The search for hydrocarbon reserves often requires innovative and cost-effective exploration methods. This study investigates the application of magnetic and atmogeochemical techniques to identify hydrocarbon sites by analyzing the impact of hydrocarbon microseepage on soil magnetic properties. The study focused on analyzing 49 samples of soil and soil air collected near the wells Nedilyna-1, -3 (productive), and Nedilyna-2, -5 (nonproductive). Hydrocarbons that migrate through the soil cover alter its magnetic characteristics, including magnetic susceptibility (MS, chi), and variations in the magnetic field. This alteration is attributed to processes such as oxidation and reduction of ferromagnetic minerals within the soil. The results show a significant heterogeneity of soil magnetic characteristics in the study area. The soil is characterized by an increase in soil MS in places of increased density and gravity (interpreted by Pixler and Wetness Ratio) of hydrocarbon gases in the soil in tableland areas. The explanation is the fact that hydrocarbons characterized by higher density and gravity, typically with more fused aromatic rings, exhibit greater biological activity due to their increased persistence in the environment and reduced solubility in water. The results provide evidences for the formation of highly magnetic minerals in close association with hydrocarbon seepage. Recognition of such seepage-induced magnetic anomalies can be used to facilitate the exploration for oil and gas. This approach provides a practical tool for early-stage hydrocarbon exploration, potentially reducing the cost and time associated with more conventional techniques. At the same time, the area with erosion processes requires a more detailed study, and the need to create a mechanism for adjusting the MS values for heavily eroded and washed soil.

This chapter presents opportunities to use vegetative plants or their residues on the soil surface as a primary main indicator that restrains the development of erosion processes. Technological measures of soil cultivation that create different levels of erosion control efficiency presented, directly affecting the presence of post-harvest residues on the surface and indirectly the conditions of growth and development of crops in the conditions of unstable and insufficient moistening of Left Bank Forest Steppe, which is especially pronounced in the spring period. The methods and types of soil cultivation to strengthen this indicator by preserving the post-harvest residues of the previous crop for a certain period of time are considered. The compensating ways for an inevitable weakening of plant development and a decrease in their yield against the background of minimal tillage are presented to solve a problem of the same values of erosion resistance in agrocenosis with different tillage options during the growing season of crops in the rotation.

The development of studies of geophysics of pedosphere in Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv over the past thirty years is considered. The pedosphere is a unique and extremely informative object for the geophysical research. The physical and chemical properties of the objects within the pedosphere are related to the mineral deposits, soil science processes, anthropogenic influence during agricultural production, environmental pollution, paleogeographic processes, the history of human development as an archaeological heritage. In Ukraine, the study of soil magnetism began in the 90s of the 20th century in Kyiv University on the basis of the Student Design and Research Bureau. At the present moment, the investigation of all the initiated processes continues. The understanding of the physical foundations of the method is essential. The magnetic mineralogy of soils is investigated depending on the conditions of formation or introduction: pedogenesis, technogenesis, influence of hydrocarbons, etc. The new data at the same time verify the already existing theory, as well as deepen the not yet known aspects of the study of the pedosphere, raise new challenges to researchers. Analyzes are carried out both at the macro level within agricultural fields, urban agglomerations, oil and gas-bearing regions, and at the micro level for the smallest soil aggregates (pedon), magnetic minerals, magnetoactive domains, etc. The results of magnetic, magnetometric, electrometric and ground-penetrating radar studies in various spheres of the national economy are given.

Summary One of the important geohazards processes, which take place now days is Ukraine, is the soil loses. Water erosion is one of the major threats to soils in the European Union, with a negative impact on ecosystem services, crop production, drinking water and carbon stocks. Magnetic method is low cost and rapid instrument for the soil erosion identification. The crucial idea of the present study is to find effective and low-cost method to assess soil processes and to minimize the risks related to the improper agriculture. The soil collected from the field under the concept of high-precision agriculture at the different areas was analysed to find relation between magnetic and agricultural parameters. The study site is located at the Forest-Steppe Ukraine agroclimatic zone. Magnetic parameters were measured for 80 samples. The magnetic susceptibility is in close relation with organic carbon and pH of soil. All these parameters are the components of the equations (RUSLE, WEPP) for the calculation the coefficient of the soil water erosion. The erosion processes within the slope are the initial basement of the formation more dangerous geohazards like local landslides

