In February 2024, Professor Ivan Vasilyevich Gaivoronsky, Doctor of Sciences in Medicine, the prominent Russian morphologist, Head of the Department of Normal Anatomy at S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, celebrated the 70th anniversary. Ivan Vasilyevich was born on February 2, 1954 in the town of Kadievka, Voroshilovgrad region. In 1979, he graduated with a gold medal from S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy; within its walls, he came a long way from an adjunct to the Head of the Department of Normal Anatomy, which he has headed for more than 35 years. Ivan V. Gavoronsky is a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Scientific Medical Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists and Chairman of its St. Petersburg branch, a member of the Coordinating Council responsible for the field of education “Health and Medical Sciences” and its educational and methodological commission in anatomy and anthropology, Chairman of the dissertation council in the specialties Anatomy and Anthropology, Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, created at S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. Professor Ivan V. Gaivoronsky focused his attention on the development of modern aspects of the collateral circulation issues, the state of various parts of the vascular bed under normal conditions and under the influence of various extreme factors, innovative technologies for preparing and preserving anatomical sections for educational purposes, medical craniology, the study of individual and typological features of the human body, applied issues, dictated by the needs of practical medicine, the history of anatomy, and the improvement of the educational process in the departments of morphological profile. He created a scientific morphological school, which trained 11 doctors and 60 candidates of medical sciences. For significant contribution to the development of Russian science and modernization of the educational process, Professor IvanV. Gaivoronsky was twice awarded the Russian Government Prize in the field of education; he was awarded the honorary titles “Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation” and “Honored Figure of Russian Higher Education”, academician of the Russian Military Medical Academy, Honorary Doctor of the Russian Military Medical Academy; he was awarded the Order of Honor and a medal of the Order for Merits to the Fatherland, II degree.

Thermal trauma among pediatric patients has remained the leading cause of hospitalization in pediatric surgery departments in recent decades. Anthropometric parameters are often used by doctors when performing a comprehensive assessment of the child's physical development, and can also be used as essential factors in predicting the course of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the dynamics of burn wound healing and its relationship with anthropometric parameters in individuals of the first period of childhood. Material and methods. The study involved investigation of the wound healing process in 125 male children, aged 4–6, having different levels of physical development. The patients' height, body weight (with calculation of the body mass index), head, chest and waist circumferences were measured on the day of admission using a standard set of anthropometric instruments, the WHtR index (waist to height ratio), and the head to chest ratio was calculated. Based on the BMI parameters, patients were divided into two groups: with normal weight and overweight. The wound area was measured on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days using the stereometric technique, applying a polyethylene antiseptic-processed film to the wound surface; this followed by outlining the edges of the wound defect. The results were processed using nonparametric statistics. Results It was found that in overweight patients, all the studied parameters, except for the ratio of head circumference to chest circumference, were higher than in children with the normal body weight. Correlations were detected between a number of anthropometric parameters in patients of both groups. On the 7th day, 73.9% of children with the normal body weight demonstrated epithelialization of the wound defect over the entire surface area of the wound, while in overweight children this was observed only in 34% of cases. Conclusion. As demonstrated, we obtained anthropometric measurements in boys of the first period of childhood having normal and overweight body weight. In children with the normal body weight, the process of wound epithelialization was completed mainly on the 7th day, while in patients with excess body weight, the wound defect closed by the 9th day. Excess body weight in children has a statistically significant relationship with an increased healing time of burn wounds.

