Monascus spp. and its rice fermentation products have been used as food colorants and flavor enhancers, as well as for meat preservation and wine brewing in the Asia for centuries. A novel application of Monascus purpureus in semi-soft cheese making was introduced in this paper. The changes in the dynamics of the microbiota during cheese ripening were investigated in this study using high through-put methods. The most dominant bacterial genus was determined to be Lactococcus, and the dominant fungal genus was Monascus. Also, some other genera were detected in the red cheese samples, such as Leuconostoc. Samples of the Cheese were analyzed using dynamic oscillating rheology and the result indicated an elastic solid character rheological behavior. It was observed that the level of citrinin produced by Monascus and other fungal genera in the examined Cheese samples was lower than that produced in the red yeast rice. Furthermore, the mevinolin and gamma- aminobutyric acid were also presence in Cheese samples. Therefore, the results of this study suggested that M. purpureus has positive effects on cheese making processes. Novelty impact statement A Novel Application of Monascus in Semi-Soft Cheese making has been introduced by our investigated team, which is referred to as Red Cheese. The processing of the Red Cheese has been researched and introduced in this paper. The nutrient content, texture, microbiota, and some other features were also tested in this paper.

对自分离筛选红曲霉在软质白霉干酪中的应用进行研究,采用色差仪、质构仪、流变仪、高效液相色谱等对软质白霉干酪及添加红曲霉的白霉干酪的成分、质构及流变等特性进行测定,并分析添加红曲霉对干酪成熟的影响.结果 表明:额外添加红曲霉的白霉干酪颜色发生改变,产生红曲色素,a*值为7.81～19.05.相对于白霉干酪,红曲霉-白霉干酪的蛋白和膳食纤维都有所增加,脂肪并无明显增加.此外,通过流变和质构的分析发现,添加红曲霉后,软质白霉干酪更富有弹性,弹性为90.35～92.15,储能模量G'更高,tanδ值变小.通过测定干酪的功能及有害成分,在红曲霉-白霉干酪中检测到0.05～2.21 mg/kg洛伐他汀和0.54～0.70 mg/kg γ-氨基丁酸,伴有少量橘青霉素产生,其含量低于国际限量.本研究为红曲霉在乳制品中的应用提供理论支持.

Red-Veined Cheese is an experimental internal mold-ripened cheese using red koji powder as the red starter. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical parameters, microorganisms, proteolysis, lipolysis, and volatile profile of the cheese during 33 days of ripening. The gross composition was 56.7% (w/w) for total solids, 45.8% (w/w) for fat-in-dry matter, 2.58% (w/w) for salt content and 37.8% (w/w) for protein. The pH increased from 4.88 to 5.23 during ripening. The Monascus density first rose and then fell, while total mesophilic bacteria count declined steadily throughout the maturation. Proteolysis degree in experimental group was significantly higher than in control group without inoculation of red koji powder. Analysis of the fatty acid profile showed that the internal Monascus -fermentation also promoted lipolysis. A total of 63 volatile compounds, including 12 ketones, 14 alcohols, 15 acids, 13 esters, 5 aldehydes, 3 lactones and 1 phenol, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The main chemical groups of volatile compounds were ketones, alcohols, acids and esters whereas aldehydes, lactones, and phenols represented only minor components. At the end of ripening, the levels of ketones, alcohols, esters were significantly higher in the experimental cheese compared with the control. Our results therefore show that the internal Monascus -fermentation is not only a suitable technology to form red veins in the paste but also an effective method to impact the composition of volatile compounds in cheese, which can thus distinguish it from other internal mold-ripened cheeses and surface-ripened Monascus -fermented cheese.

从新疆、云南、西藏等地采集干酪样品中分离出的多株乳酸菌中,挑选出7株具有代表性的特色菌株,进行产酸、产黏、自溶度、氨肽酶活力的评估,并应用于新鲜干酪中,另对其质构和流变特征进行分析。结果显示:乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）E11、C44在4个特性方面均有一定优势,在产酸上ΔpH值（0～24 h）较高,产黏适中,且具有较高的自溶度和氨肽酶活力。经过对单菌株制作的新鲜干酪的相关性分析,干酪的水分含量与硬度呈极显著负相关,与黏着性呈极显著正相关;此外干酪的pH值、蛋白质、脂肪含量也与干酪的质构有显著正相关性。在质构上,各干酪间表现显著性差异（P＜0.05）,从动态流变分析看,所有菌株所制干酪的弹性属性（G’＞G"）占主导地位;其中E11、C44所得新鲜干酪的硬度、黏着性、弹性与对照组更接近。综合结果分析,最后选择乳酸乳球菌E11、C44作为新鲜干酪的制作备用的发酵剂,后续可考虑将其他菌株与其进行复配使用。

在储藏(4℃)期间,评估添加不同乳酸菌菌株组合对新鲜干酪质量参数的差异性,筛选出生产新鲜干酪所适用的菌株组合.将7株乳酸菌单菌株:乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)E11、C44,瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)G12,干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)D41,副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)B1,肠球菌(Enterococ-cus faecium)F22、N,通过复配成为6个菌株组合,对这6个菌株组合的发酵乳进行产酸率、产黏特性、持水性的基本探究,其次将组合菌株应用于新鲜干酪的模型中,最后从产率、色度、感官、质地、流变方面对干酪进行产品评价.通过分析得到组合1(E11:C44:F22=1:1:1)的产酸速率最快、产黏适中,黏度值为(481±1.35)mPa·s,且持水性达(42±1.88)％,产品得率高达31.42％,L?值显著高于对照组,为91.70±0.02;感官总分高于对照组;在质构以及流变方面,硬度、涂抹性、黏弹性得到提升,因此组合1可作为生产新鲜干酪发酵剂开发使用.