The modern agricultural complex requires the use of new methods for determining soil characteristics for adequate information support of the latest technologies, which is often impossible to provide using conventional methods. The purpose of the study is to identify the informative value of magnetometric methods in determining slope processes that regulate the use of certain measures to increase soil fertility and protect soils from erosion. The study was conducted on inclined agricultural landscapes of the Kharkiv region. This study used a KLY-2 Kappabridge (Czech Republic) and an Ohaus 403 laboratory scale to determine magnetic susceptibility. The selected soil samples, in accordance with the accepted methods, were brought to an air-dry state under normal conditions. Soil sampling was conducted from a layer of 0-20 cm. Visualisation of the study results and determination of potential soil losses (USLE model) was performed in the QGis programme. The correlation of magnetic susceptibility on simple and complex slopes was analysed. It was established that on simple slopes, the value of the magnetic susceptibility of the soil has a high value of this indicator with the content of physical clay and organic carbon. Therewith, there is a high degree of connection of this indicator with the results of mathematical modelling of erosion processes (USLE). For complex sections of slopes, the method is correct only for transeluvial landscapes, while for accumulative landscapes, the mentioned connection disappears. The correlation coefficient in the humus content – magnetic susceptibility pair also decreases. This is due to the alternation of washout–accumulation zones and exits of soil-forming rocks in runoff basins, the existence of which is not provided for by the procedure for applying the USLE model of potential soil losses. The use of soil MS data has a high potential for the localisation of soil inhomogeneities associated with the differentiation of humus content and granulometric composition

Summary The application of magnetometry in service provision of agricultural production is a very promising market. However, a number of methodical tasks stand in the way of active introduction of soil magnetometry. One of them is taking into account the impact of anomaly-forming processes, among which there is the alternation of washout - washout zones under the action of erosion processes. This paper investigates the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility of the soils of the sloping agricultural landscape and its relationship with key agronomic characteristics. The most significant deviations are characteristic of the first third of the range of organic carbon content values. Such values are characteristic of the lower parts of the landscape, with the most pronounced manifestations of washout.

Summary To perform landslide susceptibility prediction, it is important to select appropriate mapping unit and landslide-related conditioning factors. Magnetic method is low cost and rapid instrument for the landslide and soil erosion identification. An example of the application of the magnetic methods for the local prediction of possible landslide activation was performed at the territory of the Alpine hill of O. V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National university of Kyiv. The results of the soil magnetic studies demonstrated the redistribution of the soil genetic horizons. The confirmation is the visible difference from the normal natural conditions according to the magnetic susceptibility (MS, χ) values. The anthropogenic pollution was registered too. The values of MS are 1.5–2 times higher comparing with the natural chernozems of Kyiv region.

Нижченаведені документи, більшість яких публікуються вперше, у своїй сукупності створюють більш-менш повну і цілісну картину того, що відбувалося в Калініндорфському районі восени 1941 р., розкривають механізм масових вбивств євреїв, а також міру участі в цих вбивствах старост і поліцейських з числа місцевого населення. У 1944–1947 рр. та в 1952 р. щонайменше 37 таких осіб було виявлено радянськими органами безпеки та засуджено: частину – до смертної кари, частину – до різних строків каторжних робіт . З членів Sonderkommando 10а, які вчинили розстріли євреїв, ніхто до відповідальності за ці вбивства не був притягнутий, до того ж прокуратура Мюнхена, яка свого часу розслідувала злочини, вчинені цією командою, не мала жодної інформації про акції в цьому районі.

Summary The study is dedicated to the numerous methodological problems that arise when applying the magnetic susceptibility measurements of soils for the agrarian application. The experiment was carried out for the chernozem soils of the Kharkiv and Poltava regions. Problems in the sampling planning are related to the main tillage processes. The temporal and spatial parameters as well as the sampling depth were analyzed. It has been shown that the use of soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) has a high potential in determining soil inhomogeneities. The first of all, MS is relevant in the implementation of the concept of precision agriculture, where it has market advantages over traditional methods.