Abstract. between the morphological and functional state of spinal ganglia neurons and the dynamics of healing of a purulent wound in an experimental animal during its natural course and complex therapy with hydropulse sanitation (HIS) and the addition of platelet-rich blood plasma (PRP). Material and methods. In an experiment on 100 white outbred rats, a purulent wound on the lateral surface of the thigh was modeled by introducing a daily culture of Staphyllococcus aureus. Two groups were formed: natural healing and healing after therapy with hydropulse sanitation of the wound with an isotonic NaCl solution followed by the addition of platelet-enriched autoplasma. The material for the study was taken on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. The area of the wound and the dynamics of its healing were assessed using the planimetric method. For the study, lumbar spinal ganglia (SG) of segments LIII–LV. were taken. At the light-optical level, after staining with cresyl violet according to Nissl and azure B according to the S. Shea method, the area of nerve cells was measured, photometry of RNA content was carried out, and the number of satellite gliocytes was counted. The obtained data were processed using statistical analysis methods. Results. The healing process of a purulent skin wound ended with the formation of a scar on days 7–14 for both experimental groups. The use of GIS and PRP demonstrated better dynamics of defect closure - a reduction in wound area by 59.35±3.4% (p=0.018) in the period from 3 to 5 days, compared with 40.05±2.9% (p=0.009) with natural healing. The response of SG neurons during healing was characterized by pronounced polymorphism. The maximum number of cells with reactive changes during natural healing was observed on the 5th day of the experiment (17.2±3.2% for A-neurons and 36.7±4.3% for B-neurons). Complex therapy led to a decrease in the proportion of both reactively altered and destructive neurons. The cell area, RNA content, and the number of satellite glia increased on average by the 7th day of the experiment. Separate close correlations were identified between the dynamics of changes in the wound area and the studied quantitative characteristics. Conclusion. A purulent wound causes a complex of nonspecific reactions in the neurons of the SG. In the dynamics of wound healing, neurons with reactive changes more often demonstrated biphasic dynamics, more pronounced for B-type cells with a primary reaction on days 1–3 and a further transition to regenerative hypertrophy or destruction. Regenerative changes in SG neurons had a close correlation with the processes of regeneration of the wound defect.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of changes in the optical density of bone tissue of the first rib and the base coracoid process of scapula in men of different ages without signs of osteoporosis depending on chest shape. Material and methods. The study was performed on tomograms of the chest of 191 men aged from 20 to 70 years. Measurements on tomograms were carried out in the axial plane using the RadiAnt program. The scans measured the optical density of the first rib tubercle, the distal bony part of the first rib, and the base of scapula coracoid process. All measurements were taken in men randomized by age and chest shape. The results of osteometry were processed by statistical methods. Results. The chest shape determines age-related changes in the optical density of bone tissue. In individuals with intermediate and transverse chest shapes, a decrease in the optical density of bone tissue at the base of scapula coracoid process begins to appear at the age of 30–50 years. These changes are most pronounced for the base of coracoid process, regardless of the chest shape, at the age of over 50 years. A decrease in the optical density of the first rib tubercle manifests over the age of 50 years in individuals with intermediate and transverse chest shape. In individuals with a gracile chest shape, the optical density of the bone structure is more stable. The tubercle of the first rib, along with the base of coracoid process, can serve as a prognostic area in the diagnosis of systemic osteoporosis in individuals with transverse and intermediate chest shape. Conclusion. A deterministic approach to the described indicators of changes in the optical density of bone tissue of the first rib and scapula in individuals with different chest shapes, according to SCT tomograms, objectively helps to predict and subsequently verify the manifestations of osteoporosis. The dependences we have identified on changes in bone tissue density and in the structure of correlations between the studied parameters of the first rib and the coracoid process indicate pronounced somatotypic variability, which must be taken into account when developing restorative treatment and predicting the course of orthopedic diseases in people of different age.

Introduction. In recent years, a high resistance of H. pylori infection to antibiotics has been recorded both worldwide and in the Russian Federation. This was the basis for introducing diets that increase the sensitivity of H. pylori to antibiotics into eradication schemes.Aim. To evaluate the effect of specialized therapeutic nutrition products LEOVIT GASTRO on the eradication of H. pylori.Materials and methods. Two study groups were formed: the main group – 22 patients and the control group – 20 patients. The groups were randomized from 42 patients suffering from chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori, by random sampling. To assess the tolerability of treatment, in particular, biochemical blood tests were studied.Results. Therapeutic nutrition provides a significant eradication effect against the background of antibiotic therapy. In 92% of patients, a complete absence of H. pylori contamination was detected, and in 8% of patients the degree of contamination was very weak, although initially it was pronounced, while in the control group, a complete absence of H. pylori contamination was detected in 80% of patients. Analysis of the use of specialized food products indicates the possibility of their use in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with H. pylori, as they promote epithelization, healing of the mucosa, reduction and elimination of inflammation, pain, and discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract.Conclusion. Therapeutic dietary nutrition LEOVIT GASTRO is one of the important factors positively influencing the success rate of eradication treatment.

