role of neural efficiency in social resource acquisition.

Background:Sleep loss has sometimes catastrophic effects on risky decision-making. However, it is unknown to what extent such deficits are exacerbated with increasing duration of sleep deprivation (SD) and whether sustained vigilant attention mediates this sleep deprivation-induced deficit. Methods:The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 36 hours of SD on 37 male college students' arousal, emotion, vigilant attention, and risky decision-making, using the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, the Game of Dice Task, and scales assessing fatigue, sleep, and emotions. Results:Compared to baseline, SD significantly increased sleepiness, fatigue, and negative emotions, decreased positive emotions and vigilant attention, and led to a shift toward risky decision-making, and these effects often appeared 15 or 20 hours after SD. Interestingly, participants' ability to employ positive feedback was maintained, whereas their performance to utilize negative feedback was impaired even after 8 hours of sleep deprivation. Meanwhile, vigilant attention acted as a mediator between SD and risky decision-making (z = -1.97, 95% [-6.00, -0.30]). Discussion:These results suggest that sleep-deprived individuals are unable to use negative feedback to optimize their judgments, which may account for their poor decision-making under risk.

IntroductionSocial ties play a crucial role in determining the health and wellbeing of individuals. However, it remains unclear whether the capacity to process social information distinguishes well-connected individuals from their less-connected peers. This study explored how an individual’s social network structure influences the dynamic processing of group norms, utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs).MethodsThe study involved 43 university students from the same class who participated in a social network study measuring metrics such as real-life social network size, in-degree, out-degree, and betweenness centrality. Subsequently, 27 students participated in an EEG study assessing their willingness to engage in various exercises after being exposed to peer feedback or in its absence.ResultsThe results indicate that an individual’s social network structure is significantly associated with the dynamic processing of group norms. Notably, well-connected individuals exhibited larger ERP amplitudes linked to feedback (e.g., N200, P300, and LPP), greater functional segregation within the brain network (e.g., local efficiency and clustering coefficient), and enhanced synchronization within frontal area and across different brain areas.DiscussionThese findings highlight that well-connected individuals possess enhanced sensitivity and efficiency in processing social information, pointing to potential areas for further research on the factors influencing social network evolution.

Objective:To observe the attention processing characteristics of the pilots experiencing black hole illusion, and to provide quantitative data references for flight simulation training guided by eye movement fixation based on the eye movement mode of the pilots with high flight performance score.Methods:The pilots who underwent the transformation training were selected by cluster sampling. Their original flight performance scores were converted into percentile grades. The top 10 and bottom 10 pilots were assigned as high and low score groups. Their eye movement data were recorded when they were completing the night approach and landing task on the flight illusion simulator. The correlation between eye movement data and flight performance in the simulation task were analyzed, and the eye movement patterns of pilots with different flight performance were compared.Results:Thirty-six valid subjects were selected. A total of 12 eye movement indexes were correlated with flight performance ( r=0.334-0.398, all P<0.05). Three eye movement indexes, including peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of head-up display (HUD), the percentage of total duration of fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration and average duration of whole fixations on attitude indicator could establish a linear regression model with flight performance ( R2=0.422, F=7.77, P<0.001). The percentage of total duration of whole fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration in high score group [(4.38±3.48)%] was higher than that in low score group [(1.72±1.32)%], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.25, P=0.045). And the average peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of HUD in high score group [(358.85±171.40)°/s] was higher than that in low score group [(221.14±92.60)°/s], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.24, P=0.038). Conclusions:Eye movement index in the night approach and landing task can be used as an evaluation index of attention ability of pilots in black hole illusion simulation and experience task.

BACKGROUND:Decision making under acute stress is frequent in daily life. While evidence suggests for a modulatory role of neuroticism on risky decision-making behaviors, the neural correlates underlying the association between neuroticism and risky decision-making under acute stress remain to be elucidated.METHODS:Based on a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated the effect of acute stress on risk-taking behavior in 27 healthy male adults, and further assessed stress-induced changes in brain activation according to the individual differences in neuroticism.RESULTS:Higher trait neuroticism levels positively correlated with increased stress-modulated activation of the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during risk-taking, and negatively correlated with decreased stress-modulated activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during cash-outs.LIMITATIONS:Only male participants were recruited.CONCLUSIONS:We found a positive correlation between neuroticism and greater risk-taking behavior under acute stress. These results extend our understanding of the increased risk-taking propensity in high neurotic individuals under acute stress.

