通过简要介绍稗属植物的分布、形态学、细胞学及分子学特征,概括稗草类植物的栽培和竞争生长特性,总结稗草光合酶单基因的克隆及其对水稻的遗传转化及稗草总基因组DNA对水稻转化的部分研究成果,说明稗属植物除了普遍认为是危害作物的恶性田间杂草外,也能给人们带来一定的经济效益.

人类主要的粮食作物小麦、水稻、大豆等均为C3植物,由于C4光合途径显著优于C3途径,因此,优化C3作物拥有C4光合途径特征的研究一直在探究中.综述了C3植物的C4光合碳途径的发现、运行机制、诱发因素等,总结了改造C3植物光合效率的方法并做了简单展望.

从玉米基因组DNA中克隆了玉米C4型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase，PEPC）基因的启动子pZmp，将其与稗草根型PEPCase基因（Ecppc）联接，以Nos为终止子装入双元载体pCAMBIA1301上，构建了一个植物表达载体（命名为pZmp-Eppc），并对根癌农杆菌进行了转化，为进一步进行光合转基因操作研究提供了材料。

为比较单子叶植物2种不同形式(cDNA和DNA)的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.PEPC)基因(Ppc)对双子叶植物的转化效果,本研究将单子叶植物稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)Ppc基因的cDNA和玉米(Zea mays)Ppc基因的DNA全长通过农杆菌介导对双子叶植物烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)进行了遗传转化;对转化叶盘和分化苗幼叶进行的GUS组织化学染色、PCR、RT-PCR检测结果证明,2种形式的Ppc基因均转入了烟草中;对分化幼苗进一步的培养观察结果发现:转Ppc基因cDNA的烟草分化苗生长发育正常,而转Ppc基因DNA的分化幼苗在培养过程中叶片白化现象严重,未完成正常生长发育过程,可能是由于完整基因DNA在异源细胞中在转录过程中发生了不正确的起始或错误的拼接,导致基因表达异常.由此推测遗传距离较大的物种间转移DNA基因序列全长可能会降低正常表达率,而转稗草Ppc基因cDNA的大部分烟草植株的Pn高于对照,结果证明单子叶稗草根型PEPC酶对烟草的光合作用具有一定的调节作用.

Barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crusgalli) is a C4 weed commonly found in rice field. To fully utilize the photosynthestic potential of Barnyardgrass C4 gene, we transformed Barnyardgrass root Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase gene into rice plant with vectors contained promoters of Ubiqitin gene and Rubisco small unit gene by Agrobactirium- mediated transformation. Both marker genes Hygr and ppc were detected by PCR in regenerated plants. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed that the ppc gene was incorporated into rice plant and expressed with stable transcripts and proteins. PEPC activity as measured in most of the transgenic rice plants was higher than that in control, being up to 5.85-fold of that in untransformed rice. At T0 generation, net photosynthetic rate(Pn) in most of transgenic rice plants was 20.00% higher than that in untransformed rice, with the highest increase of 47.16%. Water utilization efficiency(WUE) in transgenic rice was also improved. At T6 generation, PEPC activity and Pn of transgenic lines remained higher than those of the wild type. These indicate that over-expressing C3 Eppc gene also can improve rice photosynthesis.

To compare two different forms (cDNA in monocotyledonous plants Echinochloa, DNA in monocotyledon Zea mays) of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene (Ppc) on transformed dicotyledonous plant growth, the Ppc genes were Agrobactirium-transfected into dicotyledon tobacco. Transformed leaf discs and differentiated seedling leaves were verified with GUS histochemistry, PCR, and RT-PCR. It was found that tobaccos transformed with barnyardgrass cDNA grew better than the complete maize DNA Ppc gene. The latter tobacco plants showed lower regeneration efficiency, leaves turned yellow and appeared wilted, possibly due to abnormal chloroplasts, or the complete maize Ppc gene was not expressed correctly in tobacco due to incorrect transcription initiation or incorrect splicing. Therefore to transfer DNA gene between genetically-distant species lower normal expression rate. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of transgenic tobacco plants transformed with barnyardgrass cDNA was higher than in untransformed tobacco, indicating that over-expressing Echinochloa root-Ppc gene improved tobacco photosynthesis.

对旱麦草属[Eremopyrum(Ledeb)Jaub et Spach]植物的起源、分类、分布、属内各物种间的系统学关系、核型特点及其与小麦族中一些属的遗传关系进行了概述,旱麦草属的起源及核型特征说明旱麦草属植物是小麦族(Triticeae)中比较进化的物种.总结了旱麦草属的特征和优点,进一步说明旱麦草属植物可作为优异野生种质资源加以利用.

Two-dimensional electrophoresis was optimized in regard to plant cultivation,protein extraction,pH range,IPG strip length,IEF and SDS-PAGE parameters.The optimized two-dimensional electrophoresis was set up for proteomic analysis Thellungiella root.