This paper presents a literature review evaluating the possibilities of using anthropometry and anthropometric indices at the present stage of development of science and medicine, taking into account a personalized approach to predicting life and health indicators of various population groups. To prepare this review, an analysis of the literature of the PubMed database within 2022–2023 was carried out using the keywords “anthropometry”, “body mass index”. 44 of the 643 sources cited, were included in the final version. The use of body mass index appears to be a cost-effective, relevant and simple method for application in scientific research, preventive and clinical medicine and a personalized approach to solving a wide range of problems.

The article, devoted to the 100th anniversary of D.A. Zhdanov'sadmission to the medical faculty of the Voronezh State University, is dedicated to the creativity and scientific research of this outstanding anatomist, the founder of Russian lymphology. Five main periods of the scientist's life are considered - Voronezh, Gorky, Tomsk, Leningrad and Moscow - presented in the context of historical events and legislative changes in the field of education and science that took place in the 20th century in the RSFSR. The article uses previously unpublished archival materials that help to better understand the personality traits of D.A. Zhdanov.

The article presents an analysis of contemporary literature data on the structural and functional organization of the insular lobe of cerebral hemispheres. In adults, the insular lobe is located deep in the lateral sulcus under the frontoparietal and temporal opercula and is divided by the central sulcus of insula into two lobes – anterior and posterior. The relief of the sulci and gyri of the insula has individual variability. The insula receives blood supply from the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The description of the cytoarchitectonics of the insular cortex according to different authors has significant differences. It is believed that the insular cortex is a transitional area from the paleocortex to the neocortex. In the domestic literature, two main cytoarchitectonic fields are described – 13, corresponding to the posterior parts of the insula and 14, occupying the anterior central gyrus of the insula, its short gyri, as well as a number of subregions. In foreign literature, seven cytoarchitectonic zones are distinguished: Ia1, Ig3, Id2, Id3, Id4, Id5, Id6. The insular lobe receives afferent projections from the thalamic nuclei and a number of parts of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of sensory stimuli. There are connections with the amygdala and some structures of the limbic system, the associative cortex. Efferent projections of the insular cortex diverge both to the structures of the brainstem and to the subcortical formations: the lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract and a number of other formations associated with the control of autonomic functions. In functional terms, four sections are distinguished in the insula: sensorimotor, socioemotional, cognitive, chemosensory. The sensorimotor department ensures a number of visceral reactions, which indicates its participation in the regulation of the autonomic functions of the body. It ensures the perception of somatically sensitive impulses from the face and upper limbs. The role of the insula in thermo- and nociception is described. It is known about the participation of the insular cortex in functioning of the auditory analyzer, processing of taste sensations, vestibular signals, and olfaction. It is believed that the anterior-ventral part of the insula plays a key role in the formation of emotions and subjective sensations, as well as in making decisions associated with risk. The anterior-dorsal department is responsible for the integration of sensory stimuli from the external environment with internal data on the state of the body and the emotional state in order to coordinate the work of brain networks and initiate switching between the network of the passive mode of brain operation and the network of operational problem solving.

In August 2024, Professor A.K. Usovich, the famous Belarusian morphologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy, Vitebsk State Medical University, turned to be 70 years old. Alexander Konstantinovich was born on August 27, 1954 in the village Ushachi, Vitebsk region. In 1977, he graduated from the Vitebsk State Medical Institute, where he worked his way up from a senior laboratory assistant to the head of the Department of Human Anatomy, which he led for 21 years. A.K. Usovich is a member of the Coordinating Council of the International Association of Morphologists, a member of the Board of the Belarusian Association of Morphologists. Professor A.K. Usovich focused on the improvement of anatomical techniques, structural organization and interstitial relationships in the prostate at the stage of ontogenesis, variant anatomy of the lymphoid, vascular, nervous systems, morphohistochemical changes in the structures of the visual, vestibular and auditory sensory systems in case of blood flow disorders, improving the educational process at the departments of the morphological profile. He trained 5 candidates and 7 masters. For his services to higher education, Professor A.K. Usovich was awarded the "Excellent Healthcare Worker" badge, honorary certificates, diplomas of the Ministries and Departments of the USSR, BSSR, the Republic of Belarus, regional legislative and executive authorities, universities of the CIS countries.