The article is related to the study of the localization of agronomic heterogeneities of the soil distributed on slopes. To study this important agricultural areas, we usedthe mathematical modeling of erosion processes and the survey of the magnetic susceptibility of the arable horizon of the soils. The experiment design includes the typical chernozemof the slope.The soil sampling was performed according to DSTU 4287:2004, determination of organic carbon content according to DSTU 4289:2004, and determination of statistical indicators using Statistica®. The visualization of the study results was carried out in the QGis software. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) was measured using a KLY-2 magnetometer. Modeling of soil erosion processes involved USLE universal soil loss equation. A 1:10,000 topographic map was adopted as the topographic basis. The research territory is the fields of the National Biotechnological University (V.V. Dokuchaev KhNAU) on the southern outskirts of the city of Kharkiv. The 70 soil samples were collected from the arable layer (horizon A). Due to the course of water erosion processes, a long-term soil washout and a widespread complex spatial complex of washed-out soils took place on the site, which is a typical case for eroded sloping lands of the Forest Steppe. In non-eroded watersheds (in the north-western direction), typical heavy loamy medium-humus chernozems are developed. Sampling was carried out using an irregular grid, the sampling density was about 5 samples per hectare.We detected that mathematical modeling of erosion processes can be used to predict the location of inhomogeneities in the agronomic properties of the ground cover of sloping lands. However, given the shortcomings of the main models of potential soil losses associated with the alternation of zones of erosion and deposition require to clarify and verify the obtained results. Hence, we propose to apply the statistical characteristics of the spatial distribution of values of the magnetic susceptibility of the soil. The most important parameters are the average values and coefficient of variation of MS.

The results of modeling of potential soil losses due to surface soil runoff according to the current DSTU 7904: 2015 are considered. "Soil quality. Determination of potential threat of erosion under the influence of rains" on the slope of the field with contour-ameliorative organization of the territory (CAOT) on the lands of SE" DG Donetske" of NSC "Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry named after O.N. Sokolovsky" Bahmutsky district of Donetsk region, Ukraine. The main tasks of the work were: determination of potential soil losses on the slope of the fields to choose the more appropriate way of management in terms of using the working areas in the research system for black fallow, field crop rotation (excluding the impact of forest shelterbelts and taking into account the impact of shelterbelts), soil protective crop rotation. The use of working areas A and B under black fallow expectedly led to the excess of permissible soil losses in both areas, modeled according to the current DSTU 7904:2015 in Ukraine. Exceeding the allowable soil losses from erosion also occurred in section A under the conditions of its use for field crop rotation. Under the conditions of use of areas for soil protection crop rotation and in the conditions of functional compliance of forest shelterbelts, soil losses in both plots remain within the norm. In order to prevent the concentration of surface runoff from both working areas (A and B) in the lower part of the landfill, it is recommended to periodically apply the "rehabilitation" period with the organizing of soil protection crop rotation after black fallow.

Summary The information about the spatial distribution of the soil properties at slope is important for land managements as well as for the soil protection. The different agronomic indicators such as the organic carbon content, physical clay (the sum of particles with the size less than 0.01 mm) can be easily detected by magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements of soil. According to our results, the relation between the studied parameters is strong. Spearman correlation coefficient is: ρ= -0.755. This suggests that erosion processes have a significant impact on soil loss of small fractions, i.e. leads to the particle size decrease. From the other hand, the described correlation concludes the destroying of the water regime of eroded soils in conditions of unstable or insufficient moisture. We obtained much higher correlation of the MS and soil properties comparing with earlier received correlation between soil properties (physical clay and organic carbon). The correlation between the humus content and MS strongly depends of the land use. For the local level (area 100 ha): ρ = 0.68. For the bigger areas of about 2000 ha, the correlation was much lower because of the inhomogeneous of the physical, chemical, and geomorphological parameters of the arable lands.