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme of C4 photosynthesis pathway. It plays an important role in C4 photosynthesis. The gene structure,gene evolution,gene expression and gene regulation and control of PPDK were reviewed in this paper,meanwhile,the PPDK gene engineering on plant photosynthetic physiology were also introduced.

针对旱稻在基因工程中转化效率低这一难题,以4个旱稻品种为对象,对农杆菌介导的遗传转化的各个步骤进行了优化试验,结果表明NB(N6 macro elements;B5 micro elements and vitamins;proline 500 mg L-1,L-Glutamine 500 mg L-1,casamino acid 300 mg L-1,sucrose 30 g L-1,2,4- D 2 mg L-1,agar 8 g L-1,pH 5.8)培养基适合于旱稻愈伤组织诱导;AAM-AS (Na2HPO4·2H2O 339.2 mg L-1; KCl 2.95 g L-1; MgSO4·7H2O 500 mg L-1; CaCl2 114.4 mg L-1; MnSO4·4H2O 10 mg L-1; H3BO3 3 mg L-1; ZnSO4·7H2O 2 mg L-1; KI 0.75 mg L-1; NaMO4 0.25 mg L-1;CuSO4·5H2O 0.0387 mg L-1;CoCl2·6H2O 0.025 mg L-1; VB1 0.5 mg L-1;VB6 0.5 mg L-1;烟酸0.5 mg L-1;肌醇100 mg L-1; 甘氨酸7.5 mg L-1;精氨酸174 mg L-1;谷氨酰铵876 mg L-1; casamino acid 500 mg L-1; 蔗糖68.5 g L-1; 葡萄糖35 g L-1; AS 200 μmol L-1 pH 5.2)是农杆菌的最佳重悬液;对NPT(new plant type, NPT)这种侵染后易水渍化品种, 滤纸法共培养可将其抗性愈伤发生率提高15倍以上;筛选及分化前对抗性愈伤组织进行2 d的干燥培养可显著加快愈伤组织分化进程;在分化培养基中加入AgNO3有助于提高分化率;而短期高浓度的CuSO4处理可显著提高分化率.利用此体系获得了一大批PCR鉴定阳性的转基因植株; Southern blot检测证明外源基因大多数以单拷贝形式整合在转基因植株中.

It has long been postulated that the transfer of C4 traits to C3 plants could improve the photosynthetic performance of C3 plant species.Several attempts have been made to transfer C4 photosynthetic traits,with the emphasis on PEPC,to rice plants using genetic engineering techniques.The photosynthetic rates of transgenic rice plants over-expressed PEPC were comparable to those of the untransformed control plants.Recently,maize PEPC gene was first introduced into wheat and the same results were found.These results enlightened us to introduce PEPC into wheat to increase photosynthesis and yield.In this study,wheat calli derived from immature embryos of three cultivars of spring wheat(Yangmai 158,Bobwhite,and Yangmai 12) were cultured for 10 to 12 days and transformed with three strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens(LBA4404,EHA105,and C58c1) harboring expression vector pUbi-Ecppc which carrying Gus,Hpt,and Ecppc genes.Both Gus gene and Hpt gene are promoted by CaMV35S promoter,and Ecppc gene were promoted by maize Ubiquitin promoter.Factors that influence Agrobacterium-mediated wheat transformation,including concentration of antibiotics during selection,concentration of bacterium suspension,temperature and time of co-culture,receptor genotype and bacterium strains,were investigated.With the established wheat genetic transformation system,Ecppc from Echinochloa crusgalli was transferred into wheat firstly and hygomycin resistant plantlets were obtained,with a transformation efficiency of up to 3.03% in Yangmai 158.Fourteen PCR positive transgenic wheat plants from 816 co-cultured calli were obtained and the integration and transcription of transgene was confirmed by Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis.Physiological studies showed that the transformants displayed higher photosynthesis and PEPC activity.

为揭示C4植物家稗[ Echinochloa crusgalli var frumentacea (Roxb.)W.F.Wight] PPDK结构和功能特点，探索改善作物高光效途径，采用RT-PCR技术，克隆了家稗[ Echinochloa crusgalli var frumentacea (Roxb.) W. F. Wight]丙酮酸磷酸双激酶（PPDK）基因的cDNA全长。核苷酸序列分析表明, 该片段全长3 085 bp, 包含一个2 844 bp的ORF，编码948个氨基酸(GenBank登录号：AY 792619)。编码区核苷酸序列与高粱（ Sorghum bicolor ）、甘蔗（ Saccharum officinarum ）、玉米（ Zea mays ）等C 4 型 pdk 基因同源率分别为85.1%、84.0%和82.0%；与水稻[ Oryza sativa ( japonica cultivar-group)] pdk基因同源性也高达82.6%。氨基酸序列进化树分析表明其与玉米、水稻等禾本科植物最为接近；半定量RT-PCR研究表明，pdk基因仅在绿色叶片中表达。