目的 采用战斗机飞行员胜任特征问卷调研飞行学员的胜任力,并与教官的评价进行交叉验证.方法 采取整群抽样法,调研2 047名飞行学员,对约50%数据进行探索性因子分析,对一部分数据进行验证性因子分析;同时调研教官86人,以他们对飞行学员胜任力的他评成绩为效标.结果 探索性因子分析得到专业胜任力,心理胜任力,意识形态胜任力,一般性胜任力和发展性胜任力5个因子,累积解释问卷总变异量的58.92%;验证性因子分析表明5因子模型与数据拟合较好(χ2=4.38,拟合优度指数=0.870,比较拟合指数=0.917,不规范拟合指数=0.910,增值拟合指数=0.917,Tucker-Lewis指数=0.910,近似误差均方根=0.057).学员和教官在5个因子上的得分差异有统计学意义(t=2.107、4.001、3.600、3.532、2.690,P=0.034、＜0.001、＜0.001、＜0.001、0.007).结论 飞行学员胜任力由专业胜任力、心理胜任力、意识形态胜任力、一般性胜任力和发展性胜任力5个部分组成.

目的 探讨个体在不同脑力负荷模拟飞行任务条件下,各频段脑电功率谱的差异.方法 选取27名受试者(男性15名、女性12名)为研究对象,依次完成3种不同模拟飞行任务(单轴任务T1:完成单轴操纵;三重任务T2:同时完成三轴操纵;四重任务T3:同时完成三轴操纵和数字加法运算),每项任务结束后填写脑力负荷评价量表.利用64导脑电采集系统记录任务期间的头皮脑电信号,将脑电功率谱密度(PSD)作为脑电分析指标,对不同模拟飞行任务期间各电极PSD进行单因素重复测量方差分析,对脑力负荷和各电极PSD变化水平进行Pearson相关分析.结果(1)个体的脑力负荷水平随同时执行任务数量增加而升高(T10.610,P<0.01).结论 脑电功率谱特征可作为脑力负荷客观评价指标,为保障飞行安全提供依据.

This paper generalizes Wolstenholme theorem on two aspects. The first generalization is a parameterized form: let p > k + 2, k ≥ 1, ∀t ∈ ℤ, then ${{(pt + p - 1)!} \over {(pt)!}}\mathop \sum \limits_{m = 0}^{k - 1} {( - 1)^m}\mathop \sum \limits_{1 \le {i_l} < \cdots < {i_{k - m}} \le p - 1} {{{p^{k - (m + 1)}}} \over {\mathop \prod \limits_{l = 1}^{k - m} (pt + {i_l})}} \equiv 0{\left( {\bmod {p^{k + 1}}} \right)^.}$ The second generalization is on composite number module: Let 1overa be the x in congruent equation ax ≡ 1(mod m )(1 ≤ x < m ), if m ≥ 5, then $$\matrix{ {\sum\limits_{\scriptstyle (k,m) = 1, \hfill \atop \scriptstyle 1 \le j \le m \hfill} {{{\left( {{1 \over k}} \right)}^2}} } \hfill & \equiv \hfill & {{m \over 6}[2m\varphi (m) + \prod\limits_{p|m} {(1 - p)]{{(\bmod m)}^{\;;}}} } \hfill \cr {\sum\limits_{\scriptstyle (k,m) = 1, \hfill \atop \scriptstyle 1 \le j \le m \hfill} {{{\left( {{1 \over k}} \right)}^3}} } \hfill & \equiv \hfill & {{{{m^2}} \over 4}[m\varphi (m) + \prod\limits_{p|m} {(1 - p)](\bmod m){\;^;}} } \hfill \cr {\sum\limits_{\scriptstyle (k,m) = 1, \hfill \atop \scriptstyle 1 \le j \le m \hfill} {{{\left( {{1 \over k}} \right)}^4}} } \hfill & \equiv \hfill & {{m \over {30}}[6{m^3}\varphi (m) + 10{m^2}\prod\limits_{p|m} {(1 - p) - \prod\limits_{p|m} {(1 - {p^3})](\bmod m){\;^;}} } } \hfill \cr {\sum\limits_{\scriptstyle (k,m) = 1, \hfill \atop \scriptstyle 1 \le j \le m \hfill} {{{\left( {{1 \over k}} \right)}^r}} } \hfill & \equiv \hfill & {{m^r}\sum\limits_{d|m} {\mu (d){{\left( {{m \over d}} \right)}^{ - r}}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{{m \over d}} {{k^r}(\bmod m){\;^.}} } } \hfill \cr } $$ Where φ(x) is Euler function , μ(x) is Möbius function.

随着先进科技发展与智能化交互技术应用,飞机座舱的人机交互系统设计日趋复杂,在保证飞行员任务完成的前提下如何进一步提高信息获取效率、提升交互体验满意度,是未来飞机座舱人机交互设计面临的重大挑战.笔者围绕飞机座舱的人机交互系统开展综述研究,深入剖析了座舱人机交互系统的发展沿革与技术应用现状,梳理并提取了面向未来飞机座舱智能化设计的人机交互关键技术,重点关注其技术发展与标准研究情况.结果表明:未来座舱的人机交互设计发展离不开智能化技术的加持与赋能,诸如曲面显示、全息显示、以及多通道交互等新型人机交互技术,具有良好的应用前景,而这种交互方式的升级,也会为飞机设计人员和飞行员带来新的问题与挑战.