Summary Hydrocarbons remain one of the most important fuels in the world, including Ukraine. The important is to look for new and refine existing methods of hydrocarbon exploration to improve the energy and economic level of our country. Magnetic method is one of the cheapest and most efficient technique, which includes magnetic survey, soil sampling and magnetic measurements, and studies of the deeper soil-forming rocks and near-surface layers. In this study, we combined the magnetic and atmogeochemical measurements of the soil gases related to the hydrocarbons microseepage. The study site is located on the outskirts of the village Balabanivka, Bohodukhiv district, Kharkiv region. The results confirmed that the measured magnetic and atmogeochemical parameters are the indicators of the halo effect of the hydrocarbons as well as the landscape factors. The decrease in the methane content versus the decrease in the soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) in the area of the productive well was registered. This information is promising for the application of the method at the areas of the hydrocarbon deposits at the initial stage of the exploration.

Мета. Визначення функціональних змін лісомелі-оративної складової частини протиерозійних заходівна прикладі п’яти лісосмуг, що розташовані на схи-ловій ділянці з контурно-меліоративною організацієютериторії в умовах Північного Степу України. Методи.Порівняльний та ретроспективний – для обробленнярізночасових космічних зображень території дослі-джень для виявлення змін у структурі лісомеліора-тивних заходів в умовах регіонального ландшафтуПівнічного Степу. Як картографічну основу використо-вували топографічні карти М 1:10 000, а подальшу їхобробку й інтерпретацію проводили за допомогою ГІС-програм на кшталт ARC-GIS®, QGIS®. За результатамиобробки даних планували визначення ділянок лісосмугіз пошкодженою та відсутньою функціональною части-ною. Оціночний метод визначення стану деревних поріду захисних насадженнях за класифікацією їхньої життє-діяльності для умов степу та напівпустелі. Результати.Виявлено зміни лісомеліоративної складової частинипротиерозійних заходів у вигляді доповнення рос-линності лісомеліоративних насаджень дикорослоюпорослю таких деревних порід, як: ясень пенсильван-ський (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica), в’яз приземкуватий(Ulmus Pumila), клен ясенелистий (Acer Platanoides).Поросль дикорослих чагарникових порід була представ-лена кленом татарським (Acer Tataricum) та жимолостютатарською (Lonicera Tatarica). Зафіксовано зменшенняфункціональної частини приплакорної лісосмуги у верх-ній частині схилу на 82%, а лісосмуг у нижній частинісхилу на 56 та 59% відповідно. Оцінено життєздатністьта життєстійкість лісомеліоративних заходів за середнімбалом та встановлено відповідність проєктній доку-ментації лише двох лісосмуг, розташованих у середнійчастині схилу. Висновки. Оцінивши зміни лісомеліо-ративної складової частини протиерозійних заходів наприкладі робочої ділянки з контурно-меліоративноюорганізацією території, можна говорити про недостатнюїї захищеність від прояву водних ерозійних процесів. З метою запобігання змиву ґрунту на зазначеній тери-торії запропоновано провести доповнення або віднов-лення наявних лісомеліоративних заходів, організуватидодаткові агротехнічні й організаційно-господарські про-тиерозійні заходи.

Among the greatest challenges facing Ukraine as well as other countries with significant agrarian production are sustainable land management, precision farming, soil erosion, and fertility identification. Soil magnetic susceptibility (MS, χ), as well as other magnetic mineralogical parameters, can be a useful indicator of cropland degradation, soil erosion, and pollution assessment. The objective of this work is to study soil magnetic properties in an agricultural land area located in Pechenigy (Kharkiv region, Ukraine). To study the soil magnetic properties distribution, we performed three soil sections (cuts) in different genetic soil horizons. The sections were developed according to the landscape position. The samples were collected from each horizon, and a total of 39 soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis. The laboratory studies included the measurements and calculation of the MS, frequency dependence of the MS (χfd), anhysteretic MS (χARM), isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), hysteresis, and thermomagnetic parameters. The results showed that MS differs depending on the depth (genetic horizon) and landscape position (section). The average values for topsoil were 70–80 × 10–8 m3/kg. We observed a decrease in MS for Sections 1 and 3 of the deeper soil layer. In the C horizon, the MS was 3–4 times lower than in the A horizon. The MS values for Section 2 were substantially different from those for Sections 1 and 3. In Section 2, we registered the maximum at a depth of 60–90 cm in the B horizon (80–90 × 10–8 m3/kg). Results of magnetic mineralogical analyses suggested that the origin of magnetite, maghemite, and paramagnetic minerals was mostly associated with the pedogenic process. The magnetic minerals were predominantly in superparamagnetic (SP) and single-domain (SD) state with a grain size of less than 0.2 microns.