The article describes the experience of using innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching morphological disciplines. Moreover, the experience of using innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching morphological disciplines was presented. The need for such modernization was found to be associated with the approval of the updated Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education and the requirements for the formation of a necessary set of competencies of a future doctor. As a result of mastering the specialty program, the student should have the following competencies: systemic and critical thinking (UC 1), development and realization of project activities (UC 2), self-organization and self-development (UC 6, 7), inclusive competence (UC 9), etc. The block of general professional competencies, including diagnostic and instrumental methods of examination (GPC 4), information literacy (GPC 10), and scientific and organizational activities (GPC 11), must be developed. The use of innovative pedagogical technologies expands the possibilities of preparing students for the updated forms of external audit of their residual knowledge, helps them develop clinical thinking, and more successfully prepares them for the upcoming professional activity.

Morphological disciplines form the basis of theoretical and practical training of future qualified medical specialists. Thanks to deep anatomical knowledge, the foundations of special knowledge are laid, clinical thinking develops, while the opposite leads to medical errors. The purpose of the review article is to determine the importance of anatomical research and data in practical medicine and biology. As materials for the study, the content of the reports of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation «Morphological aspects in practical medicine and biology», held on December 8, 2022 as part of the XIII National Congress with international participation «Ecology and human health in the North» was used. The conference was attended by researchers, teachers of morphological disciplines of medical universities in Russia (Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Yakutsk), invited, residents, graduate students. The conference discussed topical issues and strategic guidelines in the field of morphological scientific research in modern conditions, the popularization of scientific research in the field of morphology, the exchange of experience in improving the effectiveness of teaching morphological disciplines, the history of the development of higher medical school. An analysis of the reports presented at the conference showed that the morphological departments of medical universities need to develop the diversity and variability of ways to achieve educational results in modern learning conditions while expanding the independence and responsibility of educational organizations for the process and results of education; to introduce the scientific achievements of fundamental science into practice on the basis of joint scientific projects with clinical departments; develop and actively implement various ways and forms of popularization of medical knowledge among the population in order to familiarize society with the history of the development of higher medical education in the regions; study and implement the advanced pedagogical and scientific-methodological experience of the work of morphological departments, presented in the conference reports.

This review contains literature data covering the structure and functions of the subfornical organ (SFO). The SFO belongs to the sensory group of formations located around the III and IV ventricles and constituting the circumventricular system of the brain. Despite its small size, the SFO has four departments, which differ from each other in the features of cyto-, myelo-, and angioarchitectonics. The structural features of the blood-brain barrier in the SFO allow many substances to directly contact with its cellular elements. A distinctive feature of the SFO is that circulating substances can stay in the capillaries for an unusually long time. Perivascular spaces, located around type I and III capillaries, penetrate the organ like thin channels and provide the substances in the interstitial fluid with a large surface area for interacting with the receptor field. A characteristic feature of the SFO is tanycytes, whose intertwining processes extend throughout the organ and form multiple contacts with neurons and the vascular bed. SFO is an important link in the regulation of homeostasis. It takes part in the regulation of blood pressure and drinking behavior, controls the water and electrolyte balance and energy metabolism, and also acts as an important link in neuro-immune interactions. Such structural and functional features of the SFO make it a promising object of neurobiological research.