Understanding the main stress events faced by paratroopers and the use of coping styles is helpful to clarify the needs of psychological services. In this study, 86 paratroopers were selected as the research objects by stratified sampling method. The frequency and impact of stress events, frequency and effect of coping styles in paratroopers were investigated by Likert five point scales. The results showed that paratroopers in different positions had significant differences only in the stress event of workplace interpersonal conflict. The influence of workplace interpersonal conflict on the psychological state of officers is significantly higher than that of sergeants and soldiers. Officers and sergeants prefer to use exercise and breathing relaxation to deal with stress events, while soldiers prefer to play video games to deal with stress events. The results of this study indicate that the types of stress events and preferred coping styles of paratroopers in each position are different. In psychological service, psychologist need to choose targeted measures based on their characteristics in order to effectively maintain mental health and operational efficiency.

The high level noise caused by intense acoustic weapons and blasting is a common source of acute acoustic trauma faced by some special environmental personnel. Studies have shown that high level noise can cause auditory and non-auditory effects. However, there are few reports on the biological effects, especially the non-auditory effects of acute high level noise exposure in simulated special working environments, and the great differences between experimental animals and human beings make it difficult to extrapolate from research conclusions. In this study, macaque monkeys were used to detect the effects of acute high level noise exposure on hearing, cognition, and cardiovascular function. Auditory brainstem response, auditory P300, and electrocardiogram (ECG) of macaque monkeys were measured. Results showed that acute high level noise exposure caused permanent hearing threshold shifts; partial hearing loss which couldn’t recover to normal levels in the detection period; pathological changes in T wave and QRS complexes; and large fluctuations in cognitive ability after exposure, which finally recovered to normal. These alterations may be a combination of effects caused by stress-induced neuroendocrine dysfunction and mechanical damage of auditory organs. To elaborate the exact mechanism, further studies are still needed. Meanwhile, positive measures should be taken to reduce the incidence of acute high level noise injury.

Acceleration is a common stressor faced by military pilot. To learn the feature of brain activity could help to clarify the reason of performance change under acceleration condition. A bucket of organic glass was used to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) condition. Eight of male subjects needed to complete a continuous performance test under LBNP and baseline conditions. Thirty-two channels of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal were recorded concurrently. The time windows of 500 to 600 ms after stimulus and frequency bands between 1 to 10 Hz were selected as regional of interest (ROI). Time frequency analysis method was used to compare the power difference between LBNP and baseline conditions. The power value in CP2 under LBNP condition (1.67 ± 2.72 dB) was significant higher than the power value under baseline (−1.80 ± 1.41 dB), t = 3.27, P < 0.01. The increased power of delta and theta bands in parietal area reflect the negative effect of acceleration to brain, the indicator of power difference may be used as biomarker for pilot selection or predictor of G-induced loss of consciousness.

Subdivide n-dimensional space En into disjoint n-dimensional unit cubes, and let the set of these cubes be Λn. The vertices of each cube are called nodes. Let LPT be the set of allcontinuous curve passing through node P(s1,s2 ,…,sn)and nodeT(t1,t2 ,…,tn) . ∀Γ ∊ LpT, α∊Λ n define the characteristic function of Γ to oc, χΓ(α)={0,whenμ(α∩Γ)=0,1,whenμ(α∩Γ)>0, Where μ(α ∩ Γ) is Lebesgue measure of point set α ∩ Γ. Name all its non-empty element as α Γ(1),α Γ(2),…,α Γ(r(Γ)), and let λ k(α Γ(k)) be the weighting coefficients of α Γ(k)(k=1,2…,r(Γ)) on Γ . This paper investigated the value of Γ∈LPTinf{Σk=1r(Γ)λk(αΓ(k))χ(αΓ(k))} , and by using discrete mathematics theory and construction method, proved that if all weighting coefficients are equal to 1, then max {m1,m2,⋯mn}≤Γ∈LPTinf{Σk=1r(Γ)λk(αΓ(k))χ(αΓ(k))}≤Σk=1n(−1)k−1Σ1≤i1<i2<⋯<ik≤ngcd(mi1,mi2,⋯mik) Where mi=|si−ti| , i = 1,2, …, n. The paper also generalizes the result to a wedge-shaped case.