The increasing of the soil degradation of agricultural lands in Ukraine requires the improvement of their survey system. First of all, it is related to the increase of the accuracy of determinations and the density of the measurement grid. To perform these tasks, new methods are involved, primarily the geophysics ones. There are certain advantages of the integration of the studies as well as development of the substantiated rational combination of methods. Recently, promising results of the application of the magnetic susceptibility of soil to characterize the agronomic properties have been obtained. This study shows the results of the integrated application of a number of agrochemical methods and determinations of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (MS) on the example of podzolized chernozems of Kharkiv district of Kharkiv region. We identified the possibilities of culling of values of soil characteristics from the proceeding of the results of definition of MS. The nature of the correlation between MS and humus content allows us to recommend the replacement of more expensive determination of humus content with cheaper MS. Soil magnetic susceptibility correctly reflects the spatial distribution of the main indicators of eroded lands: the humus content, and physical clay. We propose the study of sloping lands with more optimal techniques of the MS measurement of the soil as the most accessible tool.

Information support of modern agriculture and ecology forms a demand for ever higher requirements for efficiency and density of the sampling network. This fact determines the spread of high-performance methods of soil research, among which are magnetometric ones. However, these methods have a number of limitations associated with the existence in soils of ferromagnets of non-pedogenic nature. The purpose of the study is to show the patterns of spatial and profile distribution of soils with high values of magnetic characteristics, inherited from parent rocks as a result of pedogenesis. The research used: determination of specific magnetic susceptibility using kappabridge KLY-2, determination of volumetric magnetic susceptibility with kappameter KT-5 and induction of magnetic field by proton magnetometer MP 203. The study was conducted at two objects located in the central part of the Ukrainian shield region. Studies have shown that soils developed on the weathering crust are characterized by certain features of their magnetic properties. First of all, it depends on the petromagnetic parameters of the source rocks. On magnetic rocks, the MS of soils is determined primarily by inherited magnetic minerals. The magnetic susceptibility of such soils has two maxima. The first is in the upper part of the profile, where it is determined by the sum of pedogenic and terrigenous magnets. The second is located in the lower part of the profile, which consists almost entirely of weathering products.

The purpose of the article is to present the results of identifying the influence of water and wind erosion on the annual loss of humus from arable soils of Ukraine in the zones of Polissia, Forest-Steppe and Steppe at the regional territorial level, which negatively affect its balance. It is known that the irreversible annual soil loss under the influence of water erosion on average in the Polissia zone is 7.6, in the Forest-Steppe zone – 7.8, in the Steppe zone – 3.3 t / ha. It is shown that the erosion component in the part of humus losses approaches 40 %, strengthening the negative part of the balance. To obtain the most correct information on the humus balance in soils, a differentiated approach to balance models is recommended. At the regional territorial level, to calculate the predicted losses of humus because of erosion, the value of the average slopes on the arable lands of the administrative region, the average values of soil washout at specific slopes and soil and climatic conditions were used. It is proved that the calculation of the humus balance under individual agricultural crops, or in the crop rotation should include the average, in the administrative region, humus losses caused by water erosion, which differ significantly by regions in the soil and climatic zones of Ukraine (from 154 to 1700 kg/ha). According to the total losses of humus from water erosion, 3 groups of territories were identified: I – from 50 to 100 (South Steppe), II – from 140 to 200 (Polissia, Left-Bank Forest-Steppe and Northern Steppe), III – from 200 to 300 kg/ha (Right-Bank Forest-Steppe). In areas where there is a threat of deflation, the loss of humus caused by wind erosion, which in the southern part of the country ranges from 293 to 1700 kg/ha, significantly affects the humus state of the soil and should be included in the calculations of the humus balance along with the data on water erosion.