Jojoba is a singularity special oil plants in the world during the last 20 more years with high economic values. Jojoba liquid wax (JLW), which has excellent quality, is abundant in Jojoba seeds. JLW has a particular molecular structure and can be used in many different fields, so it is conferred high medical and economical value. Jojoba contains a kind of glycoside called Simmondsin, which is considered has an obvious inhibition of animals' food intake. This review gives a brief introduction of the research proceeding of anti - inflammatory of JLW and the effect on inhibition of food intake of Simmondsin in recent years. Here, we also analyze and point out the problems existing in the research and a prospect of its scientific research and market potential.

After being treated with low energy N~(+)implantation,the two kinds of mutated Impatiens balsamina,one is higher and another is lower,are obtained.By using isozymic method it indicates the peroxidase variance in the molecular size,expression and the number of bands between the mutations and normal kind.By using random primers,Genetic constitutions of mutations and normal kind are analyzed by RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique,9 primers have polymorphic fragments between higher and normal plants,3 primers have polymorphic fragments between lower and normal plants.This result suggests that the injection of nitrogen ions can cause the mutation of plant and be used in flower industry.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) has a variety of functions in plants. In order to elucidate structural and functional characters of PEPCase from Echinochloa crusgalli, and search a new approach to improve crops photosynthesis, a full-length cDNA for PEPCase was isolated from E. crusgalli. Using the program of Blast on NCBI GenBank database, the sequence presented a very high match with the genes from other plants. After alignment on ClustalW program, the identities of the cloned fragment with PEPCase genes from Setaria italica C3-form, Sorghum valgare C4-form, Zea mays C4-form and Oryza sativa C3-form were about 94.8% , 93.2%, 93.0% and 89.7%, respectively. E. crusgalli ppc ORF is 2886 bp, encoding 961 amino acid residues. The sequence has been submitted to the GenBank database, the accession number is AY251482. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence deduced from the fragment and the PEPCase sequences of other plants retrieved from GenBank were carried out by ClustalW program, which showed that the sequences homology of E. crusgalli with C3- form was higher than with C4- form. To identify amino acid residues and/or domains responsible for C4/C3-specific properties, we found the putative amino acid sequence contains a C3 conserved alanine at position 771, and the sequence shared a homology of 96.5 %, 96.4% with the C(subscript 3-2)- form PEPCase of Zea mays and Sorghum valgare, 83.8%, 84.3% with the C(subscript 3-1)- form PEPCase of Zea rnays and Sorghum valgare, and 82.2%, 79.1%, 77.1%, 76.6% with the C4- form PEPCase of S. italica, Z. mays, S. sponlaneum and Sorghum valgare. In conclusion, the cloned sequence is a C(subscript 3-2)- form of PEPCase gene from E. crusgalli. The domain, active sites and fuction sites of Echinochloa crusgalli PEPC protein are predicted.

水资源紧张与高营养需求对稻米市场提出严重挑战.旱稻(Upland rice)作为一种新兴粮作,已显示出极大的优越性[1,2].为进一步提高稻类的抗逆性及增产潜力,遗传育种工作者利用远缘杂交及转基因技术,通过引入(导入)外源基因,培育超高产种质,取得重大研究进展[3～11].

The freezing tolerance of many plants is increased by exposure to low temperature or application of ABA, CCC. Activities of amylase and peroxidase correlate with cold resistance in many research reports. Amylase and peroxidase activities of Jojoba shoots in vitro were tested after different cold acclimation time or different frozen temperature treatments. Significant differences existed among clones in the increase of activities although there were same trends in clones. After 7 days acclimation both activities reached their highest level in the expriments and sim- ilar trends were found when the Jojoba shoots were treated by frozen temperature as -- 8℃, which results were con- firmed by 3 repeats. When the frozen temperature decreased lower than -- 8℃, both enzymes became less active. ABA or CCC at different concentrations was applied to the propagation media of Jojoba clones. 8 weeks later, the activities of amylase and peroxidase were measured and analyzed, and it demonstrated that ABA or CCC application at Jojoba shoots affected the metabolism activities such as those of amylase and peroxidase, and the both enzymes shown the highest activity when ABA at 1mg/L or CCC at 2mg/L was applied at medium.

利用电子辐射处理好好芭试管苗,从改变基因型入手提高其抗寒力,以获得稳定遗传的好好芭株系.研究表明150GY的辐射量是诱发好好芭发生变异的最佳剂量,结合生化标记,抗寒相关的酶类--淀粉酶和过氧化物酶活性分析,人工模拟低温实验的克隆检测,筛选出了具有较高抗寒能力的好好芭株系,这些株系通过无性系繁殖可用于抗寒育种.