Previous studies on personnel selection focused more on the cognitive processing of visual information, and it is urgent to pay more attention to auditory information. Ten young male subjects participated in a dichotic listening task, and 64 channel EEG data were recorded simultaneously. The correlation coefficients between delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma band power and behavioral data in attention task were calculated. The results showed that the total distance and standard deviation of the reaction time of both ears are target stimulus, the left target and right non-target and the average reaction time were relatively larger. Delta and theta band power are dominant in frontal area, while alpha band power is dominant in temporal and occipital area. TP7-beta, CB2-alpha and O2-alpha were significantly correlated with the above three behavioral indicators (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the reaction time and the related EEG band power data in dichotic listening task could be used as potential indicators to evaluate auditory attention ability.

Abstract We consider the optimal setting of n stations and solve the problem of n = 6 in the plane. Let S ⸦ E 2 be a set consisting of n points A 1, A 2, …, An , d(Ai, Aj ) stands for the distance between Ai and Aj , and σ ( S ) = ∑ 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n d ( A i , A j ) , d ( S ) = min 1 ≤ i ≠ j ≤ n { d ( A i , A j ) } , μ ( 2 , n ) = σ ( S ) d ( S ) ( S ⊂ P , | S | = n ) , inf μ ( 2 , n ) = min { σ ( S ) d ( S ) | S ⊂ P , | S ∣= n } . In the paper, the results for inf μ ( 2 , 6 ) = 13 + 4 3 are obtained by several analytical methods, such as classifying, regional control and evaluating the boundary extremum.

Background and Purpose: : Airline pilot is a highly specialized profession that requires to response quickly and accurately in the presence of a wide variety of visual information. Although functional imaging studies have employed virtual simulation to identify brain areas that underlie various flying-related tasks, little is known about the specific patterns of structural plasticity in the airline pilot's brain. Materials and Methods: In this study, we examined differences of gray matter and white matter volumes between 42 airline pilots and 39 non-pilots by using voxel-based morphometry, and further assessed the association between magnitude of structural alterations and flight time in the pilots. Results: We found significantly increased white matter volume in the cuneus area in the pilot group compared to the non-pilot group (p < 0.05, FWE corrected). Using a relaxed threshold, it was also observed that the pilots had increased gray matter volume in the lingual gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, cuneus, and postcentral gyrus, and increased white matter volume in the postcentral area (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Moreover, the pilots' flight time was positively correlated with gray matter volume in the postcentral gyrus and white matter volume in the cuneus area (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Conclusions: The morphological changes in specific visual and sensorimotor areas may provide airline pilots with neural efficiency in the visuo-motor processing related to flight.

Past studies have consistently shown functional dysconnectivity of large-scale brain networks in schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to further assess whether multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) could yield a sensitive predictor of patient symptoms, as well as identify ultra-high risk (UHR) stage of schizophrenia from intrinsic functional connectivity of whole-brain networks. We first combined rank-based feature selection and support vector machine methods to distinguish between 43 schizophrenia patients and 52 healthy controls. The constructed classifier was then applied to examine functional connectivity profiles of 18 UHR individuals. The classifier indicated reliable relationship between MVPA measures and symptom severity, with higher classification accuracy in more severely affected schizophrenia patients. The UHR subjects had classification scores falling between those of healthy controls and patients, suggesting an intermediate level of functional brain abnormalities. Moreover, UHR individuals with schizophrenia-like connectivity profiles at baseline presented higher rate of conversion to full-blown illness in the follow-up visits. Spatial maps of discriminative brain regions implicated increases of functional connectivity in the default mode network, whereas decreases of functional connectivity in the cerebellum, thalamus and visual areas in schizophrenia. The findings may have potential utility in the early diagnosis and intervention of schizophrenia.

将一张矩形的纸张对折n次后,用刀沿着折痕裁它,每次裁后不准将其重叠再裁,即每次裁后不准改变纸张的位置,那么,至少要裁多少刀才可以将纸张裁成2n张小纸片?

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have suggested that the right anterior insula (rAI) plays a vital role in salience processing and stress-related disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between rAI functional connectivity changes and individual differences in cortisol responses after acute stress, in order to provide insights into psychiatric illness vulnerabilities.METHODS:Thirty-five young men were enrolled in a randomized, counterbalanced two-session study, with aversive movie clip combined with electrical shocks as stress stimulation and the neutral movie clip as control stimulation. Resting-state fMRI data was acquired after movie exposure. The rAI was chosen as seed for functional connectivity analysis. We then examined the effect of acute stress on rAI functional connectivity and its association with individuals' cortisol response.RESULTS:We found decreased rAI functional connectivity in the fronto-parietal regions, but increased functional connectivity in the visual and somatosensory areas following acute stress. Moreover, stress-induced cortisol response was significantly positively correlated with the rAI functional connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex, and negatively correlated with the orbital-frontal cortex, lingual gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus.LIMITATIONS:Only young Chinese males without any trauma experience were recruited in this study.CONCLUSIONS:The results suggested tight link between specific rAI functional connectivity alterations and individual stress reactivity, which may help elucidate the potential neurobiological mechanism underlying vulnerability to stress-related disorders.