At present, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth is the medium of choice for promoting bacteriocin production. However, this medium is expensive and not applicable for large-scale production. Therefore, a low-cost and high-efficiency culture medium for bacteriocin Lac-B23 production by Lactobacillus plantarum J23 was developed. First, the effects of the composition of MRS broth on bacteriocin Lac-B23 production and bacterial growth were researched by a one variable at a time approach. Then, a Plackett-Burman design was used to screen significant components for production. Finally, the steepest ascent and central composite designs were used to obtain an optimum medium. The final composition of the modified MRS was much simpler than MRS broth, and the modified MRS contained only glucose, yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, manganese sulfate monohydrate, Tween 80 and sodium acetate anhydrous. The highest bacteriocin Lac-B23 production reached 2560 activity units (AU)/mL in the modified MRS, which is nine times higher than that in MRS broth (280 AU/mL). Meanwhile, the cost per liter of the modified MRS (8.56 Ren Min Bi (RMB)/L) is 34.70% the cost of MRS broth (13.11 RMB/L), and the cost per arbitrary units of bacteriocin Lac-B23 in the modified MRS is approximately fourteen times more convenient (3.34 RMB/106 AU) than in the MRS broth (46.82 RMB/106 AU).

乳酸菌代谢研究已进入一个新的时代,本文主要阐述目前乳酸菌在糖代谢、柠檬酸代谢及蛋白质代谢等方面的研究,以及基于下一代测序技术的基因组学、比较基因组学和宏基因组学等技术手段在乳酸菌代谢研究中的应用,旨在为现代乳酸菌代谢研究提供理论支持.

The dynamic changes of microbiota assessed by high-throughput sequencing and texture properties of handmade cheese were investigated during ripening time. Streptococcus and Lactococcus were found to be the most predominant genera. The proportion of Streptococcus was decreased from 48 to 32% and the proportion of Lactococcus was increased from 41 to 55% with ripening time from 1 to 120 days. Mould and yeast such as Paecilomyces, Candida, Issatchenkia, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon were observed. The regression analysis between composition and textural properties indicated that the hardness was increased along with the rising of soluble nitrogen, while the increased soluble nitrogen could result in lower cohesiveness, and the increased fat in dry matter resulted in lower resilience. The physic-chemical parameters were correlated with secondary microbiota such as Cryptococcus and Candida according to the multivariate association analysis (p < 0.05). These findings could provide a baseline to improve the product quality and preserve the traditional characteristics of handmade cheese.

介绍了不同类型干酪在成熟过程中表现和释放的主要生物活性肽.包括抗高血压肽(如布里干酪)、抗氧化肽(如巴尔米贾诺雷吉亚诺干酪)、神经肽(如霉菌干酪)、抗增殖肽(如蒙塔格纳德干酪)、抗菌肽(如莫扎里拉干酪)等.

采用单因素试验和响应面方法对紫红曲霉M-4液态发酵产孢子的培养基成分和培养条件等因素进行优化.结果表明:马铃薯浸粉为最佳氮源,其最适添加量为0.4 g/100 mL;葡萄糖为最佳碳源,其最适添加量为2.0 g/100 mL;培养基最适pH值为自然条件下的pH值(6.72);培养基最佳装液量为120 mL(500 mL锥形瓶);添加2.0 g/100 mL CaCO3的培养基中菌株发酵产孢子数提高较为明显;最佳传代次数为2代,当菌株培养时间达到72 h时,菌株产孢子数达到最大.进一步通过响应面方法分析得到影响紫红曲霉M-4液态发酵产孢子数3个主要因素的优化条件为马铃薯浸粉添加量0.38 g/100 mL、葡萄糖添加量2.2 g/100 mL、培养时间6.5 d,此条件下紫红曲霉M-4最大产孢子数为(7.47±0.15)×106 CFU/mL,接近理论预测值(7.53±0.31)×106 CFU/mL,实验平均误差为0.79％.优化后紫红曲霉M-4产孢子数较优化前提高30.13倍,菌株单位体积产孢子能力得到大幅度提升.

文章阐述了干酪中生物活性肽的产生,归纳了干酪中常见的几种生物活性肽的类型及研究进展,综述了干酪中生物活性肽在生物利用度以及对肠道菌群影响方面的研究进展,并对干酪中生物活性肽的研究前景进行了总结与展望.