BACKGROUND: Body component composition, including bone components, is dynamic. Obtaining objective information on body composition will allow solving a significant number of applied and theoretical problems in the field of personalized medicine. AIM: To study the quantitative parameters of the bone component of the body in women of different age groups while taking body types into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The physical status of 580 female Kyrgyz women was studied. The women were allocated into three age groups: the youth period (1620 years) with 210 girls, the first period of adulthood (2135 years) with 186 women, and the second period of adulthood (3655 years) with 184 women. Somatotyping was carried out in accordance with the scheme of GalantNikityukChtetsov (I.B. Galant, 1927; V.P. Chtetsov, 1979; B.А. Nikityuk, 1983) with informed consent. Bone component content was determined by using the method of J. Matiegka (1921). RESULTS: A total of 20, 32, 33, and 15% of the women were of the leptosomal, mesosomal, megalosomal, and indefinite somatotypes. Compared with the absolute content of the bone component in girls with the leptosomal somatotype, that of girls with the mesosomal somatotype almost did not change, that of girls with the megalosomal somatotype had increased by 1.2 times (p 0.05), and that of girls with the indefinite somatotype had increased by 1.1 times (p 0.05). The percentage of the bone component of the body in girls with the leptosomal somatotype was lower by 1.2, 1.3, and 1.5 times (all p 0.05) than that in girls with the mesosomal, megalosomal, and indefinite somatotypes, respectively. In women in the first period of adulthood, the percentage of leptosomal somatotypes was 1.4 times lower than that of the mesosomal, megalosomal and indeterminate somatotypes (all p 0.05), respectively. In women in the second period of adulthood, the percentage of leptosomal somatotypes was 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6 times lower than that of the mesosomal, megalosomal, and indefinite somatotypes (all p 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The absolute mass of the bone component of the body had minimal values in girls and women of mature age of leptosomal somatotypes (6.07.1 kg) and maximum values in megalosomal somatotypes (6.69.2 kg). In women of the second period of adulthood, in comparison with girls, its percentage in representatives of all somatotypes decreases (by 1.11.2 times).

The article is devoted to the 480th anniversary of the publication of Andreas Vesalius’s “De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” and considers its biographical, historical, cultural contexts. The authors compare the results of Andreas Vesalius' investigation to other anatomical studies in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, presenting Vesalius’s work as the creation of a new European scientific approach in anatomy, identical to a research experiment in physics. It is demonstrated the significance of the dissection method in the form proposed by Andreas Vesalius for modern anatomy and medicine. The principal work of Andreas Vesalius is considered as the most important source of anatomical vocabulary, which is the prototype of international anatomical nomenclature. The biographical and historical issues presented by the authors allow modern readers to reveal the meanings of Andreus Vesalius’s paper, the original meaning of which was lost with all the time that has passed. The results of modern studies investigating the work of the great Flemish anatomist, little known to the Russian reader, are presented.

The article is devoted to the life, medical and scientific work of Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Ippolit Vasilievich Davydovsky, a pathologist, an outstanding teacher and organizer of healthcare, the founder of the national philosophy of medicine. In the work of this scientist, four historical periods are distinguished, differing in their content, influence on health care and medical thinking. The article was based on previously unpublished documents kept in the personal fund of I.V. Davydovsky, located in the Scientific Archive of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which open up new facets of the scientist's personality, his relationship to pathological anatomy and the methodology of medical knowledge. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the loss of some achievements of the Soviet model of organizing the provision of medical care associated with the name of Academician Davydovsky, his contribution to science and practical healthcare remains relevant for choosing the direction for the development of domestic medicine.

In surgical dentistry, suture material is the only foreign body that remains in the tissues after surgery, and it can lead to several negative reactions, for example, infection of the wound. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and microbiological resistance of mono- and polyfilament suture materials used in tooth extraction operations. The study of elongation and knot force was carried out on an Instron 5969 Dual Column Testing System device. The capillarity of the materials was studied on a setup assembled by the authors manually by immersing the ends of the filaments in a colored manganese solution. A microbiological study was carried out on the threads taken for the experiment immediately after wound suturing, and on day 7, at which time they were removed. The comparison was made according to Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results: monofilament suture materials (Prolene and Glycolon), after calculating the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney indices, showed better performance in all experiments compared to polyfilament sutures (Vicryl and PGA). In capillarity comparison, there was a significant difference between groups (p = 0.00018). According to the sum of the results of three microbiological studies on day 7, monofilament suture materials absorbed less of the studied bacteria on their surface compared to the polyfilament ones (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Of the studied suture materials, Prolene had the best microbiological resistance and good mechanical properties.

On December 26, 2022, Dmitry Borisovich Nikityuk, a well-known anatomist and anthropologist, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, president of the Russian Scientific Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists, celebrated his 60th birthday. The stages of D.B. Nikityuks scientific way in the field of morphological exocrinology, dedicated to the functional morphology of the mucous membrane glands are described. His works have allowed to describe and prove the regularities of morphogenesis of these anatomical formations in the field of anatomo-anthropometric approaches to estimate the nutritional status of healthy and sick people, which is particularly important for revealing the constitutional predisposition to development of a number of alimentary-dependent diseases.

The digestive organs are highly sensitive to the influence of orbital flight factors and can limit the professional activities of crew members aboard the International Space Station. Connective tissue, as a system-forming matrix of the integrative-buffer metabolic environment, is of particular relevance in space biomedicine, ensuring the functioning of internal organs under an altered gravitational stimulus. However, the adaptive mechanisms of the fibrous extracellular matrix of the gastric and intestinal connective tissue have not been fully investigated under prolonged microgravity weightlessness. Using histochemical techniques, we experimentally studied the state of collagen fibers in the specific tissue microenvironment of the gastric and intestinal membranes in C57BL/6 N mice after a 30-day space flight, subsequent 7-day ground readaptation, and in animals of the relevant control groups. The 30-day stay of laboratory animals aboard the Bion-M 1 biosatellite resulted in a reduction in the fibrous extracellular matrix of connective tissue in the studied digestive organs, excepting the gastric lamina propria. Increased fibrillogenesis was revealed in the gastrointestinal mucous membranes of animals 7 days after biosatellite landing compared with the parameters of animals in the space flight group. During the experiment with ground simulated orbital flight conditions, changes in collagen fibers were not significant compared to the vivarium control group. Thus, the results obtained evidence gravisensitivity of the fibrous extracellular matrix of the intraorgan connective tissue. This fact also highlights the necessity to further improve gastrointestinal tract-related preventive measures for astronauts during orbital flight.

The effect of altered gravity on the digestive system is one of the challenging issues in space biology and medicine. The study of the effect of weightlessness on the mast cell (MC) functioning in the gastrointestinal organs is determined by their multifunctionality and participation in the developing adaptive and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the morphofunctional state of MCs in the stomach membranes of Wistar rats during 14 days of ground-based simulated weightlessness conditions and in a 3-day recovery period. Material and methods. The experiment involved 3 groups of Wistar rats: control, experimental – exposed to antiorthostatic suspension – and a 3-day-recovery group, 7 animals each, respectively. Identification of MCs was carried out using May-Grunwald staining with additional staining with Giemsa solution and immunohistochemical tryptase detection. The results obtained were statistically processed with SPSS 13 using parametric and non-parametric criteria. Results. A significantly increased number of metachromatic MC population was found only in the mucosa in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension and 3-day-recovery groups compared to the vivarium control. There was a sharp decrease in degranulating forms of MCs in the submucosalcoat in animals of the 3-day-recovery group compared to the control. A significantly increased number of degranulating forms of MCs was revealed in the muscle membrane in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension group. Immunohistochemical staining of MCs with antibodies to tryptase, in contrast to staining for metachromasia, allowed identifying a significant representation of tryptase-positive cells in the gastric mucosa in animals of the 3-day-recovery group. Conclusion. The results obtained support gravisensitivity of certain structural components of the stomach, and also evidence MC and their secretome participation in the developing adaptive responses to the effects of altered gravity both at the cellular and tissue levels.

The state of rat kidneys after injection of bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (MSC) labeled with Vybrant CM-Dil into intact or resected liver was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The main structural changes in the kidneys after MSC injection into intact and partially resected liver manifested as granular dystrophy and necrobiotic/necrotic changes in single epithelial cells of the distal tubules and collecting ducts, thrombosis of some vessels, progression of an ascending urinary tract infection (detection of dust-like fluorescent objects), which can be due to the immunomodulating or even immunosuppressive influence of MSC and their detritus. MSC injected into the intact or resected liver, as well as the products of their degradation were not detected in the kidneys at all terms of observation. After injection of MSC into partially resected liver, manifestations of bacterial contamination of the renal medulla appeared later. The injection of MSC into the liver can be complicated by thrombosis of the renal vessels, which should be taken into account when using this administration route in the cell therapy.