干酪是牛奶凝乳后新鲜或成熟的产品,易消化且富含多种营养成分,是蛋白质、短链脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质的优质来源.除了释放抗氧化和抗菌等功能性多肽,同时也释放一些抗炎、抗癌等功能性脂类,如共轭亚油酸,还可以释放p氨基丁酸(GABA),它参与生理功能,如神经传递等.该文主要介绍干酪在成熟过程中释放的生物活性物质及其作用.

The transcriptome of Monascus growth under cheese matrix environment was analyzed by RNA-Seq technology.Using second generation sequencing technology,based on the analysis of Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencing platform,the transcripts with 59 935 140 bp and unigene with 22 377 414 bp were obtained (total 18 042).The Unigene obtained by clustering was compared with NR,GO,KEGG,eggNOG and Swiss-Prot databases and annotated with gene function.The GO,eggNOG and KEGG database was annotated to 12 186,17 777 and 3 251 sequences,respectively.42 pathways were obtained.The completion of these annotations information provided basis for the application of Monascus in the cheese production.

Two fermentation agents,which were commercial fermentation agent and traditional screened isolates combination agent,were used to make Edam cheese in this paper.Volatile aroma compounds and texture properties of Edam cheese in first and latest fermentation stage were detected.GC-MS method was used to detect volatile aroma compounds and Texture analyzer was used to detect texture properties.The results showed that there were Allyl aclcohol,3-hydroxy-2-Butanone etc.in first fermentation stage.There were more volatile aroma compounds were detected in latest fermentation stage,such as 3-methyl Butanal,Dodecane and Acetoin.Hardness was increased and adhesiveness and springiness were decreased.Different fermentation agent had big influence on volatile aroma compounds and texture properties of Edam cheeses.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a prevalent bacterial group in rice wine maturation that contributes to flavor, texture, and nutritive value. To better understand LAB diversity in rice wines, 6 rice wine varieties from different regions in China were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Lactobacillus plantarum, L. namurensis, and Pediococcus acidilactici were identified using DGGE. Forty nine isolates were screened using a culture-dependent method. Prominent taxa were identified as Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and Pediococcus acidilactici. Isolates were grouped and used for fermentation of rice wines. Greater numbers of species involved in fermentation lead to better sensory attributes of wine. DGGE analysis combined with a culture-dependent method can be a tool for investigation of the bacterial compositions of fermented rice wines.

通过质谱技术联用分析了自制Quark干酪中水溶性多肽的组成,测定了干酪的理化指标及其多肽和蛋白的一级结构,结果显示:干酪涂抹性良好,质谱联用检测到62种蛋白和223条多肽,蛋白主要有K-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、α-sl-酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白等,优势肽段主要来自于这些蛋白,此外,大多数多肽序列与功能性活性多肽相近或相关.

采用微滤和超滤结合制备乳清蛋白浓缩物80(Whey protein concentrate,WPC80),所制得的WPC80中α-乳白蛋白质量分数占总蛋白的64.37％.本研究采用0.2 μm的聚偏氟乙烯去除甜乳清溶液中的脂肪和酪蛋白等,使得脂肪质量分数由0.15％降低至0.03％;比较分析了pH值为4.30时,乳清溶液50 ku聚偏氟乙烯和50 ku聚醚砜对α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的分离效果,其中50 ku聚偏氟乙烯的平均膜通量和α-乳白蛋白的得率都显著低于50 ku聚醚砜,但α-La纯度和对α-La的选择透过性(即α-La/β-Lg)显著高于50 ku的聚醚砜,综合考虑,50 ku的聚偏氟乙烯更适合于生产高α-La质量分数的WPC80.

通过热处理和调节pH对乳清蛋白浓缩物80(Whey protein concentrate,WPC80)进行改性处理,并将改性后的WPC80添加至低脂稀奶油中,以改善其搅打性质.结果表明调节WPC80溶液的pH为3,在80℃下加热15min时具有最佳的溶解性和起泡性,相同pH条件下,不同的热处理时间会对溶解性和起泡性产生不同的影响;将热处理和pH改性后WPC80加入搅打稀奶油中,研究发现不同热处理时间,pH为5改性的WPC80可以显著提高搅打稀奶油的打发率(p＜0.05),但是pH为7处理的WPC80使稀奶油的泡沫稳定性增加了154.67％～ 193.42％.因此可通过热处理和调节pH改性的WPC80来提高低脂稀奶油的搅打特性,且此操作方法简单易行.

发酵乳微生物类型主要有乳酸菌、酵母菌和霉菌,根据所使用微生物的不同,世界上的发酵乳类型多不胜数,酸奶中乳酸菌主要以德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp.Bulgaricus)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus Thermophilus)为主,根据其添加量和附属发酵剂的不同,所生产的发酵乳产品也各有不同.开菲尔是以酵母菌为主的发酵乳主要代表,目前使用霉菌的发酵乳以维利(Viili)酸奶为主.随着生活的健康化,益生菌发酵饮品也开始得到关注.文中论述了主要发酵乳微生物及其代表发酵乳制品.